英语通识阅读教程 文学篇 课件 Unit 1 Introduction to Literature（11.12）

Unit1IntroductiontoLiteratureTextA

WhatIsLiterature?TextB

WheretoBeginBeforeReadingAbouttheAuthorandHisWorksExploretheWriter’sIdeasUnderstandingtheTextReadingBetweentheLinesExploretheWriter’sTechniquesIncreaseYourLanguageProficiencyFurtherExplorationTextA1.Lead-inWarm-upDefinitionofLiteratureSignificanceofLiterature2.AbouttheAuthorandHisWorkBackgroundInformationBeforeReadingWriter’sIdeasWriter’sTechniquesLanguageProficiency

FurtherExploration

Warm-upSummaryWhydidthesituationchangeaftertheladyhelped?1.Watchavideo,trytosummarizeitandanswerthefollowingquestion.1.Lead-inSummary:Onthestreet,ablindoldmanneededhelp,butfewpeopleofferedhelptohim.Later,ayoungladycameandchangedthewordsontheboard.Afterthat,moreandmorepassers-bystoppedtogivetheblindmanmoney.Warm-up1.Lead-in1.Watchavideo,trytosummarizeitandanswerthefollowingquestion.Q:Whydidthesituationchangeaftertheladyhelped?Theoldmanasked,“Whatdidyoudotomysign?”Theladyanswered,“Iwrotethesame,butdifferentwords.”A:I’mblind.Pleasehelp.B:It’sabeautifuldayandIcan’tseeit.Warm-up1.Lead-in1.Watchavideo,trytosummarizeitandanswerthefollowingquestion.A:I’mblind.Pleasehelp.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthetwoexpressions?B:It’sabeautifuldayandIcan’tseeit.FactualstatementLiterarytextWarm-up1.Lead-in1.Watchavideo,trytosummarizeitandanswerthefollowingquestion.A:I’mblind.Pleasehelp.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthetwoexpressions?B:It’sabeautifuldayandIcan’tseeit.FactA:anicedayFactB:inabilitytoseeGap(Stateafactandaskdirectlyforhelp.)Warm-up1.Lead-in1.Watchavideo,trytosummarizeitandanswerthefollowingquestion.Thewriterinvitesreaderstoparticipateinthesceneandexperiencethesameemotionoftheoldman.Theywouldbemotivatedtoaskthemselveswhytheoldmancan’tseethebeautifulday.Thisistheprocessofreading.Whilereading,thereaderwouldfillintheblanksandgetnewmeanings.Literatureliesinthenewmeaningsproducedbetweenthelines.ConclusionB:It’sabeautifuldayandIcan’tseeit.FactAFactBGapWarm-up1.Lead-inLiterature,initsbroadestsense,isanysinglebodyofwrittenworksconsideredanartform,oranysinglepieceofwritingassumedtohaveartisticvalue.Inthissense,literaturereferstoallwrittennarrativestoberead.最广义的文学是指被视为艺术形式的任何书面作品，或被认为具有艺术价值的任何文章。从这个意义上讲，文学是指所有可供阅读的书面叙述。…literatureisthebodyofworksofartproducedinlinguisticmedia,andthatthisbodyistobedefinedintermsofthepossessionofcertainartisticvalues.(Stecker1996,681-694)文学是以语言为媒介创作的艺术作品的主体，并从是否具有某些艺术价值的角度来界定。Literatureisimitation;literatureisfunction;literatureisanexpressionofemotion;orliteratureisliterature.(LIU2009,1)文学是模仿；文学是功能；文学是情感的表达；或者文学就是文学。