专题38 八省联考阅读微技能之写作手法题（满分攻略+八省名校模拟）【含答案解析】

专题38八省联考阅读微技能之写作手法题（满分攻略+八省名校模拟）解析版（山西、河南、陕西、内蒙古、四川、云南、宁夏、青海）技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，提供高效提分干货，帮你举一反三提分高考阅读理解主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一，其共同目的就是增强说服力，服务于段落或篇章的主旨。一、根据文章题材来判断。①记叙文多采取以时间为序、以空间为序、以故事情节发展为序等叙事方式进行写作。②说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比等方式使说明更清晰或更具说服力。③议论文大多通过举例子、列数字、引名言、作对比是使得观点更可信，更有权威性。二、根据“原文定位”来判断。先根据题干判断是具体某段还是全文写作手法，然后寻找标志词，进而找到答案。①bygivingexamples通过举例。标志词:forexample,forinstance ②byanalyzingcauses通过分析原因。标志词：asaresult/consequence③bygivingdefinitions通过下定义。标志词：thatistosay④bylistingdata/statistics通过列数字。标志词：具体数字⑤bydescribingaprocess 通过描述过程。标志词：first,second,third,finally⑥byfollowingtimeorder遵循时间顺序。标志词：in1920，inthe1940s,nowadays⑦bymakingcomparisons/contrast通过对比。标志词：but,while,⑧bymakingclassifications通过分类。标志词：first,next,then⑨byanalyzingcauseandeffect通过分析因果。标志词：Thatisbecause….⑩byfollowingspaceorder遵循空间顺序。标志词：由近及远，由外到内真题专区：研读高考真题，洞悉高考命题规律，探寻满分技巧和应试思维！(2020年浙江卷第29题)Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking,planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage,astudypublishedWednesdayinthejournalNeurologysuggests.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofLeipziginGermanygatheredmorethan1,000retiredworkerswhowereoverage75andassessedthevolunteers’memoryandthinkingskillsthroughabatteryoftests.Then,foreightyears,thescientistsaskedthesamegrouptocomebacktothelabevery18monthstotakethesamesortsoftests.Thosewhohadheldmentallystimulating(刺激),demandingjobsbeforeretirementtendedtodothebestonthetests.Andtheytendedtolosecognitive(认知)functionatamuchslowerratethanthosewiththeleastmentallychallengingjobs.Theresultsheldtrueevenafterthescientistsaccountedfortheparticipants’overallhealthstatus.“Thisworksjustlikephysicalexercise,”saysFranciscaThen,wholedthestudy.“Afteralongrun,youmayfeellikeyou’reinpain,youmayfeeltired.Butitmakesyoufit.Afteralongdayatwork-sure,youwillfeeltired,butitcanhelpyourbrainstayhealthy.”It'snotjustcorporatejobs,orevenpaidworkthatcanhelpkeepyourbrainfit.Thenpointsout.Awaiter’sjob,forexample,thatrequiresmultitasking,teamworkanddecision-makingcouldbejustasstimulatingasanyhigh-levelofficework.And“runningafamilyhouseholdrequireshigh-levelplanningandcoordinating(协调),”shesays.“Youhavetoorganizetheactivitiesofthechildrenandtakecareofthebillsandgroceries.”Ofcourse,ourbrainscandeclineaswegrowolderforlotsofreasons-includingotherenvironmentalinfluencesorgeneticfactors.Still,continuingtochallengeyourselfmentallyandkeepingyourmindbusycanonlyhelp.28.Whydidthescientistsaskthevolunteerstotakethetests? A.Toassesstheirhealthstatus. B.Toevaluatetheirworkhabits.C.Toanalyzetheirpersonality. D.Tomeasuretheirmentalability.29.HowdoesFranciscaThenexplainherfindingsinparagraph4?A.Byusinganexpert’swords. B.Bymakingacomparison.C.Byreferringtoanotherstudy. D.Byintroducingaconcept.30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.RetiredWorkersCanPickUpNewSkillsB.OldPeopleShouldTakeChallengingJobsC.YourToughJobMightHelpKeepYouSharpD.CognitiveFunctionMayDeclineAsYouAge【答案】28.D29.B30.C【分析】这是一篇说明文。