引用与参考文献写作市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件

英语专业论文写作文件引用与参考文件格式1/541引用功效与类别

凡在正文中引用他人观点和语句均需标注。引用含有学术论证功效,能够为作者自己观点提供支持；引用也能够提供学术背景,如对相关研究历史性描述,对术语、研究方向、研究方法介绍；另外,学术引用还含有质疑功效和文件评价功效。学术引用关系到作者观点表示与论证,关系到作者学术道德,完整规范引用是论文科学性、客观性和可信度标志,所以正确合理地引用文件至关主要。引用方式可分为直接引用和间接引用。直接引用是作者用引号直接援引原创者概念、观点或表述,并注明出处,要求引文绝对忠实原文；间接引用是以释义（paraphrase）和概括（summary）方法援引原创者概念、观点或表述。引用标注方法是将引文文件起源信息置于圆括号内,信息由作者姓氏、出版年代、著作页码组成（间接引用能够不标注页码）,例(Gardner,1985:10)。2/542间接引用（indirectcitation）

间接引用是经过使用最恰当词句对原文进行释义（paraphrase）和概括（summary），所引用内容不需要置于引号中。释义是用不一样表示方式阐述原文含义，使之更简练、更明了（rewordingforthepurposeofclarification）。常见伎俩有:删略次要信息；使用同义词、反义词、下义词；采取注释性说明；改换说法（如改变陈说角度、倒换次序等）等。概括是将整篇文件（全书或全文）观点归纳概括成一段话，甚至浓缩成一两句话。释义和概括能力能够直接反应出作者学术写作水平3/542.1

正文中没有出现作者姓名a.括号中标出作者姓氏和出版年代,中间用逗号。e.g.Ithasbeenarguedthatteachers’roleistoprovidethestudentswithoptimalconditionswhichcanfacilitatelearningsothatstudentscanachievesimilarresults(Bloom,1994).4/54b.两位作者，用&或“and”连接；华人姓氏使用汉语拼音，如(Wang,1990)、(Wang&Sun,1990)；外国人汉字姓名不能使用汉语拼音，必须回译，如:“韩礼德”回译为Halliday;“乔姆斯基”回译为Chomsky;e.g.Thedisadvantageofthemultipleregressionanalysisisthatitcannotshowthecomplexinterrelationsbetweenindependentvariable(Bryman&Cramer,1990).5/54c.多位作者。只需写出第一作者姓氏,其后加上“etal”。e.g.ModernLiterarystudieshavetheirorigininclassicstudies(Graffetal.,1989).6/542.2正文中已提及作者姓名

a.括号中只需标出文件年代。括号既能够位于引文结尾处,也能够紧接作者姓名。e.g.Fries(1981)attemptedtoprovideevidencethatthemeisameaningfulconceptbyshowinganumberofshorttexts.7/54b.包括一篇以上文件,中间用分号。e.g.Inadditiontothesethreewellrecognizedaspectualmarkers,somescholars(Sapir,1825;Bowell,;Mockery,)havealsostudiedtheaspectualmeaningsofthesenouns.e.g.SometheoristsfindnovalueinSmith’sthesisandvehementlyargueagainstitspoints(e.g.Jacobson,;Waugh,).8/543直接引用（directcitation）