DefinitionofLiterature1.Lead-inAccordingtoKirszner&Mandell(1997),inliterarycreation,writersattempttoexpresstheirpersonalideastotheirreaders.Thoughwritersofliteraturemayoftentakeadvantageoffactssuchashistoricaldocuments,newspaperreports,lifeeventsordailyhappenings,theiroverarching[/ˌoʊvərˈɑːrtʃɪŋ/首要的]aimistopresentauniqueviewoftheexperience,ofwhathappened,whatishappeningandwhatwillhappen.在文学创作中，作家试图向读者表达他们的个人想法。尽管文学作家可能会经常利用历史文献、报纸报道、生活事件或日常发生的事情等事实，但他们的总体目标是对经历、发生的事情、正在发生的事情和将要发生的事情提出独特的看法。DefinitionofLiterature1.Lead-inLiteratureisasetoftexts(ageneraltermforobjectsmadeofwords,nomatterwhattheirformat)whosepurposeincludes,butextendsbeyond,communication,inwhichthelanguageitselfisasmuchapartoftheendproductasisthecontent.Thosetextsmightincludeeverythingfromlyricpoetrytofeaturefilmsandtelevisionseriesthatuselanguagenotonlyinthetypedscreenplaysbutalsointhespokenperformancesofscriptandbodylanguageandintherelationshipbetweenthewordsandscreenimages.(Kusch2016,3-4)文学是一系列文本（由文字构成的物品的总称，无论其形式如何），其目的包括但不限于交流，其中语言本身与内容一样是最终产品的一部分。这些文本可能包括从抒情诗到故事片和电视连续剧的所有内容，它们不仅出现在在打印的剧本中，而且也出现在剧本口头表演中和肢体语言中，以及在文字与屏幕图像的关系中。DefinitionofLiterature1.Lead-inJohannWolfgangvonGoethe(1749—1832)Germanpoet,playwright,novelist,scientist,statesman,theatredirector,critic,andamateurartist,consideredthegreatestGermanliteraryfigureofthemodernera.Faust(Europe’sgreatestlongpoemsinceJohnMilton’sParadiseLost)《浮士德》TheSorrowsofYoungWerther(anovel)《少年维特的烦恼》JohannWolfgangvonGoethe,aGermanpoetanddramatist,oncesaidthat“Thedeclineofliteratureindicatesthedeclineofanation.”Doyouagreewithhim?Whyorwhynot?SignificanceofLiterature1.Lead-inYes,Iagreewithhimbecause:Literatureoftenreflectsanation’sculture.Itsdeclinemightsuggestthatthevitality[/vaɪˈtæləti/热情；生机]ofitscultureisbeingpotentiallydamaged.Literatureiswhereimaginationcanshowitscapabilities.Thedeclineofliteraturecouldsuggestthatpeople’spowerofimaginationmighthavebeenlimitedinsomeway.Literatureisthetonic[/ˈtɑːnɪk/主调音]ofspirits,anditsdeclinemayleadthenationtofallintovulgar[/ˈvʌlɡər/庸俗的]materialism.Possibleanswers:“Thedeclineofliteratureindicatesthedeclineofanation.”Doyouagreewithhim?Whyorwhynot?SignificanceofLiterature1.Lead-indistinguishedadj.卓越的，杰出的prolificadj.（艺术家，作家，作曲家）作品丰富的，多产的extractedadj.萃取的；引出的BackgroundInformation2.AbouttheAuthorTerryEagleton(1943-)adistinguishedprofessoratLancasterUniversityinEngland,isoneoftheworld'sleadingliterarycriticsandtheorists.Asaprolificcritic,hehaswrittenseveraldozenbooksandhundredsofarticles.ThemostwidelyreadisLiteraryTheory:AnIntroduction(1983),whichisastudyofawiderangeofliteraryapproachessuchasReceptionTheory,Structuralism,andPsychoanalysis.Theessay"WhatIsLiterature?"isextractedfromtheintroductiontothisbook,inwhichEagletondiscussedthedefinitionandfeaturesofliterature.1.UnderstandingtheTextTextOrganization2.ReadingBetweentheLinesTextualAnalysisKey

