专题36 八省联考阅读微技能之文章大意题（满分攻略+八省名校模拟）

专题36八省联考阅读微技能之文章大意题（满分攻略+八省名校模拟）原卷版（山西、河南、陕西、内蒙古、四川、云南、宁夏、青海）技能专区：冲刺备考名师提醒，提供高效提分干货，帮你举一反三提分一、记叙文主旨大意题1.看首段和尾段，以尾段为主2.借助主题词或关键词归纳二、说明文和议论文主旨大意题1.看首段和每段段首句，以首段为主2.借助主题词或关键词归纳三、文章大意题错误选项典型错误一是“以偏概全”：选项范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意；二是“概括宽泛”：所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容；三是“无中生有”：即文章中根本未提到或者不是指定段落的大意。四、文章大意五种题型题型一：利用主题句在段首位置推敲段落大意技巧点拨：说明文和议论文学会关注“首段”和“段首”。借鉴“七选五”小标题类型特点，段首句统领全段主旨大意，由此推断段落大意。题型二：利用主题句在段中位置推敲段落大意技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段中某句，这就需要考生耐心阅读揣摩段落各句之间内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置，进而明确段落主旨大意。题型三：利用主题句在段尾位置推敲段落大意技巧点拨：有时主题句出现在段尾，关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词:in

brief/short,all

in

all,in

conclusion,

inaword等，这些词后面连接的通常是主题句。题型四：利用段落没有主题句推敲段落大意技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。题型五：利用“总-分-总”结构推敲语篇主旨大意题技巧点拨：有时候段落没有出现主题句，需要考生自己总结提炼，难度更大。五、文章大意题思维导图真题专区：研读高考真题，洞悉高考命题规律，探寻满分技巧和应试思维！(2024新课标II卷第31题)Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.28.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood. B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance. D.Itreliesonfarmer’smarkets.29.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?A.Real-timeweatherchanges. B.Currentconditionoftheplants.C.Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil. D.Availabilityofpre-seededpods.30.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?A.Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.B.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.DTheyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.31.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths. B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence. D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.模拟专区：做好题才有好成绩！练技能，补漏洞，提分数，强信心！【01】（24-25高三上·江苏南通·期中）Inthe1980s,RayBarnettworkedinUgandaasahumanitarianworker.Oneday,aboywenttohimandshowedhisgratitudebysingingasong,whichdeeplytouchedBarnett’sheart.“WhenIwentbacktoCanadaandpeoplewerenotinterestedinUganda,Irememberedthesmallboy.IknewthatifsomeUgandanchildrencouldtraveltotheWest,peoplewouldbedeeplymovedandwouldcertainlywanttohelp,”Barnettrecalls.InApril1984,BarnettandateamofvolunteerstravelledbacktoUgandatoselect31childrenwhowouldbecomethefirstAfricanChildren’sChoir.InSeptember1984,thechoirarrivedinNorthAmericaandachievedmorethroughouttheirtourthanBarnettcouldimagine.Theyinspiredaudienceswiththeirstoriesthroughmusic,danceanddramaandraisedenoughfundstoopenachildren’shomeinUganda.Thisprovidedastableenvironmentandaqualityeducationforthechoirchildrenandotherchildrenwhoneededcare.WhileBarnetthadthoughtofthechoirasaone-timeattempt,thechoir’sinstantpopularityandtheongoingneedsinUgandaconvincedhimtocontinuewithchoirwork.In1985,asecondchoirwasselectedfromanorphanagehomeinMakerere,Kikoni,andtheAfricanChildren’sChoirbegananothertour.Itssuccessmeantitwasabletoprovideformanychildrenbeyondthoseinthechoir.Overthenextyears,sixmorehomeswereestablishedtocaterforvulnerablechildren.Anumberofspecialliteracyschoolswereestablishedwherethechildrenlearnedhowtoreadandwrite,andgainedconfidenceandskills.Theorganizationnextestablishedasponsorshipprogrammetohelpthechildrenmovefurtherintheirschooling.In1990,theAfricanChildren’sChoirspreaditswingsandopenedinKenya.In1994,itopenedinRwanda.In1996,itopenedanotherbranchinSouthSudan,Nigeria,GhanaandSouthAfrica.Currently,theAfricanChildren’sChoirismadeupof44choirs,eachwithbetween17-24members,bothboysandgirlsagedbetween7-15.1.WhydidBarnettreturntoUgandain1984?A.Toprovidehumanitarianaidtothearea.B.Tosearchfortheboyhehadmetbefore.C.Toorganizeachoirtohelppoorchildren.D.TosenddonationsfromCanadianstoUganda.2.Howwasthechildren’sfirstperformance?A.Itwasanunexpectedhit. B.Itbarelycovereditscosts.C.Itwasanordinaryattempt. D.Itwasenjoyedbyorphans.3.WhatcanweinferabouttheAfricanChildren’sChoirfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Itiswell-receivedbylocalparentsandschools.B.Ithasgrownrapidlyandmorekidsbenefitfromit.C.Itsuffersfinancialdifficultyandrequiressponsoring.D.Itpaysmoreattentiontokids’schoolinginsteadofmusic.4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.AgreatchoirbringshopetoAfricankids.B.Musicisabridgeacrossdifferentcultures.C.TheAfricanChildren’sChoirchangesAfrica.D.Musiccanshakeoffpovertyandbringhappiness.【02】（23-24高三上·江西赣州·期末）Shipsarethelifelineoftradeamongcountries.Almosteverything,fromfoodtomachinery,comesbywayoftheseainhugeshipspilotedbycaptains.Butthecaptainofashipisresponsibleforguidingthevesseluntiltheyhitaport,waitingtoentertheharbor.Thetaskofbringingtheshipintotheharboranddockingitistakenupbyadifferentcaptain.Thiscaptainiscalledamarinepilot.Amarinepilotisaboatpilotwithspecializedknowledgeofaparticularportorharbor.Thepilotisneededtodirectlargeshipsintoaport,wherethereareoftendeep-waterchannelssurroundedbyshallowerseabeds.Withouttheservicesofamarinepilot,dockingshipswouldbehazardous.Therewouldbearealchanceofrunningagroundanddamagingtheshipandthecargo,someofwhichmightbedangerousifreleasedintoawater-basedecosystem.Inadditiontotheshallowerseabeds,tideandwindposefurtherchallengesforbringingshipsintoaport.Duringdifferenttides,currentsmaychangefromonedirectiontotheother.Thesamestrategyfordockingashipduringanincomingtidemaynotworkduringanoutgoingtide.Also,thewindcansignificantlyalterthedirectionoftheshipandhowitreacts,addingtothedifficultyofdockingtheship.Marinepilotageisajobthatrequiresahighdegreeofproficiencyaswellasquickandindependentthinking.Aboveall,itisaboutriskmanagement.Amarinepilotgoesonboardatacrucialtimeandcontrolstheshipbasedonhisorherknowledgeoftheportandthesituationathand.Thepilotisresponsiblefornotonlythesafetyoftheshipbutalsotheprotectionoftheportandthemarineenvironment.1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Aspecialprofession. B.Shippingandtrading.C.Guidelinesforsafedocking. D.Protectionofthemarineenvironment.2.Whichofthefollowingispartoftheknowledgethatamarinepilotmusthave?A.Thevalueoftheships. B.Thecontentofthecargo.C.Theweatherconditions. D.Thediversityofmarinelife.3.Whatdoes“acrucialtime”inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Whentheshipdepartsfromport. B.Whenthechannelisnotdeepenough.C.Whenthereisacrashoftwoships. D.Whenashipiswaitingtoentertheport.4.Howdoestheauthorconcludethepassageinthelastparagraph?A.Byaddingnewdetails. B.Bypredictingfuturedevelopment.C.Bysummarizingthemainpoints. D.Bygivingadvicetothegeneralpublic.