直接引用除了能够引用短语、句子外,也能够引用段落、图表、数据。当从专业性辞典、百科全书中引用学术定义,或从论文、专著中引用权威人士观点,或引用有争议观点时,通常使用直接引用。9/54直接引用应该注意以下几点:引文置于双引号中,括号中必须标注页码；引用部分不能破坏正文句法,要自然溶入正文之中（weavequotationsintothetext）,不得出现“句中句”。请参见2.3节“常见引用动词和句型”；不能过分引用,要尽可能使用概括和释义形式进行间接引用；引文要简练。太长内容能够放在附录（appendix）中,如“调查表”、“数据表”等。10/54(i)词语与句子引用a.作者在正文中出现，括号中标注出版年代与引文所在页码。在正文中出现华人作者应该用全名，如:WangDatong(:111)believedthat....e.g.Graffdefineshisrecentbook,ProfessingLiterature,as“ahistoryofacademicliterarystudiesintheUnitedStates”(:19).11/54b.两位作者。作者未在正文中出现。e.g.Basedondifferentfindings,itisproposedthat“thetypeofmotivationanditsstrengtharelikelytobedeterminedlessbysomegeneralizedprincipleandmoreby‘wholearnswhatinwhatmilieu’”(Laser&Long,1993:174).12/54(ii)段落引用（Blockquotation）直接引文占四行或以上,引文单独成段,不需引号。段落用“齐头式”,单倍行距,整个段落缩进8个空格。引文中已经有引号,改为单引号。括号标注位于段落末尾。13/54e.g.AustralianliteratureinEnglishbegansoonafterthesettlementofthecountrybyEuropeans.Commonthemesincludeindigenousandsettleridentity,alienation,exileandrelationshiptoplace,butitisavariedandcontestedarea.TheAustralianliteratureischaracterizedasfollows:EmphasizingtheorthodoxtraditionofJurisprudenceandsupportingthestandardstyleofpoetry.ThisrepresentedthemaintrendofWuage.ThisviewwasinaccordancewithWu'sideasandstatusasaConfucianscholaranditshouldcorrespondtohiswritingstyleandJurisprudenceshouldbemingledwithliterature.Summarizingtheremarksontheoetryoftheland,peopleinsistonlearningfromtheancientpeopleandtheirrichminds(Herders,199:126).Literatureisliterally"acquaintancewithletters"asinthefirstsensegivenintheOxfordEnglishDictionaryfromtheLatinlittermeaning"anindividualwrittencharacter”.WewilldiscussAustralianlanguage,lettersandliterature,includingdiscussionsaboutpoetry,novels,children'sliterature,playsandtheatrescripts,literarymagazinesandnewspapers.14/54(iii)诗歌引用所引用诗歌假如在论文正文中不超出两行,则用斜线“/”将诗行分开,引用部分加双引号。假如所引用诗歌超出两行,则采取段落引用方式。e.g.Inhis“HymntoIntellectualBeauty,”Shellypersonifiestheimmaterial,spiritualworld:“TheawfulshadowofsomeunseenPower/Floatsthoughunseenamongus”(1887:23).15/54(iv)剧本引用引用剧本不标注页码，而是标注幕、场、行e.g.Hamletsays:O,myoffenceisrank,itsmellstoheaven;Ithaththeprimaleldestcurseupon't,Abrother'smurder.PraycanInot,Thoughinclinationbeassharpaswill(Act3.Scene3.40-43).16/54(v)直接引用中省略17/54a.原文太长，引文中间有所省略，用方括号标示。e.g.AccordingtoMargaretG.Meyers,“theGrangermovement[…]wasabletoforceregulatorylegislationthroughsomestateslegislatures”(1887:23).此例原文为:InthewesternfarmstatestheGrangermovement,organizedin1869asthePatronofHusbandry,wasabletoforceregulatorylegislationthroughsomestatelegislatures.18/54b.假如省略是头或尾,不需标示。e.g.Afoolishconsistencyisthehobgoblinoflittleminds,adoredbylittlestatesmen,philosophersanddivine.【原文】Emersonadvocatedthecouragetochangeone’smindwhenhesaidthat“alittlefoolishconsistencyisthehobgoblinoflittleminds”(1987:43).【省略尾部（下划线部分）直接引用；原文中逗号也省去,无需省略号】19/54e.g.Moralistshaveunanimouslyagreed,thatunlessvirtuebenursedbyliberty,itwillneverattainduestrength.【原文】MaryWollstonecraftwrotethat“unlessvirtuebenursedbyliberty,itwillneverattainduestrength”(1975:191).【省略头部（下划线部分）直接引用】20/54(vi)直接引用中方括号使用21/54a.引文中间省略（见上）。22/54b.引文中一些词语因脱离语境，指代不明:e.g.Hesaidinhisspeech,“Thesetwonations[AmericaandRussia]seemsettoswaythedestiniesofhalftheglobe”(1997:318).23/54c.更改引文首词语法形式，使之能够嵌入正文中:e.g.ThisiswhatBruner(1983:537)meantwhenhedescribedasessentialtolearningtheactof"climb[ing]onyourshoulderstobeabletolookdownatwhatyou'vejustdoneandthentorepresentittoyourself".24/54d.添加强调形式:e.g.HereisasentencecitedfromStevenPinker'sbookTheLanguageInstinct:“Manyprescriptiverulesofgrammararejustplaindumbandshouldbedeletedfromtheusagehandbooks[emphasisadded].”25/54e.原文有错（拼写错误、年代错误等）:e.g.Doeadded,“theaffects[effects]ofradiationexceededourestimates”(:23).26/544引用中特殊情形27/54(i)重复引用屡次引用某一篇作品内容（如文学评论）。为方便起见,从第二次引用起,只注页码。e.g.Insixmonths’time,hewastrampedintomarriagewithher,though“hehadnorespectforher”(40).28/54(ii)易混同文件:同一作者与同姓作者a.同一作者在同一年发表著作（如论文、专著等）,用小写英文字母在出版时间后标志,以示区分,如(1995a:79)、(1995b:173)。标志次序必须与参考文件中排列次序一致。e.g.Shaggypointsoutthat“thebeginningwriterdoesnotknowhowwritersbehave”(1995a:79).29/54b.假如出现两位作者姓氏相同、且是同一年份文件，括号中应该加上作者名字缩写。如:(X.D.Wang,1990)。e.g.TeachersapplaudedShaggy’sassertionthat“teachingthem[beginningwriters]towritewellisnotonlysuitablebutchallengingworkforthosewhowouldbeteachersandscholarsinademocracy”（R.Miller,）.30/54(iii)团体作者与无作者文件a.引用团体作者作品,括号夹注中应使用团体名称。e.g.Conceptually,motivationisseenas“thecombinationofeffortplusdesiretoachievethegoaloflearningthelanguageplusfavorableattitudetowardlearninglanguage”(AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,1987:20).31/54b.引用无作者文件,最好在正文中提及该文件标题,并在参考文件中标出其详细网址。e.g.Inawebarticleentitled“ThewaytoEnlargeVocabulary”,theauthorpresentedthreeways....32/54(iv)转引(tertiarycitation)未能亲自阅读原著,内容来自二手资料,需在起源前加上“qtdin”字样。论文中应尽可能防止经过中介文件转引,因为转引轻易以讹传讹、断章取义。完全能够直接引用,却使用转引,还会使读者以为作者见闻不广,用力不勤。在参考文件部分,应以中介文件撰写条目。如本例中,文后参考文件中出现应该是Sandburg文件条目。转引也能够以间接引用形式出现。e.g.Lincolnpledgedtoreconcilethewar-tornnation"withmalicetowardsnone,withcharityforall"(qtd.inSandburg,1983:481).33/545常见引述动词（reportingverb）与句型（constructions）