SentencesWriter’sIdeasWriter’sTechniquesLanguageProficiency

FurtherExploration

BeforeReadingTextTextOrganizationParaDivisionCriterionforDefinitionTrueorFalsePara1-2Para3Para4-5Para6Para7fact&fictionFalseuselanguageinpeculiarways/（False）non-pragmaticFalsenoessenceTrueliketheword“weed”finewriting/1.UnderstandingtheTextTextOrganization“Novel”:16-17thcentury,bothtrueandfictionaleventsToosubjective:Gibbon;Genesisrhetoricalquestion:Supermancomicrhetoricalquestion:creative&imaginativeTextfact&fiction1.UnderstandingtheTextParagraph1-2TextOrganizationTransformandintensifyordinarylanguage:arhetoricalcheerleadingsong?Toosubjective:differentcriteriafortheliterarycharacterofthelanguageTextuselanguageinpeculiarways1.UnderstandingtheTextParagraph3TextOrganizationSelf-referential:thewayandthecontentarebothimportant,e.g.GeorgeOrwellHowsb.decidestoread:toosubjective,e.g.Gibbon,RobertBurns,OrwellTextnon-pragmatic1.UnderstandingtheTextParagraph4-5TextOrganizationNotparticular,justdoesn’twantanykindthatvalueshighlyFunctionalratherthanontological:socialcontext,relationswithanddifferencesfromitssurroundings,thewayitbehaves,thepurposesText“weed”1.UnderstandingtheTextParagraph61.

Whatmightliteraturebedefinedasinthesenseoffiction?Isthisdefinitionproper?“Imaginative”writing.

No.TextualAnalysisShakespeare2.

DoyouknowanyauthororworksmentionedinParagraph1?Comedies：TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》AMidsummerNight'sDream《仲夏夜之梦》AsYouLikeIt《皆大欢喜》TwelfthNight《第十二夜》Tragedies：Hamlet《哈姆雷特》Othello《奥赛罗》KingLear《李尔王》Macbeth《麦克白》2.ReadingBetweentheLinesReadingactivityPleasereadPara1,andanswerthefollowingquestions:MarxTheCommunistManifesto(ManifestderKommunistischenPartei)《共产党宣言》Capital(DasKapital)《资本论》OntheOriginofSpecies《物种起源》DarwinReadingactivityPleasereadPara1,andanswerthefollowingquestions:2.

DoyouknowanyauthororworksmentionedinParagraph1?TextualAnalysis2.ReadingBetweentheLines3.

Canliteraturebesimplydefinedas“creative”or“imaginative”writing?Whyorwhynot?No,literaturecannotbesimplydefinedas“creative”or“imaginative”writing,becausethisdefinitionwouldimplythatdisciplineslikehistory,philosophy,andnaturalscienceareuncreativeandunimaginative,whichisincorrect.Forexample,Supermancomicsareusuallyexcludedfromliterature,andsomeliteraryworkscanbe“factual,”forexample,Gibbon’shistoricalworks.ReadingactivityPleasereadPara2,andanswerthefollowingquestions:TextualAnalysis2.ReadingBetweentheLines4.

Inwhatsenseisthelanguageofliteraturepeculiar?Literaturetransformsandintensifiesordinarylanguage,deviatessystematicallyfromeverydayspeech.ReadingactivityPleasereadPara3,andanswerthefollowingquestion:TextualAnalysis2.ReadingBetweentheLines5.

Whataretheapproachestodefiningliterature?As“imaginative”writing;akindofself-referentiallanguage;howsomebodydecidestoread.6.

Howdoyouunderstandthestatement“Breedinginthisrespectmaycountforagooddealmorethanbirth”?Howapieceofwritingbecomesliteratureismoreimportantthanwhetheritisliteraturefromthebeginning.ReadingactivityPleasereadPara4-5,andanswerthefollowingquestions:TextualAnalysis2.ReadingBetweentheLines7.

Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“Thereisno‘essence’ofliteraturewhatsoever”?Theauthorimpliesthatitisdifficulttoidentifythedefiningfeaturesofliterature.8.

Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftheterm“literature”incomparisonwiththeterm“weed”?Ellishasarguedthat“Weedsarenotparticularkindsofplant,butjustanykindofplantwhichforsomereasonoranotheragardenerdoesnotwantaround.”ToEagleton,“literature”meanssomethingliketheopposite:anykindofwritingwhichforsomereasonoranothersomebodyvalueshighly.ReadingactivityPleasereadPara6,andanswerthefollowingquestions:TextualAnalysis2.ReadingBetweentheLines9.

Whatdoes“finewriting”meanaccordingtothetext?Asortofwritingwhichisgenerallyhighlyregarded,whilenotnecessarilycommittingyoutotheopinionthataparticularspecimenofitis“good”.ReadingactivityPleasereadPara7,andanswerthefollowingquestions:TextualAnalysis2.ReadingBetweentheLinesKeySentencesParagraph1Therehavebeenvariousattemptstodefineliterature.Youcandefineit,forexample,as“imaginative”writinginthesenseoffiction–writingwhichisnotliterallytrue.Buteventhebriefestreflectiononwhatpeoplecommonlyincludeundertheheadingofliteraturesuggeststhatthiswillnotdo.

