《植物病虫害绿色防控技术》课件-一、稻瘟病绿色防控（双语）

一稻瘟病绿色防控

I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice

概述

Overview

水稻是中国重要的粮食作物之一，年种植面积约3000万hm2，占粮食作物种植面积的近1/3，稻谷产量占粮食总产量的45%。

RiceisoneofthemostimportantgraincropsinChina,withanannualsownareaofabout30millionhm2,accountingfornearlyone-thirdofthesownareaofgraincrops,andtheoutputofriceaccountsfor45%ofthetotaloutputofgrain.

生物灾害是影响中国水稻稳产、高产的重要因素，在中国为害水稻的有害生物很多，据记载水稻病害有61种，水稻害虫有78种。全国每年因水稻病虫害为害虽经防治仍然造成经济损失400万～500万t，其中，稻瘟病、纹枯病、稻飞虱、水稻螟虫、稻纵卷叶螟对水稻生产为害最为严重。

BiologicaldisasterisamajorfactoraffectingthestableandhighoutputofriceinChina.TherearemanypeststhatdamagericeinChina.Therecordedkindsofricediseasesare61andtherecordedkindsofricepestsare78.Althoughpreventedandcontrolled,ricediseasesandpestsinChinastillcauseaneconomiclossrangingfrom4milliontonsto5milliontonseveryyear,ofwhichthedamagecausedbytheblastofrice,sheathblight,riceplanthopper,riceborer,andriceleaffolderisthemostserioustoriceproduction.水稻病虫害绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofRiceDiseasesandPests一稻瘟病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice

稻瘟病又称稻热病、火烧瘟、叩头瘟，在世界各稻区均有发生，是当前水稻的主要病害之一。此病以水稻植株的叶部、节部发生为多，发生后可造成不同程度减产，严重时减产40%～50%，甚至颗粒无收。

ABlastofRice,alsoknownasMagnaporthegrisea,riceseedlingblight,andryegrassblast,occursinallriceregionsoftheworldandisoneofthemaindiseasesofriceatpresent.Thediseaseoccursmostlyintheleavesandnodesofriceplantsandcancausedifferentdegreesofoutputreductionifoccurred,suchasa40%–50%outputreductioninseverecases,ornotasinglegrainwillbereaped.

稻瘟病又称稻热病、火烧瘟、叩头瘟等，在世界各稻区均有发生，是当前水稻的主要病害之一。（一）稻瘟病症状识别分为苗瘟、叶瘟、节瘟、叶枕瘟、穗颈瘟、枝梗瘟和谷粒瘟等。以叶瘟、穗颈瘟最为常见，危害较大。一稻瘟病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRiceABlastofRice,alsoknownasMagnaporthegrisea,riceseedlingblight,ryegrassblast,etc.occursinallriceregionsoftheworldandisoneofthemaindiseasesofriceatpresen(I)IdentificationofBlastofRiceSymptomsItisclassifiedintoaseedlingblast,leafblast,nodeblast,collarblast,spikeneckblast,branchlast,andgrainblast.Amongthem,leafblastsandspikeneckblastsarethemostcommonandmostharmful.1叶瘟

LeafBlast因气候条件和品种抗病性等表现不同，主要分慢性型、急性型、白点型、褐点型。①慢性型：为稻瘟病的典型症状，“三部一线”为慢性病斑的主要特征。

一稻瘟病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice

Duetodifferentclimaticconditionsanddiseaseresistanceofcultivars,leafblastsareclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:chronictype,acutetype,whitespottype,andbrownspottype.①Chronictypeisatypicalsymptom

oftheBlastofRiceandthe"threepartsandoneline"isthemainfeatureofchronicspots.②急性型：多发生在感病品种或在氮肥施用过多稻株上，病斑暗绿色，中心灰绿色，边缘呈水渍状。急性型病斑的大量出现往往是稻瘟病大规模流行的先兆。

