新概念英语第二册从属连词课件

1.从属结构

一个语法结构含有同一层次甚至高一层次的结构为其直接成分，就形成了从属关系，从属于其他语法结构的结构叫做“从属结构”。e.g.

Shakespearethegreatdramatist（词组从属于词组）

amanofgreatcharmanddistinction（词组从属于词组）

thehousewhereChairmanMaooncelived（分句从属于词组）

Wilbur,whowasasleepinthestraw（分句从属于词组）Makehaywhilethesunshines.（分句从属于分句）

WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.（分句从属于分句）什么是从属结构1名词词组可能只由一个中心词构成。提示2.从属分句从属分句非限定分句限定从属分句无动词分句名词性分句形容词性分句副词性分句不定式分句-ing分词分句-ed分词分句e.g.Don’tclaimtoknowwhatyoudon’tknow.（名词性分句）Nothingisimpossibletothemanwhowilltry.（形容词

性分句）

Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.（副词性分句）

Toavoidcriticism,donothing,saynothing,benothing.

（不定式分句）

Lookingfromthehill,youthinktheoppositehillishigher.

（-ing分词分句）

Bornintoapoorfamily,hehadonlytwoyearsofschooling.

（-ed分词分句）

“Youknowpainters,then?”sheasked,hereyesfullofinterest.

（无动词分句）形容词性分句就是关系分句，副词性分句就是状语分句。非限定分句和无动词分句不一定带有从属连词。提示1提示2复杂句：带有名词性分句或状语分句作为自己直接成分的句子。e.g.Thatsheshouldforgetmesoquicklywasratherashock.

（主语从句）Itiscommonknowledgethatthewhaleisnotafish.（主

语从句）

Thefactis(that)wedon’thaveenoughmoney.（主语

补语从句）OnethingIamsureofwasthatshewasscared.（主语

补语从句）

AUNspokesmansaidthatthemissionwillcarry20tons

ofreliefsupplies.（宾语从句）Takewhateveryouwant.（宾语从句）什么是复杂句2

Ifyourunaftertwohares,youwillcatchneither.（状语

从句）Peoplelearnedself-reliancebecausetheyhadto.（状语

从句）带有从属分句不一定就是复杂句，关键看分句是否充当主要句子成分。带有关系分句的句子不是复杂句，关系分句仅仅作名词词组中的后置修饰语。提示1提示2从属连词11.简单从属连词（单词从属连词）after,although,as,because,before,directly,for,if,immediately,lest,like,once,since,that,though,till,unless,until,whatever,when(ever),where(ever),whichever,while...e.g.IwenthomedirectlyIhadfinishedwork.(=assoonas)

Onceyouunderstandthisrule,you’llhavenofurtherdifficulty.

2.复杂从属连词assuming(that),considering(that),forall(that),given(that),granted(that),inthat,inorderthat,intheeventthat,now(that),provided

(that),seeing(that),so(that),suchthat,supposing(that),asfaras,aslongas,assoonas,asif,asthough,incase...e.g.Nowthatwearealone,wecantalkfreely.

Davidwoulddotheworkprovided

(that)youwouldpayhim.3.关联从属连词as...as,as...so,barely/hardly/scarcely...when,more/(-er)/

less...than,nosooner...than,notso...as,so...that,such...as,such...that,the...the,whether...or...e.g.Wehadnosoonersetoutthanathunderstormbroke.

Themoreshethoughtaboutit,themoredepressedshebecame.

4.边际从属连词evenif,ifonly,justas,onlyif,every/eachtime(that),theinstant

(that),themoment(that),duetothefactthat,forthereasonthat,forfear(that),inspiteofthefactthat,onaccountofthefactthat,regardlessofthefactthat,inthesensethat...e.g.Hefeltnervouseachtimethebossspoketohim.将随意性的that省略后，往往会使正式的程度减弱。提示