【03】（2024·四川德阳·一模）Dogownersoftenbelievethattheirpetsunderstandcommandssuchas“sit”and“stay”,andevenassociatewordswiththeirfavoriteobjects.“Bringmeyourball”willoftenresultinexactlythat.Butsciencehashadtroubledeterminingwhetherdogsandotheranimalstrulycreateamentalimageintheirmindsuponhearingthenameofanobject,arelationshipwithlanguagecalledreferentialunderstanding,whichwouldsuggestadeeperunderstandingoflanguage,likethekindthathumanshave.ArecentstudyconductedinHungary,appearinginCurrentBiology,exploresthisissue.Itinvolved18dogsandemployedanon-invasiveEEGproceduretomeasuretheirbrainactivity.Researchersplayedaudioclipsoftheirownerssayingthenamesofobjects,suchas“ball”or“frisbee”,andthenshowedthedogseitherthecorrespondingobjectoradifferentonetoseeifdogswouldshowadistinctbrainresponsewhentheobjectmatchedthewordcomparedtowhenitdidnot.Boros,aco-leadwriterofthestudy,said“Adifferentbrainpatternappearedwhenthedogswereshownanobjectthatmatchedthewordcomparedtowhenitdidnot,indicatingthattheymightcreateamentalimageoftheobjectuponhearingitsname.Thatwaspreviouslyunproven.”LillaMagyari,anotherco-leadwriter,notedthatwhileotheranimalshaveshownsomelevelofreferentialunderstanding,theyoftenrequireextensivetraining.Incontrast,thestudysuggeststhatindogs,suchabilitiesappeartobeinbornandrequirenospecialtrainingortalent.Thisfindingsupportsthatreferentialunderstandingisnotnecessarilyuniquetohumans.Despitethestudy’spromisingresults,someexpertsareskeptical.CliveWynnefromArizonaStateUniversityarguedonFacebookthatthestudyonlydemonstratesdogs’responsestostimuli(刺激物),ratherthananunderstandingofspecificwords.Hedoubtswhetherdogsgrasptheexactmeaningofwords.Scientistsbelievethefirstdogsbegantobekeptbyhumansupto30,000yearsago.Theanimalshavelivedcloselyalongsideuseversince.However,whetherthislonghistoryofcohabitationcontributedtotheirabilitytounderstandreferentiallanguageremainsanopenquestion.1.Whatdoes“referentialunderstanding”referto?A.Associatingwordswithemotions. B.Respondingactivelytocommands.C.Formingmentalimagesofobjects. D.Learningobjectsthroughtraining.2.Howdidresearcherstestdogs’brainresponses?A.Byusingdifferentaudiotones. B.Byadjustingshapesofobjects.C.Bymatchingobjectswithwords. D.Bycomparingdifferentobjects.3.WhichdoesCliveWynneagreewithaboutthestudy?A.Itoverestimatesdogs’cognitiveabilities.B.Itiswidelyacceptedbythescientificfield.C.Itprovesdogsknowspecificwordsverywell.D.Itprovidesanewinsightaboutdogs’evolution.4.What’sthetextmainlyabout?A.Whatdogowners’beliefabouttheirpetsis.B.Whatdogs’responsetothedifferentobjectsis.C.Whetherwecantraindogstofollowcommands.D.WhetherreferentialunderstandingexistsinDogs.