作文启、承、转、合常用语

PAGEPAGE5启、承、转、合常用语文章中的启、承、转、合常用语英文写作和中文写作一样，在语气上有“启、承、转、合”之分。“启”就是开头；“承”就是承接；“转”就是转折；“合”就是综合或总结。作文一般分为这四个阶段。要使文章段与段，句与句衔接、连贯，须使用一些常用“转承”次于。同样，文章的开头或结尾，段落的开头和结尾也需要使用一些过渡词语。例１：TheValueofTimeAproverbsays:”Timeismoney.”Butinmyopinion,timeisevenmorepreciousthanmoney.Why?Becausewhenmoneyisspent,wecanearnitback.However,whentimeisgone,itwillneverreturn.Thisisthereasonwhywemustvaluetime.引言段（启）Itgoeswithoutsayingthatthetimeatourdisposalisunusuallylimited.Hence,evenanhourisextremelyprecious.Weshouldmakefulluseofourtimetodousefulthings.Asstudents,wemustnotrelaxoureffortstoengageinourstudiessoastoservesocietyandournationinthefuture.展开段（承）Butitisapitythattherearealotofpeoplewhodonotknowtheimportanceoftime.Theyspendtheirprecioustimesmoking,drinkingandgambling.Theydonotrealizethatwastingtimeisequaltowastingapartoftheirvaluablelife.展开段（转）Inaword,weshouldgetintothegoodhabitofsavingtime.Donotputoffwhatcanbedonetodayuntiltomorrow.Lazinesswillnotonlybringusfailurebutalsoleadustotheroadofpoverty.结论段（合）例２：HealthAstheproverbsays,“Nooneknowsthevalueofhealthuntilhelosesit.”Inotherwords,nothingismorevaluablethathealth.引言段（启）Itisclearthathealthisthefoundationofone’sfuturesuccess.Ifyoubecomesick,itisnearlyimpossibletopursueyourcareereffectively,muchlessmakeyoudreamscometrue.Ontheotherhand,ifyouarestoutandstrong,youcangoallouttoovercometheobstaclesthatlieaheadofyou.展开段（承）Nowthatweknowthathealthistheresourceofourenergy,whatshouldwedotomaintainandenhanceourhealth?First,weshouldexerciseeverydaytostrengthenourmuscles.Second,wemightaswellkeepgoodhour.Ifwegetupearly,wecanbreathefreshairandseethesunrise.Thishabitcandowondersforouroutlookonlife.Third,thereisaproverbthatsay,“Preventionisbetterthancure.”Ifyoupaycloseattentiontoyourhealth,youcanavoidgettingsick,oratleastcureyourselfofadiseasewhileitisstillinitsincipientstage.展开段（转）Inconclusion,healthismoreimportantthanwealth.Thosewhoarerichbutlosetheirhealtharenomorefortunatethanthosewhoarepoor.Ifyouwantyourwishtocometrue,healthisthemostimportantingredientofyoursuccess.结论段（合）常用引言段开头的词语：Aproverbsays:“…”Astheproverbsays…Generallyspeaking,…Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…Itis(quite)clearthat…because…Itisoftensaidthat…ManyPeopleoftenaskthisquestion:“…?”Itisagreedthat…Itisacommonbeliefthat…Thereisamisconceptionthat…引言写法举例：AnEnglishproverbsays:“Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.”Thissayingisindeedfulloftruth.Weshouldregarditasourmotto.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatafirmresolutionisthemostimportantelementofsuccess.Inotherwords,asuccessfulmanmustpossessafirmresolutionandaninflexiblespirit.Onthecontrary,amanwithoutafirmresolutionwillnotsucceedallhislife.ItisquiteclearthatEnglishhasbecomeaninternationallanguagebecauseithasbeenusedbymostofthenationsintheworld.Inotherwords,youmaymakeatriproundtheworldwithoutbeingmisunderstoodifyouknowEnglish.Generallyspeaking,menwhopossessknowledgearemorepowerfulthanthosewithoutknowledge.Inotherwords,theeducatedclassalwaysruleovertheignorantpeople.Thisisanunchangeabletruth.