备战2025年高考二轮复习 英语 阅读理解 文体分类练4　说明文之研究报告书评类（含解析）

文体分类练(四)说明文之研究报告/书评类Passage1(2024安徽安庆二模)主题:利用藻类除碳词数:335难度:★★★☆☆Nobodyknowsyetwhatthebestwayofremovingallthatcarbonwillbe,butscientistsaroundtheworldaredevelopinganewmethod.TheSwisscompanyClimeworksisbuildingbigextractor(抽油烟机)fanstoremovecarbon.Butotherscientistsarelookingtonature’scarboncycleforinspiration.They’relookingforwaystoimproveit,speeditupandhelpittakemorecarbonoutoftheairpermanently.OneofthosescientistsisProfessorLukeMackinder,aplantbiologistattheUniversityofYork.Hisresearchintocarbonremovalisinspiredbyoceanalgae(海藻).“Abouthalfofcarbonabsorptiontakesplaceintheocean,”hesays.“Algaeareextremelyefficientatabsorbingit.”Inordertodothis,histeamhasstudiedthegeneticcode(基因密码)ofalgaetoworkoutwhichgenesplayavitalroleincarbonabsorption.Hebelievestheyhavenowfiguredthisout.“Nowwehavealistandwecanstartthinkingabouthowtobringthemtogetherindifferentlivingthings,”hesays.“Weplacethegenesintothoseofotherplants.It’sgeneticmodification.”Mackinderanticipatesaddingthemtoarangeofcropsandtrees.Theresultingincreasedproductioncouldbegoodforfoodsecurity.Alternatively,theycouldhelptoenhancetheinfluenceofclimatechange.Italldependsonwhatwedowiththecarbononceit’strappedinthoseplants.Eatingthemwouldquicklyreturnittotheatmosphere.Butifinsteadwefindwaystostoreit,wecouldkeepitoutoftheatmosphereforgood.DaveHillyard,chiefadministratoroftheCarbonTechnologyResearchFoundationthatisfundingMackinder’sresearch,saysthatitisimportanttofundworkonawiderangeofcarbonremovalmethods,because“somewillnotgettheresultsthey’relookingforandsomewillsucceed.Therearealotofopportunitiesherebutverylittlefundingandresearchgoingintoit.”【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于利用藻类除碳的研究。1.Whatisdiscussedinthefirstparagraph?A.Anapproachtocarbonremoval.B.Awaytoimprovebigextractorfans.C.Ameansofjoiningacompany.D.Amethodofdoingscientificresearch.答案A解析主旨大意题。根据文章第一段内容可知,第一段讨论了一种去除碳的方法。故选A项。2.WhydoesProfessorLukeMackinderfocusonoceanalgae?A.Itissecure. B.Itiseffective.C.Itissufficient. D.Itisaccessible.答案B解析细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Algaeareextremelyefficientatabsorbingit.”可知,卢克·麦金德教授关注海洋藻类是因为它是有效的。故选B项。3.Whatcanweknowaboutthegenesofalgaefromthefourthparagraph?A.Theybringaboutgreatsideeffects.B.Theyareuselessforcarbonabsorption.C.Theyhelpincreasefoodproduction.D.Theyhavebeenputintootherplants.答案D解析细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“Weplacethegenesintothoseofotherplants.It’sgeneticmodification.”可知,藻类的基因被植入到其他植物中。故选D项。4.WhatisrequiredaccordingtoDaveHillyard?A.Thegovernment’spermission.B.Morescientists’participation.C.Increasingexperimentalchances.D.Theinputintotheresearch.答案D解析推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Therearealotofopportunitiesherebutverylittlefundingandresearchgoingintoit.”可知,根据DaveHillyard的说法,对研究的投入是需要的。故选D项。Passage2(2024福建福州三模)主题:机器学习研究词数:367难度:★★★☆☆Ourspecies’incrediblecapacitytoquicklyacquirewordsfrom300byage2toover1,000byage4isn’tfullyunderstood.Somecognitivescientistsandlinguistshavetheorizedthatpeoplearebornwithbuilt-inexpectationsandlogicalconstraints(约束)thatmakethispossible.Now,however,machine-learningresearchisshowingthatpreprogrammedassumptionsaren’tnecessarytoswiftlypickupwordmeaningsfromminimaldata.Ateamofscientistshassuccessfullytrainedabasicartificialintelligencemodeltomatchimagestowordsusingjust61hoursofnaturalisticfootage(镜头)andsound—previouslycollectedfromachildnamedSamin2013and2014.Althoughit’sasmallsliceofachild’slife,itwasapparentlyenoughtoprompttheAItofigureoutwhatcertainwordsmean.Thefindingssuggestthatlanguageacquisitioncouldbesimplerthanpreviouslythought.Maybechildren“don’tneedacustom-built,high-classlanguage-specificmechanism”toefficientlygraspwordmeanings,saysJessicaSullivan,anassociateprofessorofpsychologyatSkidmoreCollege.“Thisisareallybeautifulstudy,”shesays,“becauseitoffersevidencethatsimpleinformationfromachild’sworldviewisrichenoughtokick-startpatternrecognitionandwordcomprehension.”Thenewstudyalsodemonstratesthatit’spossibleformachinestolearnsimilarlytothewaythathumansdo.Largelanguagemodelsaretrainedonenormousamountsofdatathatcanincludebillionsandsometimestrillionsofwordcombinations.Humansgetbyonordersofmagnitudelessinformation,saysthepaper’sleadauthorWaiKeenVong.Withtherighttypeofdata,thatgapbetweenmachineandhumanlearningcouldnarrowdramatically.Yetadditionalstudyisnecessaryincertainaspectsofthenewresearch.Forone,thescientistsacknowledgethattheirfindingsdon’tprovehowchildrenacquirewords.Moreover,thestudyonlyfocusedonrecognizingthewordsforphysicalobjects.Still,it’sasteptowardadeeperunderstandingofourownmind,whichcanultimatelyhelpusimprovehumaneducation,saysEvaPortelance,acomputationallinguisticsresearcher.ShenotesthatAIresearchcanalsobringclaritytolong-unansweredquestionsaboutourselves.