Wespokeinwhispersforfearthatwemightwakethebaby.every/eachtime，themoment，theminute，theinstant等表时间的名词词组也可用于引导时间状语从句，起从属连词的作用。提示1.从属连词引导的状语从句的位置比较灵活，通常可位于主句前，也可位于主句后。e.g.Althoughtheyarepoor,theyaregenerous.Theyaregenerousalthoughtheyarepoor.比较：Theyarepoor,but/yettheyaregenerous.不说：*But/Yettheyaregenerous,theyarepoor.从属连词的句法特点2并列连词引导的分句一般位于其他分句之后。

incase，forfearthat，lest引导的目的状语从句，inthat引导原因状语从句，sothat引导的结果状语从句，as和than引导的比较状语从句等，通常都是后位。提示1提示2nowthat引导的原因状语从句，incase引导的条件状语从句等习惯上位于首位。提示32.从属连词不能和中心并列连词and，or，but连用，但从属连词可以和连接性状语连用。e.g.Ifwemissthebus,thenwe’llhavetotakeataxi.不说：*Ifwemissthebus,andwe’llhavetotakeataxi.1.when，while，as，before，after，until等的用法比较A.同时性：when，whenever，while（1）同时且重复—when,whenever

（意为“每当…的时候”e.g.When/Wheneverhegoestotown,hevisitshisaunt.=If/Everytimehegoestotown,hevisitshisaunt.Shefeltillwhen/wheneversheateoyster.（2）同时且延续—when，while（意为“当…的时候”)e.g.Thewindblewhardwhentherainpoureddown.Icookedthedinnerwhileheplayedthepiano.

=Iwascookingthedinnerwhilehewasplayingthepiano.

（进行体突出持续性）

若干语义相关的从属连词之用法比较3主句动词和时间状语分句动词都用一般现在时，或都用一般过去时，分别表示现在或过去的习惯动作。提示

Heworkedaslongasweplayed.(意为“只要…就”)（3）同时但无延续—when，assoonas，justas，once，theinstant，themoment，directly，immediately，instantly，hardly/scarcely/barely…when，nosooner…than（意为“一…就…”）e.g.Thedogbarkedwhenitheardanoise.

TheinstantIsawhim,Iknewhewasmylostbrother.Tellmeimmediatelyyouhaveanynews.Ihadhardlyleftwhenthequarrelstarted.=HardlyhadIleftwhenthequarrelstarted.aslongas强调两个事件延续时间正好相等。提示hardly/scarcely/barely…when，nosooner…than置于句首，引起倒装。该句型具有夸张色彩，多用于书面语。提示（4）主句动作发生在从句动作的过程中—while,when,ase.g.IbrokeaglasswhileIwascookingthedinner.

Thewaiterspiltsoupovermewhenhewasserving/served

me.ImetMaryasIwasgoing/wenthome.（5）从句动作发生在主句动作的过程中—when

（意为“在…时突然…”）e.g.IwascookingthedinnerwhenIbrokeaglass.

=Iwascookingthedinner,andatthattimeIbrokeaglass.从句动作可用进行体或非进行体。较长的动作用过去进行体，较短的动作用一般过去时。提示1提示2主句动作要用进行体，when-分句必定位于句末，以产生一种强调的戏剧性高潮。提示B.先时性和后时性：before，after，when，till/until，sincee.g.WhenIreachedthestation,thetrainhadleft.Ireachedthestationafterthetrain(had)left.Thetrain(had)leftbeforeIreachedthestation.Ididn’treachthestationuntilthetrainhadleft.

Sincehejoinedthearmy,hehasmadegreatprogress.2.because，for，since，as，nowthat等的用法比较A.because，for的异同相同点：都可表示“直接理由”和“间接理由”。e.g.Wehurriedbecause/foritwasgettingdark.（“直接理

由”）通常是until/till-分句动作在前，主句动作在后。通常是since-分句动作在前，主句动作在后；since意为“从…以来”，从句用一般过去时，主句通常用现在完成体。提示1提示2Itmustbeverylate,because/forthestreetsarequitedeserted.

（“间接理由”）不同点：①because位置灵活，常置于主句之后，为了强调也可置于主句之前；for只能置于主句之后。e.g.Thedoctorlookstiredandsleepybecausehesatupallnight

withthepatient.

Becausehesatupallnightwiththepatient,thedoctorlooks

tiredandsleepy.

Thedoctorlookstiredandsleepy,forhesatupallnightwith

thepatient.

表直接原因时because更常用，because比for语势更强。表间接原因时because，for只能置于主句之后，在口语中有停顿，书写中用逗号分隔。提示1提示2

②

because可单独回答why-问句，而for-分句不可以。e.g.—Whydoesthedoctorlooksotiredandsleepy?