Vocabulary:definev.下定义definitionfictionn.虚构，编造non-fiction,fictionalliterallyadv.字面上地briefadj.简短的/

v.向…介绍情况reflectionn.反射；回声；影像，倒影；反省；想法2.ReadingBetweentheLines

Sentence:Translation:有过各式各样定义文学的尝试。例如，你可以将其定义为虚构意义上的"想象性"写作——一种并非在字面意义上追求真实在的写作。但是，只要稍微想一想人们通常用文学这一标题所概括的东西，我们就会发现这个定义是行不通的。Paragraph2Adistinctionbetween“fact”and“fiction”,then,seemsunlikelytogetusveryfar,notleastbecausethedistinctionitselfisoftenaquestionableone…ouroppositionbetween“historical”and“artistic”truthdoesnotapplyatalltotheearlyIcelandicsagas.Moreover,if“literature”includesmuch“factual”writing,italsoexcludesquitealotoffiction.

Vocabulary:distinctionn.差别，区分，荣誉oppositionn.反对，反抗；对立sagan.传奇故事legend,

taleexcludev.将…排除在外exclusiveadj.独有的，排外的vs.include,inclusiveKeySentences2.ReadingBetweentheLines

Sentence:Translation:因此，“事实”（fact）与“虚构”（fiction）的区分对于我们似乎并无多少帮助，而这绝不仅仅是因为这一区分本身经常是值得怀疑的。···我们把“历史”真实和“艺术”真实对立起来的做法根本就不适用于早期冰岛传说。···而且，如果“文学”包括很多“事实性”作品的话，它也排斥了相当一批虚构作品。Paragraph3Perhapsoneneedsadifferentkindofapproachaltogether.Perhapsliteratureisdefinablenotaccordingtowhetheritisfictionalor“imaginative”,butbecauseituseslanguageinpeculiarways.Literaturetransformsandintensifiesordinarylanguage,deviatessystematicallyfromeverydayspeech.

Vocabulary:approachn.方法，途径/

v.处理，接近transformv.改变，转化intensifyv.加剧，增强deviatev.偏离(from)KeySentences2.ReadingBetweentheLines

Sentence:Translation:也许，我们需要一种完全不同的方法。也许，文学的可以定义并不在于它的虚构性或"想象性"，而是因为它以种种特殊方式运用语言。文学改变和强化普通语言，系统地偏离日常言语。Paragraph4-5Literature,then,wemightsay,is“non-pragmatic”discourse:unlikebiologytextbooksandnotestothemilkman,itservesnoimmediatepracticalpurpose,butistobetakenasreferringtoageneralstateofaffairs.…wemeanbyliteratureakindofself-referentiallanguage,alanguagewhichtalksaboutitself.

Vocabulary:pragmaticadj.务实的；实用主义的discoursen.谈话，交流；话语，语篇self-referentialadj.有关本身创作的，自我指涉的KeySentences2.ReadingBetweentheLines

Sentence:Translation:因而，我们可以说，文学是“非实用”话语：与生物学教科书或写给送奶人的便条不同，它并不服务于任何直接的实际目的；相反，文学应该被认为是指涉各种事情的普遍状态的。…文学是一种自我指涉的语言，即一种谈论自身的语言。Paragraph6…theterm“literature”operatesratherliketheword“weed”:weedsarenotparticularkindsofplant,butjustanykindofplantwhichforsomereasonoranotheragardenerdoesnotwantaround.Perhaps“literature”meanssomethingliketheopposite:anykindofwritingwhichforsomereasonoranothersomebodyvalueshighly.

Vocabulary:oppositen.正好相反的人或事物/

adj.对面的,截然相反的/

prep.,adv.在对面KeySentences2.ReadingBetweentheLines

Sentence:Translation:"文学"一词起作用的方式颇似"杂草"一词：杂草并不是一种具体的植物，而只是园了出于某种理由想要除掉的任何一种植物。"文学"也许意味着某种与之相反的东西：它是人们出于某种理由而赋予其高度价值的任何一种作品。Paragraph7Theterm“finewriting”,orbelleslettres,isinthissenseambiguous:itdenotesasortofwritingwhichisgenerallyhighlyregarded,whilenotnecessarilycommittingyoutotheopinionthataparticularspecimenofitis“good”.