“Wecanusethesemodelsinagoodway,tobenefitscienceandsociety,”Portelanceadds.【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了现在机器学习研究表明,要从最少的数据中快速获取单词的含义并不需要预先编程的假设。5.Whatisasignificantfindingofmachine-learningresearch?A.Vocabularyincreasesgraduallywithage.B.Vocabularycanbeacquiredfromminimaldata.C.Languageacquisitionistiedtobuilt-inexpectations.D.Languageacquisitionisascomplexasformerlyassumed.答案B解析细节理解题。根据文章第一段中“Now,however,machine-learningresearchisshowingthatpreprogrammedassumptionsaren’tnecessarytoswiftlypickupwordmeaningsfromminimaldata.”可知,机器学习研究的一个重要发现是词汇可以从最小的数据中获得。6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prompt”inparagraph2mean?A.Facilitate. B.Persuade.C.Advise. D.Expect.答案A解析词句猜测题。根据上文“Ateamofscientistshassuccessfullytrainedabasicartificialintelligencemodeltomatchimagestowordsusingjust61hoursofnaturalisticfootageandsound—previouslycollectedfromachildnamedSamin2013and2014.”可知,虽然只是孩子生活中的一小部分,但显然足以促使人工智能弄清楚某些单词的意思。prompt意为“促使”。7.Whatisdiscussedaboutthenewresearchinparagraph5?A.Itslimitations. B.Itsstrengths.C.Itsuniqueness. D.Itsprocess.答案A解析主旨大意题。根据文章第五段内容可知,第五段主要讲述了这项新研究的局限性。8.WhatisEvaPortelance’sattitudetotheAIresearch?A.Doubtful. B.Cautious.C.Dismissive. D.Positive.答案D解析推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“ShenotesthatAIresearchcanalsobringclaritytolong-unansweredquestionsaboutourselves.‘Wecanusethesemodelsinagoodway,tobenefitscienceandsociety,’Portelanceadds.”可推知,EvaPortelance对人工智能研究的态度是积极的。Passage3(2024河北保定一模)主题:手势对听众的影响词数:330难度:★★★☆☆Politicians,businessbosses,andothertypesofleadersindeedtendtolikespeakingwiththeirhands,butdoesthehabitinfluencehowothersinterpretthosewords?Togettothebottomofit,ateamofresearchersfromtheMaxPlanckInstituteforPsycholinguisticsconductedaseriesofexperimentsonvolunteerswhoviewedvideosofpeoplespeakingwithandwithouthandmovements.Aftershowingthevolunteersvideosofpeoplespeakingunderdifferentconditions,theresearchersaskedthemquestionsaboutwhattheyhadheard.Someconditionsinvolvedthespeakerstressingdifferentpartsofwordsinasentence.Otherconditionsinvolvedthespeakermakingvarioustypesofhandgestures,suchaspointingandsweepingmovements.Theteamrecordedthevolunteersastheyviewedthevideorecordings,questioningthevolunteersafterwardaboutwhattheyhadseenandheard.Researchersfoundthatthevolunteersweremoreaffectedbysyllables(音节)spokenwiththeconjunctionofhandgestures:In20percentofthecases,theviewersweremorelikelytohaveheardandinterpretedthewordspokenwithahandgesture.Interestingly,however,volunteerswere40percentmorelikelytohearthewrongsoundwhenamismatchbetweenthewordspokenandthehandgestureoccurred.BodylanguageexpertCarolGomansaid,“Studieshavefoundthatspeakingwithyourhandsreallycanchangetheviewofyourcharacter.Peoplewhocommunicatethroughactivegesturingtendtobeconsideredwarm,agreeable,andenergetic,whilethosewhoremainstillareseenaslogical,cold,andanalytic.Infact,a2015studythatstudiedTEDTalks,whichpostsinternationaltalksonline,foundthatthemostpopularspeakersusednearlytwiceasmanygesturesastheleastpopularspeakersused.”Theresearchteamsaidthattheirfindingssuggestthathandgesturesareanimportantpartofin-personcommunicationthathaveadirectimpactonwhatthelistenerhears.Furthermore,theysuggestthatourresponsestohandgesturesmaybesomethingwelearnaswegrowup.【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员通过实验发现,在谈话中使用或不使用手势会对听众产生很大影响。9.What’stheresearchers’purposeofdoingtheexperiments?A.Toexaminethevolunteers’interpretingskills.B.Totesttheeffecthandgestureshaveonspeaking.C.Torecordthevolunteers’questionsforthespeaker.D.Toconfirmtheinfluencehandmovementshaveonleaders.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知,研究人员做实验的目的是测试手势对说话的影响。10.Whatdidtheresearchersfindintheexperiments?A.Handmovementsaffectedwhatthelistenerheard.B.Thespeakerstresseddifferentpartsofwordsinasentence.C.Peoplespeakingwithdifferenthandgestureshaddifferenteffects.D.Themostpopularspeakersusedmoregesturesthantheleastpop