—Becausehesatupallnightwiththepatient.③because-分句可在because之前带否定词或其他修饰语，带某些并列连词，而for-分句不可。e.g.Thedoctorlookstiredandsleepysimply

becausehesatup

allnightwiththepatient.

Thedoctorlookstiredandsleepynotbecauseheisn’tfeeling

well,but

becausehesatupallnightwiththepatient.④because-分句可作分裂句中心成分，而for-分句不可。e.g.Itis

becausehesatupallnightwiththepatientthatthedoctor

lookstiredandsleepy.把握好这些不同点的关键在于了解两者的语势不同，because语势最强，通常表示“新信息”。提示1B.because，since，as①语势强弱不同：because>since>as②未知原因：because

已知原因：since，ase.g.Shedidn’twanttogotoAfrica,probablybecausetheweatheristoohot.

Asyouarebusy,youneednotgowithme.

Sinceyoudonotunderstand,Iwillexplainagain.for之所以采取后位是因为for接近于并列连词，所说的理由是一种补充说明，这点类似于并列连词and的用法。提示2since-/as-常用以提供背景，多位于句首，可译为“既然；因为”。since/as和because一样，不能和so同时使用，比如，不能说“*Asyouarebusy,soyouneednotgowithme.”。提示1提示2since-/as-分句不可单独回答why-问句，也不可作分裂句中心成分。提示3C.inthat，now(that)，seeing(that)①inthat用于正式文体，从一方面或几方面说明理由，只能取后位，意为“原因是；在于”。e.g.Theoryisvaluableinthatitcanprovideadirectionfor

practice.②nowthat表已知原因，常位于句首。主要用于说明一种新情况，主从句因果关系很小，意为“既然；由于”，且含有时间意义，可用于现在时和过去时，不用于表将来时间。e.g.Wearehappynowthateverybodyispresent.

Nowthatshecoulddrive,shefeltindependent.③seeingthat表已知原因，意义相当于inviewofthefactthat，意为“鉴于；由于”，有时可与since/as/nowthat互换使用。e.g.Nowthat/Seeingthat/Since/Asweareallhere,the

meetingcanbegin.①*Ashereadsfast,hecan’tfinishthebookintwodays.②*ItookawalkwhenIcameacrossanoldfriendofmine.③*Becausetherainhasstopped,let’scontinuetowork.

①Fastashereads,hecan’tfinishthebookintwodays.√

或Although/Thoughhereadsfast,hecan’tfinishthebookintwodays.√②

IwastakingawalkwhenIcameacrossanoldfriendofmine.√③Nowthat/Sincetherainhasstopped,let’scontinuetowork.

√

典型错误4备注无动词分句：基本属于SVC句型的省略结构，只是动词不表示出来，主语也通常不表示出来，但仍可分析分句成分的分句。e.g.Whether

right

or

wrong,

atleast

you

knowwhere

we

stand.

（=Whetheryouarerightorwrong）无动词分句1分句中省去的动词是BE的某种形式，逻辑主语通常是主句主语。提示1.不带从属连词的无动词分句e.g.Speechless,VictorHenrynoddedandsatonafoldingseat.

（形容词词组）

Anxiousforaquickdecision,thechairmancalledforavote.

（形容词词组）

Anexcellentspeaker,hewasneveratalossforwords.

（名词词组）

Bankloanornobankloan,we’llbuythehouse.

（名词词组）结构模式2深层结构上属于SVC句型中形容词词组或名词词组作主语补语的情形。提示之所以带从属连词是为了使逻辑关系更加清晰，避免语义模糊或歧义。提示evenif,once,unless,until,when(ever),where(ever),whether...or,while,whatever,nomatterwhat,however...e.g.Whateverthereason,hiscordialitytoherhaswonhimafriend.（从属连词+名词词组）

（=Whateverthereasonmaybe）

Althoughalwayshelpful,hewasnotmuchlikedbypeople.

（从属连词+形容词词组）WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.（从属连词+介词词组）

Hespokeungraciously,ifnotrudely.（从属连词+副词词组）2.带从属连词的无动词分句从属连词：although,though,asif,asthough,assoonas,if,深层结构上属于SVC句型中作主语补语的四种情形。提示3.带主语的无动词分句e.g.Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccident,manyofthem

children.