Vocabulary:ambiguousadj.模棱两可的committo迫使、要求某人承诺或致力于某项行动或责任specimenn.样本KeySentences2.ReadingBetweentheLines

Sentence:Translation:在这一意义上，"美文"或belleslettres（纯文学）一词是意义暧昧的：它指一类普遍受到高度尊重的作品，同时它却不一定要你必须认为这类作品中某一具体作品是"好"的。Writer’sIdeasWriter’sTechniquesLanguageProficiency

FurtherExploration

BeforeReading1.FigureofSpeechFigureofSpeech（修辞）(theuseof)anexpressioncomparingonethingwithanother,alwaysincludingthewords“as”or“like”.––CambridgeDictionaryExample:“Shewalksinbeauty,likethenight...”––Byron“她在美中徜徉，如同···的夜晚”

Para6:“JohnM.Ellishasarguedthattheterm‘literature’operatesratherliketheword‘weed’…”compareliteraturewithweedSimile明喻1.WordsandExpressions2.VocabularyexercisesWriter’sIdeasWriter’sTechniquesLanguageProficiency

FurtherExploration

BeforeReadingWordsandExpressionsattempt/əˈtempt/[CET4]v.努力，尝试/n.试图，努力；企图杀害fiction/ˈfɪkʃ(ə)n/[CET4]n.小说；虚构的事，谎言；杜撰，编造literally/ˈlɪtərəli/[CET4]adv.按照字面意义地，逐字地；真正地，确实地reflection/rɪˈflekʃ(ə)n/[CET4]n.反射；（反射出来的）影像，倒影；

sermon/ˈsɜːmən/n.布道，讲道；<非正式>冗长的说教，训诫autobiography/ˌɔːtəbaɪˈɒɡrəfi/[CET6]n.自传体（写作）atapinch必要时encompass/ɪnˈkʌmpəs/v.包含，包括；包围，环绕rebellion/rɪˈbeljən/[CET4]n.叛乱，反抗；（对权威的）反抗，不服从distinction/dɪˈstɪŋkʃn/[CET4]n.差别，区分；杰出，卓越WordsandExpressionsopposition/ˌɒpəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/[CET4]n.（强烈的）反对，反抗；对手，竞争者saga/ˈsɑːɡə/n.长篇小说，传奇故事；一连串事件（或经历）meditation/ˌmedɪˈteɪʃ(ə)n/n.冥想，打坐；沉思，深思exclude/ɪkˈskluːd/[CET4]vt.不包括，把···排除在外；排除···的可能peculiar/pɪˈkjuːliə(r)/[CET4]adj.奇怪的，不寻常的；特别的，独特的commit/kəˈmɪt/[CET4]v.犯（罪、错）；（使）承诺；忠于deviate/ˈdiːvieɪt/[CET6]v.偏离，脱离；违背(from)unravished/ˌən-ˈra-visht/adj．未被破坏的，未被侵犯的resonance/ˈrezənəns/n.引起的联想（或共鸣）signifier/ˈsɪɡnɪfaɪər/n.能指（语言符号的形式）WordsandExpressionssignified/ˈsɪɡnɪfaɪd/[CET6]n.所指（语言符号的意译）flaunt/flɔːnt/v.炫耀；卖弄informative/ɪnˈfɔːmətɪv/[CET4]adj.提供有用信息的，增长见闻的revelin着迷于；陶醉于horticulturalist/ˌhɔːrtɪˈkʌltʃərəlɪst/n.园艺师cosmic/ˈkɒzmɪk/[CET4]adj.宇宙的，外层空间的；巨大的，极重要的archaeological/ˌɑːrkiəˈlɑːdʒɪk(ə)l/adj.考古学的thrustupon把···强加于breed/briːd/[CET4]v.交配繁殖；饲养，培育；养育，培养；引起isolate/ˈaɪsəleɪt/[CET4]v.孤立，分离(from)；隔离；区别看待