常用展开段开头用语：Everybodyknowsthat…每个人都知道…Itcanbeeasilyprovedthat…那是很容易证明的…Itistruethat……是真实的Noonecandenythat…谁也不能否认Onethingwhichisequallyimportanttotheabovementionedis…跟上述同样重要的一项是…Thechiefreasonwhy…isthat…为什么……的主要原因是Wemustrecognizethat…我们必须承认…Thereisnodoubtthat…无疑地…Iamoftheopinionthat…我认为…Thiscanbeexpressedasfollows:可以这样说…Take…foranexample…以…为例，…Thereforeweshouldrealizethat…因此我们应该认识到……Wehavereasontobelievethat…我们有理由相信……(Nowthat)weknowthat…（既然）我们知道……Whatismoreseriousisthat…更严重的是……常用于第二展开段开头用语（语气与第一展开段不同或相反）：Anotherspecialconsiderationinthiscaseisthat…对这个问题的另一考虑是…Besides,weshouldnotneglectthat…除此以外，我们更不能忽视…Butitisapitythat…但是很可惜…Buttheproblemisnotsosimple.Therefore,…然而问题并非如此简单。因此，…However,…然而，无论如何…Othersmayfindthistobetrue,butIdonot.Ibelievethat…在别人看来可能是对的，但我个人并不认为如此，我认为…Ontheotherhand,…另一方面，…Perhapsyou’llquestionwhy…也许你会问为什么…Thereisacertainamountoftruthinthis,butwestillhaveaproblemwithregardto…这在大体上是对的，不过对于…我们还有一点问题。Thoughweareinbasicagreementwith…虽然基本上我们同意…Whatseemstobethetroubleis…似乎困难是在…Yetdifferenceswillbefound,That’swhyIfeelthat…然而其中仍有不同的地方，这也是我为什么认为…Solongasyouregardthisasreasonable,youmay…只要你认为合理，你可以…展开段的写作举例：（承）Iamoftheopinionthatthosewhohavethehabitofrisingearlywillsurelydothingswithspirit.Theycanendurelongperiodsofhardshipwithoutbeingtired;theywillsucceedinanythingtheydo.Inotherwords,risingearlyisoneofthesecretsofsuccess.（转）However,itisagreatpitythatmostpeopleacquirethebadhabitofrisinglate.Thereasonisthattheyfailtofullyunderstandtheadvantagesofrisingearly.（承）Thereisnodoubtthatknowledgeislife’smostpreciousasset.Itisalsoanindispensabletoolusedtoaccomplishthings.Wecanalsosaynothinginworldcanbeaccomplishedwithoutit.Thevariousmoderninventionssuchasthetrain,theairplane,thesteamship,thetelegram,thetelephone,andsoon,arenothingbutthefruitsofwisdomandthesignsofmankind’spower.（转）However,knowledgecannotbeboughtwithmoney.Wemustexertgreatefforttoobtainit.Becauseweasstudentsarethefuturemastersofthenation,ourcountryneedsusverymuch.Consequently,ourresponsibilitiesareexceedinglyheavyandgreat.Inotherwords,thedestinyofournationiscompletelyheldinthepalmsofourhands.Ifwedonotstudyhardtoincreaseourknowledge,howcanwemakeherrichandpowerful?（承）Everybodyknowsthatthereisnothingdifficultintheworld.Ifonlywehavemadeupourmindstodoit,wecansurelyaccomplishit.Thefinalvictorywillnaturallybeours.（承）Thechiefreasonwhywefailindoingthingsisthatwedonotreallywanttodothem.Whenwedonotfeellikedoingthingsisthatwedonotreallywanttodothem.Whenwedonotfeellikedoingthings,wewillfeeldejectedassoonasweareconfrontedwithdifficulties.Theresultwillnaturallybeafailuretoaccomplishanything.（承）Weknowthatmostofthevaluablebooks,newspapersandmagazinesarewritteninEnglish.Ifwewanttoreadthemtoincreaseourknowledge,wemustlearnEnglish.Furthermore,weshouldalsolearnEnglishifwewanttodobusinesswithforeigncountries.ThereasonisthatEnglishisspokenbythemajorityofforeigners.（承）AtpresentthecontactbetweenforeigncountriesandtheR.O.C.growsconsiderablydaybyday.Englishisknownasanindispensabletoolofintercourse.ThisiswhytherearesomanypeopleinourcountrywholearnEnglish.TheyknowthatlearningEnglishmakeslifemoreconvenient.