《神经病学》杂志发布的一则研究显示，需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。28.D。细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“ResearchersfromtheUniversityofLeipziginGermanygatheredmorethan1,000retiredworkerswhowereoverage75andassessedthevolunteers’memoryandthinkingskillsthroughabatteryoftests.(来自德国莱比锡大学的研究人员召集了1000多名75岁以上的退休老人，并通过一系列的测试对他们的记忆力和思维能力进行了评估。)”可知，科学家让志愿者做测试是为了测试他们的心智能力。故选29.B。推理判断题。根据第四段中FranciscaThen说的话“Thisworksjustlikephysicalexercise,(这就像体育锻炼一样有效。)”及接下来进一步的解释“长跑后人就会感到痛苦和疲惫，但它确实能强身健体。工作一天下来会感到劳累，但这也使你的大脑处于健康状态”可知，FranciscaThen是通过与“身体锻炼”作比较来解释他的发现的。30.C。主旨大意题。第一段“Challengingworkthatrequireslotsofanalyticalthinking,planningandothermanagerialskillsmighthelpyourbrainstaysharpasyouage(需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。)”是本文的主题句，结合全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了有挑战性的工作可能会使大脑保持敏捷，所以C项“困难的工作可能有助于大脑保持敏捷”适合作本文标题。模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！【01】（24-25高三上·福建龙岩·期中）Adrenaline(肾上腺素),alsoknownasepinephrine,isatypeofhormonethatisreleasedwheneverapersonexperiencesfear,anxiety,orstress.Infact,assoonasyourbrainsensesdanger,ittellsyourbodytostartmakingadrenaline.Thehormonemovesthroughyourbloodstreamquicklyandjumpsintoactionbybindingitselftomoleculescalledadrenoceptors,whichcanbefoundincellsinalmosteveryorgan.Whenalargeamountofthechemicalisproducedallatonce—morethan10timeshigherthanwhenyou’recalm—it’scalledanadrenalinerush.Thatfloodhaslotsofnoticeableeffects,andeachoneisintendedtoprotectyouinadangeroussituation.Yourpupils(瞳孔)willwidentoletmorelightintoyoureyessothatyoucanseemoreofyoursurroundings.Yourbrainbeginstoworkfastertodrawupaplan.Yourheartbeatsmorerapidlyandpumpsextrabloodtoyourmuscles,alsodeliveringanincreaseofoxygenfromyourlungs.Alloftheseeffectsaccumulateintonervous,anxiousfeelings.That’swhyitmightseemasifyourheadisspinning,yourthoughtsareracing,oryourheartisbeatingoutofyourchest.Despitewhatsuperherostoriesmighttellyou,there’snotmuchevidencethatthehormonegivesyouextrastrength.Instead,expertsthinkthatgreatachievements-likeaparentliftingacaroffatrappedkid-happenwhensomekindofpsychologicalswitchgetsflipped(按动).Thatis,unlessyou’reunderseriouspressure,youmightunderestimatewhatyourbodyisreallycapableof.Ingeneral,adrenalinerusheshavepreparedanimalsforstressfulsituationsformillionsofyears.Theglands(腺)thatproducethestimulatingchemicalarefoundinanyspecieswithabackbone.Evendinosaurslikelyhadthestimulatingstuffpumpingthroughtheirveins(静脉).EarlypeoplelikeHomoerectusandHomohabilisprobablyfeltfearandnervousnessastheywanderedthroughtheprehistoricjungles.Whenapopquizmakesyousweatytoday,youfeelthesametensionthathelpedyourancestors10,000generationsagodefeatfiercelions.1.Whatcanbelearnedconcerningan“adrenalinerush”?A.Itcontrolsthelevelofthehormone.B.Itmakespassivefeelingsdisappear.C.Itleadshumanstofeelenergetic.D.Itresultsfromastressfulsituation.2.Howisparagraph3mainlydeveloped?A.Byexplainingconcepts. B.Byprovidingexactdata.C.Bydescribingdetails. D.Bymakingcomparisons.3.