（逻辑主语+名词词组）

Helookedup,annoyanceonhisface.

（逻辑主语+介词

词组）

MiriamlookedatHarry,hiseyesfullofdoubtanddiscomfort.

（逻辑主语+形容词词组）Breakfastover,hewenttohiscountinghouse.（逻辑主

语+副词词组）

1.作修饰性状语（1）表示时间e.g.Youmusteatitwhenfresh.

Wheneverindoubt,seeme.

（2）表示地点e.g.Thecardboardislight-proofwherethick.

Whereverpossible,allmovingpartsshouldbetested.

（3）表示方式或伴随状况e.g.Shestoodthere,speechless.Therehestood,atrayineachhand.

（4）表示原因e.g.Amanofintegrity,hewouldkeephisword,Iamcertain.Themenstaredatthefloor,toonervoustoreply.句法功能3（5）表示条件e.g.Ithaslittletastes,unlesshot.

Ifwet,thepipewon’tgiveyouagoodsmoke.

（6）表示让步e.g.Althoughaphysicistbytraining,hebecameagreatstatesman.

Wellorsick,calmorworried,sheisalwaysrestrainedin

herexpression.2.作评注性状语e.g.Moreimportant,heshowedusthatifyouwanttobe

successfulinanyendeavor,particularlyinvesting,you

needtokeepanopenmindandbewillingtolearn.无动词分句的逻辑主语不是主句的主语，而是整个主句的内容。提示3.作连接性状语e.g.Shewastiredandhungry.Hercarwaslowonfuel.Worstofall,hercellphonehadn’tworkedformiles.

4.作名词修饰语e.g.Hishands,numbfromthecold,couldnotfindthekey.

（=Hishands,whichwerenumbfromthecold,couldnot

findthekey.）

AfellowGeorgian,Jordanwaswell-knownasafriendof

thePresident.

（=Jordan,whowasafellowGeorgian,waswell-known

asafriendofthePresident.）作连接性状语的无动词分句有时也具有评注性状语的性质。提示通常相当于一个非限制性关系分句，提供补充信息。提示1.“独立结构”的实质实质：带有自己主语的非限定分句和无动词分句。e.g.Timepermitting,weshallstarttomorrow.Hewentoff,guninhand.2.“独立结构”的类型四种类型：不定式“独立结构”-ing分词“独立结构”-ed分词“独立结构”无动词“独立结构”“独立结构”的实质1独立结构的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同。独立结构是一种从属分句，通常起状语分句的作用。提示1提示2独立结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。提示3-ing分词“独立结构”谓语动词是being时，being可省略，即成为无动词“独立结构”。e.g.[1]Anumberofofficialsfollowedtheemperor,sometohold

hisrobe,otherstoadjusthisgirdle,andsoon.（不定式“独立结构”）[2]Therebeingnothingelsetodo,weleft.（-ing分词“独立结构”）[3]Hisvoicedrownedbythenoise,thespeakerinterruptedhis

lecture.（-ed分词“独立结构”）[4]Themeetingover,allofthemwentbacktowork.（无动词“独立结构”）[5]Thefloor(being)wetandslippery,westayedoutside.（-ing分词“独立结构”/无动词“独立结构”）现代英语中，更常见的是-ing分词“独立结构”或-ed分词“独立结构”，不定式“独立结构”现在已经很少见了。提示1提示23.四种“独立结构”的区别不定式“独立结构”往往用于将要发生的事情-ing分词“独立结构”通常表示正在进行的动作，主语与-ing分词之间为主动关系-ed分词“独立结构”通常表示已发生的动作，主语与-ed分词之间为被动关系无动词“独立结构”省略了BE动词的SVC句型，补充说明主语的情况1.“独立结构”的用法特点（1）与主句之间通常用逗号隔开，有时也用破折号e.g.Theroomwasinchaos—dirtyclothesstrewnonthefloor,

cosmeticsscatteredoverthedresser,emptybottlesand

canseverywhere.（2）作主语的名词词组有时可省略限定词e.g.Themanagersatquietlyintheoffice,(his)eyesclosed.（3）位置较灵活，可位于句首、句中或句尾e.g.Allthingsconsidered,IthinkIoughttoawardthejobtoSmith.（句首）