一稻瘟病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice②Theacutetypeoccursmostlyinsusceptiblecultivarsoronriceplantswithexcessivelyappliednitrogenfertilizer,andthespotsaredarkgreen,grayish-greeninthecenter,andwater-loggingshapedattheedges.Themassiveappearanceofacutespotsisoftenaprecursortothelarge-scaleepidemicofablastofrice.③白点型：多在水稻上部的嫩叶上出现，产生圆形或近圆形的白色小点，不产生霉层。若温湿度适宜时，可转变成急性病斑。一稻瘟病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice③Thewhitespottypeappearsmostlyonthetenderleavesoftheupperpartofrice,whereroundornearlyroundwhitespotsareproduced,withoutproducingmoldlayers.Ifthetemperatureandhumidityareproper,itcanturnintoanacutespot.④褐点型：病斑呈褐色小斑点，限于两脉之间。多发生于抗病品种或下部老叶（品种抗性标志）不产生分生孢子。一稻瘟病绿色防控④Forthebrownspottype,thespotsaresmallbrownspotsandarelimitedtoarangebetweenthetwoveins.Itmostlyoccursindisease-resistantcultivarsoroldleavesinthelowerpart(cultivarresistancemarkers)withoutproducingconidia.I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice

叶瘟四种症状类型比较:

一稻瘟病绿色防控Comparisonoffoursymptomtypesofleafblast:

I.GreenPreventionandControlof

BlastofRice1、2.急性型病斑No.1andNo.2aresignsofacutespots.3.慢性型病斑中期

No.

3isasignofchronicspotinthemiddlestage.4.慢性型病斑后期No.4isasignofchronicspotinthelatestage.5.白点型病斑

No.5isasignofwhitespots.6.褐点型病斑No.6isasignofbrownspots.

一稻瘟病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice2节瘟

NodeBlast

多发生于穗下第一、二节位上，病斑处为褐色小点，以后环状扩大至节部，呈黑褐色，湿度大时，病部大量灰色霉层。后期节干缩凹陷折断以及病节上部分早枯。

Itoccursmostlyonthefirstandsecondnodesbelowthespike,withbrownspotsatthespotposition,whichlaterexpandtothenodesinaring,presentingdarkbrown,andwhenthehumidityishigh,alargenumberofgraymoldlayersshowupinthespotsite.Inthelatestage,thenodeshrinks,sinks,andbreaks,andtheupperpartofthediseasednodeiswitheredearly.

一稻瘟病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice

一稻瘟病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice3叶枕瘟

CollarBlast

常发生于叶枕，并逐步向叶鞘、叶片扩展，形成不规则斑块。病斑初为污绿色，后呈灰白色至灰褐色，潮湿时病部产生灰绿色霉层。

Itoftenoccursinthecollarandgraduallyexpandstothesheathandleaftoformirregularpatches.Thespotsareinitiallydirtygreen,thengrayishwhiteorgrayishbrown,andgrayish-greenmoldlayersareproducedintheaffectedpartwhenhumid.一稻瘟病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice4穗颈瘟和枝梗瘟

SpikeNeckBlastandBranchBlast

初期出现小的淡褐色病斑，逐渐围绕穗颈、穗轴和枝梗及向上下扩展，最后变黑折断。穗颈瘟发病早的多造成白穗，与螟害极相似；而发病晚的则导致部分稻粒形成秕粒。

Intheearlystage,smallpalebrownspotsappearandgraduallyexpandupanddownaroundthespikeneck,spikestalk,andbranches,whichfinallybecomedarkenedandbreakoff.Theearlyonsetofspikeneckblastmostlycauseswhiteears,whichareverysimilartotheborerpest,andthelateonsetleadstotheformationofabortivegrainsinsomericegrains.一稻瘟病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice5谷粒瘟