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph4?A.Adrenalinegivesextrastrengthlikeinsuperherotales.B.Greatachievementsareduetopsychologicalswitch,notadrenaline.C.Aparentliftingacaroffatrappedchildisimpossiblewithoutadrenaline.D.Adrenalinerusheshaveonlybeenimportantforanimalsrecently.4.What’stheauthor’sattitudetotheroleof“adrenalinerushes”?A.Positive. B.Doubtful. C.Cautious. D.Ambiguous.【答案】1.D2.C3.B4.A【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了肾上腺素在人体内的作用机制及其在应对危险和压力时引发的生理反应。1.细节理解题。根据第一段“Adrenaline(肾上腺素),alsoknownasepinephrine,isatypeofhormonethatisreleasedwheneverapersonexperiencesfear,anxiety,orstress(肾上腺素，也称为肾上腺素，是一种激素，每当一个人经历恐惧、焦虑或压力时就会释放出来)”以及第二段“Infact,assoonasyourbrainsensesdanger,ittellsyourbodytostartmakingadrenaline.Thehormonemovesthroughyourbloodstreamquicklyandjumpsintoactionbybindingitselftomoleculescalledadrenoceptors,whichcanbefoundincellsinalmosteveryorgan.Whenalargeamountofthechemicalisproducedallatonce—morethan10timeshigherthanwhenyou’recalm-it’scalledanadrenalinerush.(事实上，一旦你的大脑感知到危险，就会告诉身体开始产生肾上腺素。这种激素迅速通过血液流动，并通过与几乎每个器官细胞中的分子（称为肾上腺素受体）结合而发挥作用。当这种化学物质在短时间内大量产生——比你平静时高出10倍以上时——这被称为肾上腺素激增)”可知，肾上腺素激增是因为大脑感知到危险，从而产生大量肾上腺素。因此，肾上腺素激增是由压力情况引起的。故选D。2.推理判断题。根据第三段的“Yourpupils(瞳孔)willwidentoletmorelightintoyoureyessothatyoucanseemoreofyoursurroundings.Yourbrainbeginstoworkfastertodrawupaplan.Yourheartbeatsmorerapidlyandpumpsextrabloodtoyourmuscles,alsodeliveringanincreaseofoxygenfromyourlungs.(你的瞳孔会变宽，让更多的光线进入你的眼睛，这样你就可以看到更多的周围环境。你的大脑开始更快地制定计划。你的心脏跳动得更快，向肌肉泵送额外的血液，同时也从肺部输送更多的氧气)”可知，第三段详细描述了肾上腺素激增时身体的各种反应，如瞳孔放大、大脑加速运转、心跳加快等。这些都是具体的生理反应细节。因此，第三段主要是通过描述细节来展开的。故选C。3.推理判断题。根据第四段的“Instead,expertsthinkthatgreatachievements-likeaparentliftingacaroffatrappedkid-happenwhensomekindofpsychologicalswitchgetsflipped(按动).Thatis,unlessyou’reunderseriouspressure,youmightunderestimatewhatyourbodyisreallycapableof.(相反，专家认为，当某种心理开关被触发时，就会发生像父母从被困孩子身上抬车这样的伟大成就。也就是说，除非你处于严重的压力之下，否则你可能会低估你的身体真正的能力)”可知，专家认为伟大的成就可能是由于某种心理开关被激活，而不是肾上腺素直接赋予额外力量。由此可推知，伟大成就归因于心理开关，而不是肾上腺素。故选B。4.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Ingeneral,adrenalinerusheshavepreparedanimalsforstressfulsituationsformillionsofyears.Theglands(腺)thatproducethestimulatingchemicalarefoundinanyspecieswithabackbone.Evendinosaurslikelyhadthestimulatingstuffpumpingthroughtheirveins(静脉).(总的来说，肾上腺素激增已经在数百万年间为动物应对压力情况做好了准备。能够产生这种刺激性化学物质的腺体存在于所有有脊椎的物种中。即使是恐龙，很可能也有这种刺激性物质在其血管中流动)”可知，作者虽然对肾上腺素直接赋予额外力量的说法持怀疑态度，但是文章整体描述了肾上腺素在危险情况下的保护作用。由此可推知，作者对其作用持积极态度。故选A。【02】（24-25高三上·山东济宁·期中）Natureisoneofthegreatestsourcesofinspirationforengineersandcomputerscientiststodevelopnewtechnologicaltools.Overthepastdecadeorso,roboticistshavedevelopedcountlessrobotsinspiredbythebehaviorandbiologicalmechanismsofsnakes,fish,birds,insectsandcountlessotheranimals.ResearchersatBeijingInstituteofTechnologyrecentlydesignedanewbio-inspiredrobotthatcanmaintainitsbalanceusingtail-likemechanism.Therobotismadeupofamainbody,twowheelsandthetail-inspiredcomponent,whichiscontrolledbyanadaptivecontrollerthatallowsittoturnindifferentdirectionswithinanareaparallel(平行的)totherobot’swheels.Thespecificpattersthataredesignedtoincreasetherobot’sstabilityarecalculatedusingtheso-calledLyapunovstabilitytheorem,whichisatheoreticalconstructthatdescribesthestabilityofdynamicsystems.Mostexistingapproachestobalancingvehicleswithtwowheelsworkbycollectingavehicle’sbodyheightdatausinganinertial(惯性的)measurementunit(IMU),whichisanelectronicdevicethatcanmeasureaspecificforceactingonabodyorobject.ConventionalapproachesprocessthedatacollectedbyanIMUdeviceandthencarryoutbalancingstrategiesaccordingly,typicallybyadjustingitstilt(倾斜的)angle.Whilemanyoftheseapproachesachievedsatisfactoryresults,thedesignputforwardbythisteamofresearchersintroducesapracticalalternativethatdoesnotinvolveadjustingtherobot’stiltangle.Itisoneofthefewexistingtechniquesthatareinspiredbythetailsofanimals,toenhanceawheeledrobot’sbalancewhileconsideringuncertaintyintheenvironment.Theresearchersevaluatedtheeffectivenessofthetail-likeroboticmechanisminaseriesoftests.Theirfindingswereverypromising.aswhentherobotlostitsbalanceinthetestedenvironment,theartificial“tail”wasabletore-balanceitwithinnomorethan3.5seconds.Inthefuture,thistail-likemechanismcouldbeadaptedtoenhancethestabilityandbalanceofotherexistingornewlydevelopedrobots.Inaddition,thefindingsgatheredaspartofthisstudycouldinspireotherroboticiststodesignsimilartail-likecomponents.1.What’sspecialaboutthenewrobot?A.Itisabio-inspiredrobot.B.Itisidenticaltoaninsect.C.Its“tail”promotesthestabilitycontrol.D.Itswheelsareusedtosustainitsbalance.2.Howareparagraphs3and4mainlydeveloped?A.Bygivingadefinition. B.Bysettinganexample.C.Byanalyzingreasons. D.Bymakingcomparisons.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inparagraph5referto?A.Theadaptivecontroller. B.Thebio-inspiredrobot.C.Thetail-likecomponent. D.Thesurroundingenvironment.4.Whatdoesthelastparagraphfocuson?A.Reasonsfortheresearch. B.Potentialsoftheresearch.C.Complexitiesoftheresearch. D.Challengesoftheresearch.【答案】1.C2.D3.B4.B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了北京理工大学的研究团队开发的一种新的仿生机器人，该机器人可以用尾巴状的机制来保持平衡。1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“ResearchersatBeijingInstituteofTechnologyrecentlydesignedanewbio-inspiredrobotthatcanmaintainitsbalanceusingtail-likemechanism.Therobotismadeupofamainbody,twowheelsandthetail-inspiredcomponent,whichiscontrolledbyanadaptivecontrollerthatallowsittoturnindifferentdirectionswithinanareaparallel(平行的)totherobot’swheels.(北京理工大学的研究人员最近设计了一种新的仿生机器人，它可以使用尾巴状的机制来保持平衡。该机器人由一个主体、两个轮子和由自适应控制器控制的尾翼组件组成，该控制器允许它在与机器人轮子平行的区域内向不同方向转动。)”可知，该机器人可以使用尾巴状的机机制来保持平衡。故选C。2.推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Mostexistingapproachestobalancingvehicleswithtwowheelsworkbycollectingavehicle’sbodyheightdatausinganinertial(惯性的)measurementunit(IMU),whichisanelectronicdevicethatcanmeasureaspecificforceactingonabodyorobject.ConventionalapproachesprocessthedatacollectedbyanIMUdeviceandthencarryoutbalancingstrategiesaccordingly,typicallybyadjustingitstilt(倾斜的)angle.