“Youknowpainters,then?”sheasked,hereyesfullof

interest.（句尾）

“独立结构”的用法和意义2EverySaturdaymorning—weatherpermitting—hemowed

thelawn.（句中）（4）含有几个“独立结构”时，常把概括意义的结构置于最后e.g.Theprofessorwasslammedagainstthewall,hisbodyfrisked,

hiswristshandcuffed,hisdignitylost.（5）“独立结构”常见于正式语体，特别是文学体裁，在口语中较为罕见。e.g.Iwasbornintheyear1632,inthecityofYork,ofagood

family,thoughnotofthatcountry,myfatherbeinga

foreignerofBremen,whosettledfirstatHull.—Robinson

Crusoe“独立结构”是文学语言常见的修辞手法，能使句子结构紧凑，用词精炼，描写生动。提示2.“独立结构”的意义（1）表示时间e.g.Hishomeworkdone,Jimdecidedtogoandseetheplay.

（=Afterhishomeworkwasdone,Jim...）（2）表示原因e.g.Thelastbushavinggone,wehadtowalkhome.

（=Becausethelastbushadgone,we...）（3）表示条件e.g.Allthingsbeingequal,apersonwithaPhDshouldbegetting

ahighersalarythansomeonewithonlyamaster’sdegree.

（=Ifallthingsareequal,apersonwithaPhD...）

（=...withthewrongsideout.）Richardwentahead,handsinpockets.

（=...withhishandsinthepockets.）表方式和伴随状况的“独立结构”通常可变为由with/without（否定意义时）引导的介词词组，用于口语中。提示（4）表示方式和伴随状况e.g.Heputonhissockswrong

side

out.Protocolwas

enabledhimtomakedifficultdecisionswithouteverlookingback.A.B.C.D.whowhatwhichthat该题考查what引导的名词性从句作主语补语的用法。该句was是系动词，其后为名词性从句，该从句缺少主语，根据句意判断这里需要一个表达“所…的（事物）”含义的连接代词，因此B项what为正确答案。who指人，which意为“哪一个”，that在名词性从句中无词汇意义，它们均不正确。protocol意为“协议”，withoutlookingback意为“毫不犹豫地”。正是协议书让他能够毫不犹豫地做出艰难的决定。________combinationoftechniquesauthorsuse,allstories—fromthebriefestanecdotestothelongestnovels—haveaplot.

A.B.C.D.RegardingWhateverInsofarasNomatter该题考查让步状语从句的引导词。根据句意可知，两个分句之间的逻辑关系表让步，且combination之前缺少修饰语，whatever意为“无论什么样的”，可以引导让步状语从句，同时可作修饰语，因此B为正确答案。介词regarding不能用作从属连词，insofaras“到…的程度；在…的范围”只能引导表程度的状语从句，nomatter后面须接what/how/when等词才能引导状语从句。注意：whatever分句中的动词be有时可以省略，例如：Whateveryourreason(is),wehaveasuitableexamortestforyou.。无论作者使用了什么样的技巧组合，所有的故事——从最简单的趣闻轶事到最长的小说——都会有一个情节。Theresearchteamcanhandle________needstobehandled.

A.B.C.D.wheneverwhicheverwhereverwhatever该题考查名词性从句的引导词。题干中主句的谓语动词handle为及物动词，后需接宾语，而从句中又缺少主语，因此需要填一个既能引导宾语从句，又能在从句中作主语的连接词，whatever正符合这一要求，whatever意为“所…的”，因此，D为正确答案。注意：虽然whichever有时也可在名词性从句中充当主语，但此时whichever必然有个范围，比如“Whicheverofusgetshomefirststartscooking.”。这个研究团队能解决任何需要解决的问题。Fool________Michaelis,hecouldnothavedonesuchathing.

A.B.C.D.whoasthatlike该题考查as引导的让步状语从句的前置结构。根据前后分句的逻辑语义关系可知，前一分句应表达让步含义，意思是“尽管迈克尔很愚蠢”，由于该句缺少连接词且形容词置于句首，可以判断该句是as引导的让步状语从句。as引导让步状语从句时，形容词或名词要前置，主、谓语不倒装，因此B为正确答案。注意：在该前置结构中，名词前不带冠词，相当于“ThoughMichaelisafool,…”，但用前置结构语气要重。虽说迈克尔很愚蠢，但他不可能做出这种事来。Whichoftheitalicizedpartsfunctionsasasubject?