WordsandExpressionsinherent/ɪnˈherənt/[CET6]adj.内在的，固有的；固定属于（某人）的poreover仔细地阅读stimulate/ˈstɪmjuleɪt/[CET4]v.促进，激发（某事物）；激发，鼓励complexity/kəmˈpleksəti/[CET4]n.复杂性，错综复杂；复杂之处ontological/ˌɑːntəˈlɑːdʒɪkl/adj.本体论的thistle/ˈθɪs(ə)l/n.蓟（野生植物）cluster/ˈklʌstə(r)/[CET6]n.组，簇；星团；一连串同类事件；一群人ambiguous/æmˈbɪɡjuəs/[CET6]adj.模棱两可的，有歧义的；不确定的Listedintheboxbelowaresomeofthewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Completethefollowingsentenceswiththem.Changetheformwherenecessary.deviatedistinctioninformativeencompassattemptrebellionmeditationstimulatecommitliterallyoppositiondiscriminateinherentexcludeambiguousTherehavebeenvarious_________todefineliterature.A__________between“fact”and“fiction”seemsunlikelytogetusveryfar.TheycalledonWesternnationsto__________moremoneytothepoorestnations.Wenever__________fromourprinciples.Everyonehashis__________ability,whichiseasilyconcealedbyhabits.attemptsdistinctioncommitdeviateinherentVocabularyExercisesListedintheboxbelowaresomeofthewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Completethefollowingsentenceswiththem.Changetheformwherenecessary.deviatedistinctioninformativeencompassattemptrebellionmeditationstimulatecommitliterallyoppositiondiscriminateinherentexcludeambiguousWriting,visualizingandprototypingcan__________theflowofnewideas.Thisagreementisvery__________andopentovariousinterpretations.Heisincapableof_____________betweenagoodideaandaterribleone.Thereisbitter__________fromlocalbusinesstotheplan.Thejob____________awiderangeofresponsibilities.VocabularyExercisesstimulateambiguousdiscriminatingoppositionencompasses1.

Howdoyouunderstandliterature?Literatureencompassesawiderangeofwrittenworks,includingnovels,poems,shortstories,essays,andmore.Literaturenotonlyimparts(传授)knowledge,butalsocultivatescriticalthinkingskills

andexposesustovariousperspectivesandcultures.Simultaneously,itallowsustoexperienceintenseemotionsthroughcharacters,therebyreleasingouremotionaltensionandprovidingasenseofrelief.Evaluate&Connect2.

Whatdoyouthinkarethedifferencesbetweenliteraryworksandnon-literaryworks?Studentsmayexplainthedifferencebetweenliteraryworksandnon-literaryworksfromtheirlanguage,style,theme,etc.Aliterarytextisanartistic,original,andsubjectiveworkthatmakesuseofrhetoricalresources.Whileitsessentialpurposeoftenleanstowardaestheticoremotionalimpactratherthanpragmaticgoals,ittendstobeconnotative,ambiguous,polysemic,andopentowide-ranginginterpretations.Anon-literarytextisatextthathasareferentialfunction,hasaspecificpurpose,isaimedataspecificaudience,andisobjective.Thistypeoftextavoidsambiguityandtheuseofrhetoricalresources.Evaluate&Connect3.

Whatdoyouthinkcanbeclassifiedasfineliterature?Aliteraryworkclassifiedas“fineliterature”maybestronginthefollowingaspects:Universality(普遍性)

andtimelessness(永恒，不朽)ArtisticmeritProfoundcharacterdevelopmentRichconnotation(内涵)Well-organizedstructureEvaluate&ConnectTextBBeforeReadingAbouttheAuthorExploretheWriter’sIdeasUnderstandingtheTextIncreaseYourLanguageProficiencyFurtherExplorationBackgroundInformationArnold

Bennett

(1867-1931),a

British

novelist,

playwright,

critic,

and

essayist,

is

best

known

for

his

highly

detailed

novels

of

the"Five

Towns,"

an

imaginary

manufacturing

district

in

northern

England.

His

most

famous

novels

-

Anna

of

the

Five

Towns,

The

Old

Wives’

Tale,

and

Clayhanger

-

are

all

set

there.