【04】（24-25高三上·黑龙江哈尔滨·阶段练习）Formorethantwodecades,ElonMuskhasfocusedSpaceX,hisrocketcompany,onhislifelonggoalofreachingMars.Overthelastyear,hehasalsobuiltupworkonwhatwillhappenifhegetsthere.Mr.Musk,53,hasdirectedSpaceXemployeestodrillintothedesignanddetailsofaMartiancity,accordingtofivepeoplewithknowledgeoftheeffortsanddocumentsviewedbyTheNewYorkTimes.Oneteamisdrawingupplansforsmalldomehabitats,includingthematerialsthatcouldbeusedtobuildthem.AnotherisworkingonspacesuitstocombatMars'shostileenvironment,whileamedicalteamisresearchingwhetherhumanscanhavechildrenthere.Theseinitiatives,whichareattheirearlystage,areashifttowardmoreconcreteplanningforlifeonMarsasMr.Musk'stimelinehashastened(加速).Whilehesaidin2016thatitwouldtake40to100yearstohaveaself-sustainingcivilizationontheplanet,Mr.MusktoldSpaceXemployeesinAprilthathenowexpectsonemillionpeopletobelivingthereinabout20years.Mr.Muskhaslongtriedtodefy(违抗)theimpossibleandhasoftenmanagedtobeattoughodds.ButhisvisionforlifeonMarstakeshisseeminglylimitlessambitionstotheirmostextreme—andsomemightsayabsurdist—point.Noonehaseversetfootontheplanet.NASAdoesn'texpecttolandhumansonMarsuntilthe2040s.Andifpeoplegetthere,theywillbegreetedbyabarrenterrain,icytemperatures,duststorms,andairthatisimpossibletobreathe.YetMr.Muskissowedded(执着)totheideaofcreatingacivilizationonMars—heoncesaidheplanstodiethere—thatithaspushednearlyeverybusinessendeavorhehasundertakenonEarth.HisvisionforMarsunderliesmostofthesixcompaniesthatheleadsorowns,eachofwhichcouldpotentiallycontributetoaspacecolony,accordingtothedocumentsandthepeoplewithknowledgeoftheefforts.TheBoringCompany,aprivatetunnelingventurefoundedbyMr.Musk,wasstartedinparttoreadyequipmenttodigunderMars'ssurface,twoofthepeoplesaid.Mr.MuskhastoldpeoplethatheboughtX,thesocialmediaplatform,partlytohelptesthowacitizen-ledgovernmentthatrulesbyconsensusmightworkonMars.Hehasalsosaidthatheenvisionsresidentsontheplanetwilldriveaversionofthesteel-paneledCybertrucksmadebyTesla,hiselectricvehiclecompany.1.WhatmeasuresarebeingtakenbySpaceXtorealizetheirdreamofMars?A.Designinglargespaceshipsandbuildinghospitals.B.Planningforhabitatsanddesigningspacesuits.C.Developingtechnologiesandtrainingmedicalteams.D.Buildingspacestationsandinspiringemployeestostrive.2.HowdosomepeoplefindMr.Musk'svisionforMars?A.Practicalandachievable. B.Unreasonableandtime-consuming.C.Theoreticalandpromising. D.Over-ambitiousandridiculous.3.WhydidMr.MuskpurchaseXsocialmediaplatform?A.BecauseheintendedtocreateacompanyonMars.B.BecausehewasinterestedinpromotingsocialnetworkonMars.C.BecausehewantedtomakeprofitsbyrunningitonMars.D.Becausehedreamtofaresident-managedgovernmentforMars.4.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.ElonMusk'sdeterminationandinitiativestoputpeopleonMars.B.ElonMusk'seffortstoovercomethechallengesofexploringMars.C.ElonMusk'soverallvisionforthefuturedevelopmentofMars.D.ElonMusk'scompaniesonMarsandtheircontributions.【05】（24-25高二上·全国·单元测试）Ifyoucouldchangeyourchildren’sDNAinthefuturetoprotectthemagainstdiseases,wouldyou?ItcouldbepossiblebecauseoftechnologyknownasCRISPR/Cas,orjustCRISPR.CRISPRinvolvesapieceofRNA,achemicalmessenger,designedtoworkononepartofDNA;italsousesanenzymethatcantakeunwantedgenesoutandputnewonesin,accordingtoTheEconomist.ThereareotherwaysofeditingDNA,butCRISPRwilldoitverysimply,quickly,andexactly.TheuseofCRISPRcouldmeanthatcuresaredevelopedforeverythingfromAlzheimer’sdiseasetocancertoAIDS.Byallowingdoctorstoputjusttherightcancer⁃killinggenesintoapatient’simmunesystem,thetechnologycouldhelpgreatly.InAprilscientistsinChinasaidtheyhadtriedusingCRISPRtoeditthegenomes(基因组)ofhumanembryos.Thoughtheembryoswouldneverturnintohumans,thiswasthefirsttimeanyonehadevertriedtoeditDNAfromhumanbeings.Withthisinmind,theUSNationalAcademyofSciencesplanstodiscussquestionsaboutCRISPR’sethics(伦理标准).Forexample,CRISPRdoesn’tworkproperlyyet.AswellascuttingtheDNAitislookingfor,itoftencutsotherDNA,too.Inaddition,wecurrentlyseemtohavetoolittleunderstandingofwhatDNAgivespeoplewhatqualities.Therearealsomoralquestions.Ofcourse,medicinealreadystopsnaturalthingsfromhappening—forexample,itsavespeoplefrominfections.Theopportunitiestotreatdiseasesmakeithardtosayweshouldn’tkeepgoing.Aharderquestioniswhetheritiseverrighttoedithumancellsandmakechangesthatarepassedontochildren.Thisisbannedin40countriesandrestrictedinmanyothers.However,CRISPRmeansthatifgenescanbeeditedout,theycanalsobeeditedbackin.Itmaybeuptousasasocietytodecidewhenandwhereeditingthegenomeiswrong.Also,accordingtoTheEconomist,geneeditingmaymeanthatparentsmakechoicesthatarenotobviouslyinthebestinterestsoftheirchildren:“Deafparentsmayprefertheirchildrentobedeaftoo;parentsmightwanttomaketheirchildrenmoreintelligentatallcosts.”Intheend,moreresearchisstillneededtoseewhatwecanandcan’tdowithCRISPR.“It’sstillahugemysteryhowwework,”CraigMello,aUMassChanMedicalSchoolbiologistandNobelPrizewinner,toldTheBostonGlobe.“We’rejusttryingtofigureoutthisamazinglycomplicatedthingwecalllife.”1.Accordingtothepassage,whatcanweknowaboutthetechnologyofCRISPR?A.ItisverysafebecauseitonlycutstheDNAitislookingfor.B.Itisbannedinmostcountriesandrestrictedinmanyothers.C.Itcouldcauseparentstomakeunwisechoicesfortheirchildren.D.ItcouldhelpusdiscoverthelinkbetweenDNAandthequalitiesitgivespeople.2.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.AlldiseasescouldprobablybecuredthroughtheuseofCRISPR.B.ScientistshadnevereditedgenomesbeforeCRISPRwasinvented.C.CRISPRisatechnologythatusesanenzymetoworkonRNAandDNA.D.CRISPRhasproventobethemosteffectivewaytoprotectchildrenagainstdiseases.3.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsCRISPR?A.Supportive. B.Worried. C.Negative. D.Objective.4.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Whatwecanandcan’tdowithCRISPR.B.HowCRISPRwasdevelopedbyscientists.C.TheadvantagesofCRISPRandargumentsaboutitsethics.D.Scientists’experimentsofusingCRISPRtoedithumanembryos.【06】（2024·福建宁德·三模）Ammonia(氨)isoneofmanypollutantspresentinwastewaterandcanbepoisonousformarineandlandlife.Therefore,inaprocesscalledairstripping(空气吹脱),itisremovedfromwastewaterandlateruseoasafertilizerorfuel.Airstrippingtransformsammoniaintoagasthatcanthenescapethewastewaterfromitssurface.Butthisprocessisnotefficient:itisenergy-intensive,andrequiresspecifictemperatures,airsupply,andalotofchemicals,makingitexpensive.Addressingthesedisadvantages,researchersfromSouthKoreahavedemonstratedthatthesimpleapplicationofanelectricfieldduringairstrippingcanconsiderablyimprovetheefficiencyofammoniaremoval,evenundersub-standardconditions.