A.B.C.D.Weneverdoubtthatherbrotherishonest.Theproblemisnotwhowillgobutwhowillstay.Youmustgiveitbacktowhoeveritbelongsto.Itisclearthat

thecrimewasdonedeliberately.该题考查限定从属分句的句法功能。A中斜体部分为that引导的宾语从句，作doubt的宾语；B中斜体部分为who引导的主语补语从句，作is的主语补语；C中斜体部分为whoever引导的宾语从句，作介词to的补足成分；D中斜体部分为that引导的主语从句，作句子真正的主语，it为形式主语，因此D为正确答案。下列哪句中的斜体部分作主语？Whichofthefollowingcontainsanadverbialclauseofcause?A.B.C.D.IgotajobassoonasIleftuniversity.Astherewasnoanswer,Iwroteagain.YoumustdotheexercisesasIshowyou.Wealthyasheis,Markisnotahappyman.该题考查as引导的从属连词的辨析。A句意为“我一毕业就找到了工作”，含有assoonas引导的时间状语从句；C句意为“你必须按照我教给你的方法做练习”，含有as引导的方式状语从句；D句意为“尽管马克很富有，但他不是一个快乐的人”，含有as引导的让步状语从句。B项意为“由于没有接到回信，我就又写了封信”，含有as引导的原因状语从句，因此B为正确答案。下面哪句中含有一个原因状语从句？Thecouplehadnosoonergottothestation_______thecoachleft.A.B.C.D.whenasuntilthan该题考查关联从属连词nosooner…than…的用法。nosooner…than…为固定搭配，意为“刚刚…就…”，注意它与hardly/scarcely…when...的搭配区别。因此D为正确答案。这对夫妇刚到车站教练就离开了。Mendifferfromanimals______theycanthinkandspeak.

A.B.C.D.forwhichforthatinthatinwhich该题考查inthat引导的原因状语从句的用法。该句不是“介词+关系代词”引导的关系分句，因为介词for，in与前面的名词及后面的动词都不构成搭配，A、D均不正确。forthat不能引导从句。inthat引导原因状语分句，意为“之所以…，就在于…”，相当于forthereasonthat，because，只取中位。前后分句之间含有因果关系，因此C为正确答案。人之所以不同于动物，就在于人会思考和说话。______dullhemaybe,heiscertainlyaverysuccessfultopexecutive.A.B.C.D.AlthoughWhateverAsHowever该题考查however引导的让步状语从句的用法。连接副词however引导让步状语从句时，后紧接形容词或副词，表示对形容词或副词的强调。although引导让步状语从句时，则应使用正常语序Althoughhemaybedull；as引导让步状语从句的语序应为Dullashemaybe；whatever引导让步状语从句时，后接名词词组，所以A、B、C均不对。因此D为正确答案。不管他多么无趣，他无疑仍是一位非常成功的高管。Agricultureisthecountry’schiefsourceofwealth,wheat______byfarthebiggestcerealcrop.A.B.C.D.isbeenbebeing该题考查-ing分词独立结构的用法。如果选A，C从形式上看，该句既不是并列句，也不是复杂句，因而都不对。wheatbeingbyfarthebiggestcerealcrop为“逻辑主语+-ing分词分句”的独立结构，在句中作状语，表补充情况。逻辑主语wheat和逻辑谓语being是主动关系，因此D为正确答案。农业是该国的主要财富来源，其中小麦是目前为止最重要的粮食作物。英语是一种结构性的语言，从属结构是英语最重要的特点之一，在英语构句中具有重要地位。本讲主要介绍了从属结构和复杂句，从属连词的分类，若干语义相关的从属连词的用法比较，带名词性分句、状语分句、非限定分句的复杂句，带无动词分句的复杂句，“独立结构”的实质和类型、用法和意义。学习中首先理解什么是从属结构，在此基础上理解复杂句的各种类型。带有从属分句的句子不一定都是复杂句，关系分句是分句从属于词组，不构成复杂句，带有名词性分句或状语分句作为自己直接成分的句子才是复杂句，复杂句还包括带有非限定分句的句子、带有无动词分句的句子。从属结构的学习还需熟悉常见的各类从属连词，从属连词确定着主句和从句之间的各种语义关系，复杂句中从属连词的选择是学习难点之一，需要根据主、从句之间的逻辑语义关系作出恰当选择。无动词分句基本上属于SVC句型的省略结构，这有助于理解无动词分句的结构模式，无动词分句可在句中作名词修饰语和各种状语。“独立结构”的实质是带有自己的主语的非限定分句和无动词分句，通常在句中起状语的作用，表示时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随状况。“独立结构”常见于正式语体，是文学语言常见的修辞手法，能使句子结构紧凑，用词精炼，描写生动，形象具体。1.2.3.4.Isawafilmyesterday.Thefilmwasdull.Theweatherkeepsfine.Iseenoreasonwhythevillagefete(游园会)shouldnotbeasuccess.AGermaniscomingtoseeme.ImadehisacquaintanceinHamburglastyear.ShespokeFrenchrapidly.Icouldn’tunderstandher.ThefilmIsawyesterdaywasdull.If/Providedthattheweatherkeepsfine,Iseenoreasonwhythevillagefeteshouldnotbeasuccess.AGermanwhoseacquaintanceImadeinHamburglastyeariscomingtoseeme.Because/AsshespokeFrenchrapidly,Icouldn’tunderstandher.5.6.7.Ilostmypensomewhere.Theauditoriummightbetheplace.HecameoutoftheConferenceRoom.Reporterssurroundedhim.Hismotherwaitedup.Hecamehome.TheauditoriummightbetheplacewhereIlostmypen.When/AshecameoutoftheConferenceRoom,hewassurroundedbyreporters.Hismotherwaitedupuntilhecamehome.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8._________________________hedid,noonepaidanyattentiontohim.______Iunderstandwhatyousay,Ican’tagreewithyou.Tall__________hewas,hecouldnotreachtheapples.________alltheworldwereagainstme,Ishouldstillholdtomyopinion.Itrainedalot,________Ididn’thavetowaterthelawn.Thespeechisallthemoreimportant________itwasmadebyamanofauthority.