He

wrote

30

novels,

many

of

whichfeature

ordinary

people,

and

he

was

full

of

affectionate

sympathy

to

his

characters.

"Where

to

Begin"

is

extracted

from

his

book

Literary

Taste:

How

to

Form

It

(1909).manufacturing[CET4]n.制造，制造业v.（用机器）大量生产，成批制造；编造，捏造（manufacture的现在分词）affectionate[CET4]adj.表达爱意的，深情的1.Accordingtotheauthor,canliteraturebesplitup?Whyorwhynot?No.Becausethegreatertruthisthatliteratureisallone–andindivisible.Allliteratureistheexpressionoffeeling,ofpassion,ofemotion,causedbyasensationoftheinterestingnessoflife.2.DoestheauthorbelieveGibbon’sDeclineandFallisliterature?Whyorwhynot?Yes,hedoes.BennettbelievesGibbonexpressedhisemotionsinDeclineandFall.TextualAnalysis3.Whatdowriterstendtochoosefortheexpressionoftheveryhighestemotion?Theytendtochooseverse.TextualAnalysis4.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmustreadersbeginwithwhentheyaretoformtheirliterarytaste?Why?Readersmustbeginwithanacknowledgedclassicbecauseclassicsarisethroughtheordealofgenerations.Interpret1:Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“Literaturedoesnotbegintillemotionhasbegun”?Theauthorimpliestheimportanceofemotioninliteraturewriting.Allliteratureistheexpressionofemotion.TextualAnalysisInterpret2:Theauthorsays,"Itisnotmerelyuseless,itisharmful,foryoutomapoutliteratureintodivisionsandbranches,withdifferentlaws,rules,orcanons."Whyisitharmful?Becauseifwemapoutliteratureintodivisionsandbranches,wepaytoomuchattentiontotheformaldifferencesandwemayignorewhatunifiesallliteraryworks–theexpressionoffeelings,ofpassion,ofemotion.TextualAnalysisWordsandExpressionspedagogue/ˈpedəɡɑːɡ/n.教师elegiac/ˌelɪˈdʒaɪək/adj.挽歌的；哀伤的profane/prəˈfeɪn/adj.世俗的adinfinitum/ˌædɪnfɪˈnaɪtəm/adv.无限地；无止境地hitherto/ˌhɪðərˈtuː/[CET6]adv.迄今malignant/məˈlɪɡnənt/[CET6]adj.恶意的；恶性的protract/proʊˈtrækt/v.延长tranquility/træŋˈkwɪləti/[CET6]n.平静；安宁scan/skæn/[CET4]v.（诗）符合格律denunciation/dɪˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃn/[CET6]n.公开谴责；斥责WordsandExpressionsticket/ˈtɪkɪt/[CET4]v.贴标签于···eschew/ɪsˈtʃuː/v.避开catholic/ˈkæθlɪk/[CET6]adj.广泛的，包罗万象的；天主教的（Catholic）deplorable/dɪˈplɔːrəbl/adj.糟透的surety/ˈʃʊrəti/n.保证egregious/ɪˈɡriːdʒiəs/adj.极坏的；过分的mediocrity/ˌmiːdiˈɑːkrəti/n.平庸之人twaddle/ˈtwɑːdl/n.蠢话；废话；拙劣的文字epoch/ˈepək/[CET6]n.时代posterity/pɑːˈsterəti/n.后代；子孙WordsandExpressionsdisparage/dɪˈspærɪdʒ/v.贬低；诋毁chaff/tʃæf/n.糠；谷壳sift/sɪft/v.筛选，区分frameofmind心态unassailable/ˌʌnəˈseɪləbl/adj.不容置疑的；无懈可击的Theauthorsays,"Ifyoudifferwithaclassic,itisyouwhoarewrong,andnotthebook."Doyouagreewithhim?Whyorwhynot?Thisstatementpointstotheoften-heldviewofclassicsbeingtimeless,universal,andofhighquality.However,it’simportanttorememberthatliterature,includingclassicliterature,isnotimmune[/ɪˈmjuːn/免疫的]tocriticismandcanalwaysbereinterpretedorreassessedaccordingtodifferentperspectivesandculturalcontexts.Inmyopinion,theauthor’sviewmaybealittlebitarbitrar