(多数现有的平衡两轮车辆的方法是通过使用惯性测量单元(IMU)收集车辆的车身高度数据，这是一种可以测量作用在身体或物体上的特定力的电子设备。传统的方法是处理IMU设备收集的数据，然后相应地执行平衡策略，通常是通过调整其倾斜角度。)”以及第四段“Whilemanyoftheseapproachesachievedsatisfactoryresults,thedesignputforwardbythisteamofresearchersintroducesapracticalalternativethatdoesnotinvolveadjustingtherobot’stiltangle.Itisoneofthefewexistingtechniquesthatareinspiredbythetailsofanimals,toenhanceawheeledrobot’sbalancewhileconsideringuncertaintyintheenvironment.(虽然许多方法都取得了令人满意的结果，但该研究小组提出的设计引入了一种实用的替代方案，不需要调整机器人的倾斜角度。这是为数不多的受动物尾巴启发的现有技术之一，可以在考虑环境不确定性的情况下增强轮式机器人的平衡性。)”可知，第三段和第四段将该机器人保持平衡的方法和现有的其他机器人保持平衡的方式进行比较。故选D。3.词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“Theresearchersevaluatedtheeffectivenessofthetail-likeroboticmechanisminaseriesoftests.Theirfindingswereverypromising.aswhentherobotlostitsbalanceinthetestedenvironment(研究人员在一系列测试中评估了这种尾巴状机器人机制的有效性。他们的发现非常有希望。当机器人在测试环境中失去平衡时，)”以及划线单词前的“theartificial“tail”wasabletore-balance(人造“尾巴”能够重新平衡……)”可知，划线单词“it”指的是机器人。故选B。4.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Inthefuture,thistail-likemechanismcouldbeadaptedtoenhancethestabilityandbalanceofotherexistingornewlydevelopedrobots.Inaddition,thefindingsgatheredaspartofthisstudycouldinspireotherroboticiststodesignsimilartail-likecomponents.(在未来，这种类似尾巴的机制可以用来增强其他现有或新开发的机器人的稳定性和平衡性。此外，作为这项研究的一部分，收集到的发现可以启发其他机器人专家设计类似的尾巴状部件。)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了该研究未来的可能运用。故选B。【03】（24-25高三上·江苏南通·期中）PsychologyTodayexplainsthatbodylanguageincludesthewaythathumanssendunspokensignalstooneanother.Posture,handgestures,andeventhetiniestfacialexpressionsareunderstoodbypeoplewhomightnotevenrealizethattheyareseeingthem.Aperson’sfacialexpressionscanwarnothersaboutdanger.Forexample,saysomeoneopensarefrigeratorandtakesalargemouthfulofsouredmilk.Atwisted(扭曲的)expressionandwideeyesdirectlysendthemessage,“Leavethisalone!”thussparingothersthesorryexperienceoftryingthemilkforthemselves.Somehumansignalsarenaturallyunderstood.Imagineyoulookoutyourwindowandobserveapasserbyhurryingalongthesidewalkwithhisarmswrappedaroundhimself.Yourfirstreactionwouldundoubtedlybe,“It’scoldandwindyoutside.”Inaone-on-oneconversation,apersonwiththeirarmscrossedsendsanunspokensignalthattheyareprotectingtheirpersonalspace.Thatpersonmight,however,simplybetiredorcold.Brainresearchersexplainthatfeelingshappenbeforeourthoughts.Thetimebetweenthemisveryshort,butthat’slongenoughforanobservanthumantosensethehunger,anger,impatienceorhappinessofanotherpersondirectly.Humansareexpertsatquicklyunderstandinganotherperson’sattitude,andtheydoitbeforeasinglesentenceisspoken.Peoplenaturallymakeeyecontactwhenmeetinganotherhuman.Eventhoughsomeadultshavelearnedtogenerallycontrolbasicfacialfeatures,theeyestellusmuch.Whenapersonlooksintotheeyesofsomeonetheyadmire,theirpupils(瞳孔)maywiden,thesameaswhentheyseeanobjectthattheywantverymuch.Bodylanguagecreatesanimpressiononanyoneandeveryoneyoumeet.Tomakeapositiveimpression,smilewhenyoumeetsomeone.Bodylanguageisn’tmind-readingnordoesitgiveinsightintowhatanotherpersonisthinking.Whenreadingpeoplecarefully,bodylanguagehelpsyouunderstandwhatanotherpersonwantsorplanstodo.1.WhatdoweknowfromParagraphs2through4?A.Bodylanguagecommunicatespeople’sdiscomfort.B.Bodylanguageexpresseswhatpeoplecan’tsay.C.Peopleoftenusethesamebodylanguagetoshowtheirfeelings.D.Peoplemakemistakeswhenunderstandingothers’bodylanguage.2.Howcanweleaveotherswithagoodimpressionaccordingtotheauthor?A.Byobservingotherscarefully. B.Bylookingatothers’eyesnaturally.C.Byexpressingourthoughtsdirectly. D.Bymakingafriendlyexpression.3.Howdoesthepassagemainlydevelop?A.Bymakingcomparisons. B.Byprovidingexamples.C.Bypresentingresearchfindings. D.Byfollowingtheorderofimportance.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Readpeoplelikebooks B.ThoughtsorfeelingsC.Usebodylanguagewell D.Theartofcommunication【答案】1.A2.D3.B4.A【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是肢体语言在人际交往中的作用和重要性。1.细节理解题。根据第三段“Imagineyoulookoutyourwindowandobserveapasserbyhurryingalongthesidewalkwithhisarmswrappedaroundhimself.Yourfirstreactionwouldundoubtedlybe,“It’scoldandwindyoutside.”(想象一下，你向窗外望去，看到一个行人抱着胳膊匆匆走过人行道。你的第一反应无疑是：“外面又冷又刮风。”)”和第四段“Inaone-on-oneconversation,apersonwiththeirarmscrossedsendsanunspokensignalthattheyareprotectingtheirpersonalspace.Thatpersonmight,however,simplybetiredorcold.(在一对一的谈话中，一个人双臂交叉发出了一个不言而喻的信号，那就是他们在保护自己的私人空间。然而，那个人可能只是累了或冷了)”可知，肢体语言传达了人们的不适。故选A。2.细节理解题。根据最后一段“Tomakeapositiveimpression,smilewhenyoumeetsomeone.(为了给人留下积极的印象，当你见到别人的时候要微笑)”可知，通过做一个友好的表情我们才能给别人留下好印象。故选D。3.推理判断题。根据第二段“Forexample,saysomeoneopensarefrigeratorandtakesalargemouthfulofsouredmilk.(例如，有人打开冰箱，喝了一大口酸牛奶)”和第三段“Imagineyoulookoutyourwindowandobserveapasserbyhurryingalongthesidewalkwithhisarmswrappedaroundhimself.(想象一下，你向窗外望去，看到一个行人抱着胳膊匆匆走过人行道)”可知，本文主要是通过举例来展开的。故选B。4.主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“Bodylanguageisn’tmind-readingnordoesitgiveinsightintowhatanotherpersonisthinking.Whenreadingpeoplecarefully,bodylanguagehelpsyouunderstandwhatanotherpersonwantsorplanstodo.(肢体语言不是读心术，也不能洞察他人的想法。仔细读懂别人时，肢体语言可以帮助你理解别人想要做什么或计划做什么)”可知，本文主要讲的是肢体语言在人际交往中的作用和重要性，肢体语言可以帮忙读懂人，因此最好的题目是A选项“Readpeoplelikebooks(读人如读书)”。故选A。【04】（2024·山西大同·期中）Debateaboutartificialintelligence(AI)tendstofocusonitspotentialdangers:algorithmic(算法)discrimination,themassdestructionofjobsandeven,somesay,theextinctionofhumanity.Assomeobserversworry,however,othersarefocusingonthepotentialrewards.AIcould,theyclaim,helphumanitysolvesomeofitsbiggestandtoughestproblems.And,theysay,AIwilldothisinaveryspecificway:byspeedingthepaceofscientificdiscovery,especiallyinareassuchasmedicine,climatescienceandgreentechnology.Suchclaimsareworthexamining,andmayheadofffearsaboutlarge-scaleunemploymentandkillerrobots.Manyprevioustechnologieshave,ofcourse,beenfalselypraisedaspanaceas(灵丹妙药).Theelectrictelegraphwaspraisedinthe1850sasasignofworldpeace.Expertsinthe1990ssaidtheinternetwouldreduceinequality.ButthemechanismbywhichAIwillsupposedlysolvetheworld’sproblemshasastrongerhistoricalbasis,becausetherehavebeenseveralperiodsinhistorywhennewapproachesandnewtoolsdidhelpbringaboutburstsofworld-changingscientificdiscoveryandinnovation.Inthe17thcenturymicroscopesandtelescopesopenedupnewvistasofdiscovery,whiletheintroductionofscientificjournalsgaveresearchersnewwaystosharetheirfindings.Fromthemid-20thcentury,computersinturnhaveenablednewformsofsciencebasedonsimulationandmodelling,fromthedesignofweaponsandaircrafttomoreaccurateweatherforecasting.Andthecomputerrevolutionmaynotbefinishedyet.Asisreported,AItoolsandtechniquesarenowbeingappliedinalmosteveryfieldofscience,thoughthedegreeofadoptionvarieswidely.7.2%ofthepublishedpapersonphysicsandastronomylastyearinvolvedAI.AIisbeingemployedinmanyways.Itcanidentifypromisingcandidatesforanalysis,suchasmolecules(分子)withparticularpropertiesindrugdiscovery,ormaterialswiththecharacteristicsneededinbatteriesorsolarcells.Allthesearetobewelcomed.Butthejournalandthelaboratorywentfurtherstill:theyalteredscientificpracticeitselfandunlockedmorepowerfulmeansofmakingdiscoveries.AIhasthepotentialtosetoffsuchatransformation.1.Howdoesparagraph1mainlydevelop?A.Byprovidingevidence.B.Bymakingcomparison.C.Bymakingclassification.D.Byanalyzingcausesandeffects.2.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardstheexperts’opinioninthe1990s?A.Optimistic.B.Objective.C.Disapproving.D.Unconcerned.3.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoexpressinparagraph4?A.Scientificjournalsbringaboutsuccessfuldataanalysis.B.Scientificjournalsandcomputersremovepeople’sdiscrimination.C.Scientificdiscoveryandinnovationhavesomepotentialproblems.D.Scientificgreatprogressesbenefitfromnewapproachesandnewtools.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.HowAIGreatlyChangesScienceB.WhyAIDecidesHumanBeings’FutureC.WhenHumanBeingsNoLongerFearAID.WhereAIPerformsBetterinScientificFields【答案】1.B2.C3.D4.A【导语】本文是一篇议论文。人工智能正在以前所未有的方式塑造科学领域。从提出新的研究假设到加速研究进程，人工智能的加入为科学带来了巨大的潜力。1.推理判断题。根据第一段“Debateaboutartificialintelligence(AI)tendstofocusonitspotentialdangers:algorithmic(算法)discrimination,themassdestructionofjobsandeven,somesay,theextinctionofhumanity.Assomeobserversworry,however,othersarefocusingonthepotentialrewards.AIcould,theyclaim,helphumanitysolvesomeofitsbiggestandtoughestproblems.And,theysay,AIwilldothisinaveryspecificway:byspeedingthepaceofscientificdiscovery,especiallyinareassuchasmedicine,climatescienceandgreentechnology.(关于人工智能(AI)的争论往往集中在它的潜在危险上：算法歧视、就业机会的大规模破坏，甚至有人说，人类的灭绝。然而，正如一些观察人士担心的那样，其他人关注的是潜在的回报。他们声称，人工智能可以帮助人类解决一些最大、最棘手的问题。他们还表示，人工智能将以一种非常具体的方式实现这一目标：加速科学发现的步伐，尤其是在医学、气候科学和绿色技术等领域)”可知，本段主要介绍两种关于人工智能截然不同的看法，因此第一段主要通过作比较展开的。故选B项。2.推理判断题。根据第二段“Manyprevioustechnologieshave,ofcourse,beenfalselypraisedaspanaceas(灵丹妙药).(当然，以前的许多技术都被错误地称赞为灵丹妙药)”可推知，作者对20世纪90年代专家的观点持不赞成的态度。故选C项。3.推理判断题。根据第三段“ButthemechanismbywhichAIwillsupposedlysolvetheworld’sproblemshasastrongerhistoricalbasis,becausetherehavebeenseveralperiodsinhistorywhennewapproachesandnewtoolsdidhelpbringaboutburstsofworld-changingscientificdiscoveryandinnovation.