Pleasedoexactly________yourdoctorsays._________________there’splentyofsunandrain,thefieldsaregreen.Nomatterwhat/WhateverWhileas/thoughThoughsothatinthatasWhere/Wherever9.10.Hewalks________heweredrunk._____________________hadhearrived________hehadtoleaveagain.asifHardly/Scarcely/BarelywhenNosoonerthan1.2.3.4.5.6.Hetoldmetodrivecarefully.Sheinsistedonourgoingthereonfoot.Hemademeanswerallthequestions.Theyaskedustositdownandhaveacupoftea.Therulesrequireplayerstoweartennisshoesonthecourt.Thebosswantshissecretarytolearnshorthand.HeurgedthatIdrivecarefully.Sheinsistedthatwegothereonfoot.HedemandedthatIanswerallthequestions.Theyrequestedthatwesitdownandhaveacupoftea.Therulesrequirethatplayersweartennisshoesonthecourt.Thebosssuggeststhathissecretarylearnshorthand.7.Thecaptainorderedthecrewtoabandonship.Thecaptainorderedthatthecrewabandonship.1.2.3.4.Themenwereeagertobegintheclimbandtheyroseatfirstlight.Thesummit,whichwasbareandblack,toweredabovethem.Theywerethoroughlyexhaustedastheycrawledintotheirsleepingbags.Whenthesnowwasfresh,itaffordednosurefoothold.Eagertobegintheclimb,themenroseatfirstlight.Thesummit,bareandblack,toweredabovethem.Thoroughlyexhausted,theycrawledintotheirsleepingbags.Rewritethefollowing,usingverblessclauseswherepossible.Whenfresh,thesnowaffordednosurefoothold.5.6.7.Therescuepartybroughtthemdowntothebasecamp:theywerehalf-deadwiththecold.Althoughhewasalawyerbytraining,hebecameagreatsoldier.Weshallcontinueourpolicy,whateveryourobjectionsmaybe.Therescuepartybroughtthemdowntothebasecamp,half-deadwiththecold./Half-deadwiththecold,theywerebroughtdowntothebasecampbytherescueparty.Although/Thoughalawyerbytraining,hebecameagreatsoldier.Weshallcontinueourpolicy,whateveryourobjections.8.9.MrsSerafinowentdowntowakeupthegirlbecauseshewasangrywithherforoversleeping.Beinganotoriousburglar,BobRandfounditeasytof