用于结论段的常用语：Fromthispointofview,…从这个观点来看，…Inaword,…总而言之，…Inconclusion,…结论之，…Onaccountofthiswecanfindthat…由此我们可以知道…Theresultisdependenton…结果是…而定Therefore,thesefindingsrevealthefollowinginformation:这些发现显示下列消息：Thus,thisisthereasonwhywemust…因此，这就是我们为什么必须…Tosumup,…总括言之…Personally,Ithink…Overall,Ithink…Overall,myviewisthat…结论段写作举例：Inconclusion,countrylifeismorebeneficialthancitylife.Inotherwords,itismoreimportantforpeopletoliveahappy,sereneandhealthylifethanthatofanexciting,nervousandunhealthyexistence.Fromthispointofview,Englishisreallyaveryusefulinstrumenttous.Whydon’twedoubleoureffortstolearnit?（结尾用反问的方式加强语气）。Inaword,weshouldgetintothegoodhabitofsavingtime.Donotputoffwhatcanbedonetodayuntiltomorrow.Lazinesswillnotonlybringusfailurebutalsoleadustotheroadofpoverty.Inconclusion,healthismoreimportantthanwealth.Thosewhoarerichbutlosetheirhealtharenomorefortunatethanthosewhoarepoor.Ifyouwantyourwishtocometrue,healthisthemostimportantingredientofyoursuccess.段落中的启、承、转、合常用语在每一段落中语气的启、承、转、合的衔接，大体上与一篇文章相似。开头常常用主题句及表示“首先”、“第一”诸如此类的词引导；再以“接下来”、“其次”表示承接；遇到需要转折时用“可是”、“然而”；结尾通常用“最后、”“因此”、“总而言之”等引导结尾句表示“合”。下面一些用语多用于连接句子或段落。一、用于“启”的常用语：常常放在主题句之前或之后，以引导出展开句。atpresent现在；当今inthefirstplace首先；第一currently现在；最近itgoeswithoutsaying不用说first首先；第一lately最近firstofall首先；第一now现在；目前firstly首先presently现在；此刻generallyspeaking一般来说recently最近inthebeginning起初tobeginwith首先；第一二、用于“承”的常用词语：afterafewdays几天之后afterawhile过了一会儿also并且；又atanyrate无论如何atthesametime同时（用在“转”时作“可是”解besides(this)此外bythistime此时certainly无疑地；确然地consequently因此；结果forexample例如forinstance例如forthispurpose为了这个目的fromnowon从此furthermore而且，此外inaddition此外inadditionto除…之外infact事实上inotherwords换句话说inparticular特别（地）inthesamemanner同样（地）incidentally顺便让我一提indeed的确meanwhile于此时；此际moreover而且；此外nodoubt无疑地obviously明显地ofcourse当然particularly特别地second第二；第二点secondly第二similarly同样地so所以soon不久still仍然then然后third第三；第三点thirdly第三truly事实上；真实地unlike…不像…；和…不同whatismore而且；此外三、用于“转”的常用词语：afterall毕竟allthesame虽然；但是anyway无论如何atthesametime可是but但是bythistime此时conversely相反地despite…尽管…；虽然especially…特别地…fortunately幸运地however然而；无论如何inotherwords换句话说inparticular特别地inspiteof…尽管…；虽然inthesameway同样地likewise同样地luckily幸运地nevertheless不过；虽然如此nodoubt无疑地notwithstanding…虽然onthecontrary相反地ontheotherhand另一方面otherwise否则perhaps…或许…unfortunately不幸地unlike…不像…；和…不同whereas然而…yet仍；然而；但是用于“合”的常用词语：aboveall最重要accordingly于是asaconsequence因此asaresult结果ashasbeennoted如前所述及asIhavesaid如我所述atlast最后atlength最后；终于byandlarge一般来说briefly简单扼要地bydoingso借此consequently因此eventually最后finally最后hence因此inbrief简言之inconclusion最后；总之inshort简言之insum总之；简言之insummary摘要之onthewhole就全体而论；整个看来therefore因此thus因此tospeakfrankly坦白地说tosumup总言之tosummarize摘要之用法举例１（启）Generallyspeaking,/Ingeneral,/Itgoeswithoutsayingthat/Onthewhole,studyingtoohardmaybeharmfultostudents.（启）Atpresent,/Currently,/Lately,/Now,/Recently,manyteachersexpecttheirpupilstodomoreworkthantheycanhandle.（承）Also,/Atthesametime,/Besidesthis,/Furthermore,/Inaddition,/Meanwhile,/Moreover,/Whatismore,parentsdonotrealizethatpressuringtheirchildrentostudyharderthancalledforcaninjuretheirchildren’shealth.（承）Certainly,/Infact,/Obviously,/Ofcourse,mostparentsknowthatgrowingboysandgirlsneedrelaxationaswellasexercise.（承）However,/Nevertheless,/Ontheotherhand,/Still,/Unfortunately,manystudentshavenochoicebuttoburnthecandleatbothendsinordertogetgoodgradesandpleaseth