“Sofar,theremovalofammoniafromwastewaterwasthoughttobedependentononlypH,temperature,andairsupply.Howeverwehaveshownthatanelectricfieldcanalsoactasamodulator(调节器)ofthisprocess,”saysProf.Young-ChaeSong,theleadinvestigatoronthisstudy.Prof.Songandhisteamusedacombinationofliveexperimentswithanammoniaremovaltankanddeeplearningtounderstandhowelectricfieldsofdifferentstrengthsinfluencetheefficiencyofammoniaremovalfromwastewater.Theyfoundthatelectricfieldswithanalternatingcurrentof50MHzandapowerof15V/cmsignificantlyimprovetheammoniaremovalefficiency,increasingitfrom51%to94%,evenundersub-standardconditions.Therefore,improvedammoniayieldscouldbeachievedwhileconsiderablyreducingtheconsumptionofenergyandchemicals.Prof.Songcomments,“Ourfindingsshowedthatelectricfieldapplicationprovidesasimilarefficiencyofammoniaremovaltoconventionalmethodsatamuchlowertemperature,airsupply,andpH.Moreover,theenergyneededtopowertheelectricfieldisaminutepartoftheenergyrequiredtoachievethese‘excellent’conditions.”Indeed,thisnewelectricfield-coupledplatformcouldprovideamoreeconomicalwayofgetting-ammoniafromwastewaterandreducingthecarbonfootprintassociatedwiththisprocess.1.Whathappenstoammoniaduringairstripping?A.Itbecomesafertilizer. B.Itstaysonthewater.C.Itchangesintoanotherstate. D.Itdisappearsintheprocess.2.WhatcanbeinferredfromProf.Song’swords?A.Electricfieldsslowtheprocessoftheremoval.B.Muchenergyisneededtoachievegoodconditions.C.Theremovalofammoniadependsonelectricfields.D.Theuseofelectricfieldsimprovesthetraditionalmethod.3.Whatisthefunctionofthenewplatform?A.Topowerairstripping. B.Tolowerthetemperature.C.Toprovideeconomicalenergy. D.Toremoveammoniaatalowercost.4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Thediscoveryofelectricfields.B.Anelectricfield-coupledplatform.C.Anewtechnologicaladvancement.D.Electricfieldsofdifferentstrengths.【07】（23-24高二上·江苏镇江·期中）Ashumans,weliveinourthoughts:fromponderingwhattomakefordinnertodaydreamingaboutourlastbeachvacation.Now,researchersatHHMT’sJaneliaResearchCampushavefoundthatratsalsopossessanimagination,whichwasthoughttobeauniquelyhumancharacteristic.InacollaborationbetweenthelabsofTimHarrisandAlbertLee,aninnovativesystemwasdesignedthatcombinesvirtualreality(VR)withabrain-machineinterface(BM人机界面).Thisenabledtheresearcherstoexploretheworldofarat’sinnerthoughts.Thereal-time“thoughtdetector”wasdesignedtomeasureneural(神经的)activityandtranslatewhatitmeant.Theresultsshowthatratsarecapableofthinkingaboutplacesorobjectsthatarenotimmediatelypresent,whichiscomparabletoahumanmentallyplanningawalktoaparticularlocation.Theseinternalexperiencesactivateobviousneuralpatternsinthehippocampus(海马体)—thepartofthebrainthatisresponsibleforspatialmemory.Accordingtothestudy,ratscanevenvoluntarilyconducttheseactivitypatternstorecollectdistantlocationsapartfromtheircurrentpositions.“Theratcanindeedactivatetherepresentationofplacesintheenvironmentwithoutgoingthere,”saysChongxiLai,apostdocintheHarrisandLeeLabsandfirstauthorofapaperdescribingthenewfindings.“Evenifhisphysicalbodyisfixed,hisspatialthoughtscangotoaveryremotelocation.”Thisabilitytoimaginelocationsawayfromone’scurrentpositionisfundamentaltorememberingpasteventsandimaginingpossiblefuturescenarios.Therefore,thenewworkshowsthatanimalsprobably,likehumans,possessaformofimagination.