34/54英语中常见引述动词（又称转述动词）有:acknowledge（认可、确认）admit,argue,assert（主张、断言）assume,believe,claim,confirm,deny,describe,dispute(争论),emphasize,illustrate（举例说明）,indicate,observe,pointout,propose,refute（反驳）reject,report,reveal（揭示）say,show,speculate（推测）state,suggest,write35/54

请记住下面规则:Ifitisanidea,youmayusebelieve.Ifitisasituation,youmayusedescribe.Ifitisaphenomenon,youmayuseobserve.Ifitisafact,youmayusereport.Ifitisaspeculation,youmayusespeculate推测.Ifitisastatement,youmayusestate.Ifitisanargument,youmayuseargue.36/54注意:MLA制式中引用动词通惯用普通时态，而APA制式中引用动词则往往用过去时或现在完成时。我们能够选择其中一个，但要注意全文时态一贯性37/54常见引述句型举例:e.g.AsHucksays(states,claims),languagecompetenceis....e.g.Smithinsists(confirms,suggests)that....e.g.AccordingtoQuirketal.(1985:101),adverbialsaredividedintotwogroups....e.g.Ithasbeenarguedthatifcommunicationistobesuccessful,thepeopleinvolvedneedtosharethesamereferentialmeaningofthewordstheyareusing(Byron&Fleming,1999).38/54常见引述句型举例:e.g.Gothewrote(hasobserved)that“ittakesmoreculturetoperceivethevirtuesofTheMagicFlutethantopointoutitsdefects”(qtdinNewman,1998:104).e.g.Walker(1991)definestheconceptofcultureas“thesharedpatternsofbehaviorsandinteractions,cognitiveconstructs”.39/54常见引述句型举例:e.g.OscarWilde,aBritishdramatist,complainedthat....e.g.ZhouYukai(1999)pointedoutthatmanyfeministsdraw"inspirationandempowerment"from....e.g.TheGoatsucker()illustratedthedifferenceasfollows:40/546引用时标点符号处理

41/54a.引文句尾句号省略,括号夹注位于正文句尾句号之前。e.g.Bertramalsostates,“Thelearningmoduleenabledstudentstoovercomethedifficultiesassociatedwiththetransitionintocollege”(1999:48).42/54b.假如引文是以问号或感叹号结尾,保留原来标点符号,括号夹注后一样加上正文句号。e.g.PatrickHenryexclaimed,“Whatwouldtheyhave?Islifesodear,orpeacesosweet,astobepurchasedatthepriceofchainsandslavery?Forbidit,AlmightyGod!Iknownotwhatcourseothersmaytake;butasforme,givemelibertyorgivemedeath!”(1975:23).43/54c.假如引文中原来就有引号,将原来双引号改为单引号。e.g.Basedondifferentfindings,itisproposedthat“thetypeofmotivationanditsstrengtharelikelytobedeterminedlessbysomegeneralizedprincipleandmoreby‘wholearnswhatinwhatmilieu’atthattime”(Freeman&Long,1993:174-175).44/54d.正文中提到短篇文件,如论文、杂文、歌曲、短诗、短篇小说、独幕剧等,其标题置于引号之中。e.g.Inhis“StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening”,RobertFrostdescribedthewoodsas“lovely,darkanddeep”.45/54e.正文中提到长篇文件,如杂志、学报、书籍、报刊、长诗、电影、戏剧等,其标题用斜体标示。e.g.HallidayandHasan(1976),intheirground-breakingworkCohesioninEnglish,describecohesionas“asemanticconceptthatreferstorelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinatext”.46/54参考文件[1]Searle,J.SpeechActs:AnEssayinthePhilosophyofLanguage[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1969.（注:著作类。作者一人，姓前名后，中间逗号隔开。下同。）[2]Fauconnier,G.&M.Turner.TheWayWeThink:ConceptualBlendingandtheMind'sHiddenComplexities[M].Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,.（注:著作类。作者二人，第一作者姓前名后。第二作者按照英文姓名正常次序，即名前姓后，中间无逗号）[3]Quirk,R.etal.AComprehensiveGrammaroftheEnglishLanguage[M].London:Longman,1985.（注:著作类，作者二人以上，仅列第一作者，姓前名后）[4]Bolinger,D.TheAtomizationofWordMeaning[J].Language,1965(4).（注:期刊类，作者一人。只需标注年度与期号，卷号不需标出）47/54[5]Howard,Maureen(trans.).Foreword.Mrs.Dalloway[M].ByVirginiaWoolf.NewYork:Harvest-Harcourt,1981.（注:序言类。所引用文字不是出自原著，而是译者话）[6]Bybee,Joan.TheGrammaticizationofZero:AsymmetriesinTenseandAspectSystems[A].InWilliamPagliuca(ed.).PerspectivesonGrammaticalization[C].Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins,1994.（注:论文集类，析出论文作者一人，置首。编者一人，位于“In”后。该集相当于一本书，用斜体。若编著者在两人以上，仅列第一编者，并将ed.改为eds.）[7]Hornby,A.S.OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryofCurrentEnglish(6thedition)[Z].Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,.（注:辞典类，作者一人。注意版本标示）[8]Tabor,Whitney.SyntacticInnovation:AConnectionistModel[D].Stanford:StanfordUniversity,1994.（注:学位论文类，作者一人）48/54[9]LuoGuanzhong．Romanceofthe