(但人工智能解决世界问题的机制有更强大的历史基础，因为在历史上有几个时期，新方法和新工具确实帮助带来了改变世界的科学发现和创新)”以及第四段“Inthe17thcenturymicroscopesandtelescopesopenedupnewvistasofdiscovery,whiletheintroductionofscientificjournalsgaveresearchersnewwaystosharetheirfindings.Fromthemid-20thcentury,computersinturnhaveenablednewformsofsciencebasedonsimulationandmodelling,fromthedesignofweaponsandaircrafttomoreaccurateweatherforecasting.(在17世纪，显微镜和望远镜打开了发现的新视野，而科学期刊的引入为研究人员提供了分享发现的新途径。从20世纪中期开始，计算机反过来又使基于模拟和建模的新形式的科学成为可能，从武器和飞机的设计到更准确的天气预报)”可知，在第四段，作者通过举例旨在表达科学的伟大进步得益于新方法和新工具的使用。故选D项。4.主旨大意题。根据第一段“AIcould,theyclaim,helphumanitysolvesomeofitsbiggestandtoughestproblems.And,theysay,AIwilldothisinaveryspecificway:byspeedingthepaceofscientificdiscovery,especiallyinareassuchasmedicine,climatescienceandgreentechnology.(他们声称，人工智能可以帮助人类解决一些最大、最棘手的问题。他们还表示，人工智能将以一种非常具体的方式实现这一目标：加速科学发现的步伐，尤其是在医学、气候科学和绿色技术等领域)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述了人工智能正在以前所未有的方式塑造科学领域。从提出新的研究假设到加速研究进程，人工智能的加入为科学带来了巨大的潜力，所以A项“HowAIGreatlyChangesScience(人工智能如何极大地改变科学)”是本文最好的标题。故选A项。【05】（24-25·陕西安康·期中）Mixingconcreteandcarbonpowder(粉末)couldenablehousestostoreanentireday’sworthofenergyintheirconcretefoundations.Thisinnovativemethodofcreatingasupercapacitor(电容器)—analternativetobatteries—canbeusedtoconstructthefoundationsofbuildings.Whencombinedwithrenewableenergysources,itevencouldwirelesslyrechargeelectricvehiclesastheydrivealong.“Thematerialsareavailabletoeveryoneallovertheplace,allovertheworld,”saysFranz-JosefUlmattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT).Heandhiscolleaguesshowedhowthesupercapacitorcanbemixedwithwatertoformasolidblockwithcarbon-filledwire-likestructures.Whentheconcreteisplacedinanelectrolytesolution(电解液),itwillserveasacapacitor,enablingenergystorage.Theresearcherssaythatthenextstepmightbetocreate12-voltsupercapacitorsthatcanbeconnectedtoprovidemorechargingpowerforlargedevices.Theycalculatedthataconcreteblocksimilartoacube3.5metresoneachsidecouldstore10kilowatt-hoursofenergy.ThatisaboutathirdoftheaveragedailyhouseholdelectricityuseintheUSandabout1.25timestheaverageintheUK.Thematerialcouldmaintainitscharginganddischargingcapabilitiesbeyond10,000cycles,whichmeans,intheory,thatitcouldprovideenergystorageforasolar-poweredhomeformorethan27years.Viableasitsounds,YuryGogotsiatDrexelUniversityinPennsylvanianotesthatoneengineeringchallengeistoreplaceconventionalconcretewithmaterialsbuiltwiththesupercapacitors,andthatkeepingthesupercapacitorwettedwiththeconductivesaltsolutionforthelifetimeofthebuildingorroadwouldbechallenging.Still,theMITteamexpressedoptimismabouthowmanypeopleworldwidecouldstartexperimentingwiththisrelativelysimpleblueprintforalow-costsupercapacitor.“Thefundamentalaspectofthistechnologyisthatit’stwohistorical,ancientmaterialsthatcometogether,thatwehaveknownforthousandsofyears,”saysAdmirMasicatMIT.1.Whatistheinnovativemethodintendedfor?A.Servingasabatterytostoreenergy.B.Enhancingthestrengthoftheconcrete.C.Reducingthecostofconstructingbuildings.D.Improvingthematerialforelectricvehicles.2.HowisParagraph3mainlydeveloped?A.Byexplainingprinciples. B.Bygivingadefinition.C.Bymakingacomparison D.Bylistingnumbers.3.Whichcanreplacetheunderlined