“Toimagineisoneoftheremarkablethingsthathumanscando.Nowwehavefoundthatratscandoittoo,andwefoundawaytostudyit,”saidstudyco-authorAlbertLee.Thisnovelresearchnotonlyprovidesinsightsintohippocampalfunctionbutalsopavesthewayforadvancedprosthetic(假肢)devicesthatusesimilarprinciples.TheuseofBMIinthisstudyoffersanewpathwayforexploringandunderstandingthebrain,withpotentialapplicationsextendingintothedevelopmentofinnovationprostheticsolutions.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“pondering”inparagraph1mean?A.Considering. B.Tackling. C.Measuring. D.Urging.2.Whywasthenewsystemappliedintheexperiment?A.Topreventtheratsfromescaping. B.Totransportratstoaparticularlocation.C.Tocomparehumansandrats. D.Togetabetterunderstandingofrats’innerthoughts.3.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthisstudy?A.Doubtful. B.Unconcerned. C.Optimistic. D.Negative.4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Ratscanthinkaboutplacesorobjectsinthedistance.B.Animalscanbeasimaginativeashumans.C.Imaginationisaspecialqualityofhumans.D.Wehumansarefondofeatingandgoingonvacation.【08】（24-25高二上·河北邯郸·期中）Arecentstudyidentifiedageneticcauseofleft-handednessinsomepeople.Researchersfoundrarevariants(变体)ofageneinvolvedincontrollingtheshapeofcells.Theyfoundthevariantstobe2.7timesmorecommoninleft-handedpeople.Thesegeneticvariantsaccountforpossibly0.1percentofleft-handedness.Buttheresearcherssaidagene,calledTUBB4B,mightplayapartinthedevelopmentofbrainasymmetry(不对称性).Inmostpeople,thetwohalvesofthebrainhaveslightlydifferentstructuresandaredominantfordifferentactivities.ClydeFrancksoftheMaxPlanckInstituteforPsycholinguisticsintheNetherlandssuggestedthatformostpeople,theleftsideofthebraincontrolsthedominantrighthand.TUBB4Bcontrolsaproteinthatgetsformedintofilaments(丝状物)calledmicrotubules.Thesemicrotubulesgivestructuretotheinsidesofcells.ThechangesinTUBB4Bthataremorecommoninleft-handerssuggestthatmicrotubulesareinvolvedinsettingupthebrain’snormalasymmetries.Thetwobrainhalvesstarttodevelopdifferentlyinthehumanembryo(胚胎).Scientistsdonotknowthesystemthatcontrolsthis.Thestudy’sfindingswerebasedongeneticdatafrommorethan350,000middle-agedtoolderadultsinBritain.ItwasfromtheUKBiobank.About11percentofthepeopleinvolvedwereleft-handed.Formostpeople,left-orright-handednessmightcomedowntochance.Changesinthelevelsofsomemolecules(分子)duringimportanttimesofbraindevelopmentcouldinfluenceit,Franckssuggested.Historically,manyculturesdisapprovedofleft-handednessandforcedpeopletobecomeright-handed.InEnglish,theword“right”alsomeans“correct”or“proper”.Andtheexpressiona“left-handedcompliment”meansthatacommentmightseemnicebutisaninsult.Thenewfindingsmighthaveuseinthefieldofmentalhealth.Peoplewithschizophrenia(精神分裂)arearoundtwiceaslikelytobeleft-handedorambidextrous(左右开弓的).Francksobservedthatgenesinvolvedindevelopingthebraininearlylifemightbeinvolvedinbrainasymmetryandmentalhealth.“Ourstudyfoundsuggestiveevidenceofthis,andwehavealsoseenitinpreviousstudieswherewelookedatmorecommongeneticvariantsinthepopulation,”Francksadded.1.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Arecentbreakthroughinbrainresearch.B.Thecloserelationshipbetweengenesandhealth.C.Newdiscoveriesaboutwhysomepeopleareleft-handed.D.Ararevarianthasbeenultimatelydiscoveredbyresearchers.2.Whatisthema