GrainBlast发生于谷粒或护颖上，乳熟期症状最为明显。病斑椭圆形或不规则形，外缘褐色或黑褐色，中央为灰白色，严重时谷粒不饱满，米粒变黑。

Itoccursongrainsoremptyglumesandsymptomsaremostpronouncedinthemilk-ripeningstage.Spotsareovalorirregular,withbrownordarkbrownoutermargins,grayish-whiteinthecenter,andinseverecases,grainsarenotfullandricegrainsdarken.一稻瘟病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice稻瘟病诊断要点DiagnosticPointsofBlastofRice病斑呈梭形或纺锤形，两端有向外延伸的褐色坏死线，病斑中央灰白色称为崩溃部，边缘褐色称为坏死部，病斑外常有淡黄色晕圈称为中毒部，湿度大时，病斑背面产生灰绿色霉层，“三部一线”是稻瘟病的典型病斑的识别要点。Thespotsarefusiformorspindle-shaped,withoutwardlyextendingbrownnecroticlinesatbothends.Thegrayish-whitepartinthecenterofthespotsisnamedthecollapsedpart,brownattheedgeisnamedthenecroticpart,andyellowishhaloringsoutsidethespotsareoftennamedthetoxicpart.Whenthehumidityishigh,grayish-greenmoldlayersareproducedonthebackofthespots,and"threepartsandoneline"isthekeypointfortheidentificationoftypicalspotsoftheblastofrice.

一稻瘟病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice（二）病原菌

PathogenicBacteria无性态为半知菌亚门梨孢属的灰梨孢TheanamorphisthePyriculariagrisea(Cooke)Sacc.ofthePyricularia,Deuteromycotina.有性态为子囊菌亚门大角间座壳菌属的灰色大角间座壳菌TheteleomorphisMagnapothegriseaBarrYaegashoftheMagnaporthegriseaBarr.,Ascomycotina.分生孢子梗无色，多从气孔伸出，有2～8个分隔，顶端略弯曲，常3～5根丛生或单生，其顶端一般可产生5～6个分生孢子Conidiophoresarecolorless,mostlyemergingfromstomata,with2to8septa,slightlycurvedatthetop,often3to5tuftsorsolitary,andtheirapicescangenerallyproduce5to6conidia.分生孢子梨形，无色，多2横隔Theconidiaarepear-shaped,colorless,mostlywith2septa.一稻瘟病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice一稻瘟病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice（三）发生规律

OccurrenceRegularity

以分生孢子和菌丝体在稻草和稻谷上越冬，成为次年发病的主要初侵染来源。

Thediseaseoverwintersasconidiaandmyceliaonricestrawandpaddyriceandbecomestheprimaryinfectionsourceofdiseaseinthefollowingyear.当气温在20～30℃，尤其在25～28℃，阴雨多雾、露水重、相对湿度90%以上时，易引起稻瘟病的严重发生。因此，重庆及四川稻区一般年份５月份开始发病，６～８月份是发病盛期。Whenthetemperatureisbetween20°Cand30°C,especiallybetween25°Cand28°C,anditisrainyandfoggy,withheavydewandrelativehumidityofmorethan90%,aseriousblastofriceispronetooccur.Therefore,thediseaseusuallystartsinChongqingandSichuanriceregionsinMayandtheperiodfromJunetoAugustisthepeakperiodofthedisease.

水稻品种间的抗病性差异很大，籼型品种一般优于粳型品种。

Thediseaseresistanceofricecultivarsvariesgreatly,andindicacultivarshavesuperiorgrainqualitytojaponicacultivars.

同一品种在不同生育期抗性表现也不同，秧苗4叶期、分蘖期和抽穗期易感病，圆秆期和齐穗后期发病轻。

Theresistanceofthesamecultivarisalsodifferentatdifferentgrowthstages,andseedlingsaresusceptibleatthe4-leafstage,tilleringstage,andheadingstage.Thediseaseisgentleintheroundstalkstageandthelatestageoffullheading.一稻瘟病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice（四）防治技术

ControlTechnique

综合防治策略是以种植高产优质抗病品种为基础，减少菌源为前提，加强肥水管理为中心，药剂防治为辅助。Theintegratedcontrolstrategyisbasedonplantinghigh-outputandhigh-qualitydisease-resistantcultivarsonthepremiseofreducingthebacterialsource,focusingonstrengtheningfertilizerandwatermanagement,andsupplementingbychemicalcontrol.

1、种植高产优质抗病品种

Planthigh-outputandhigh-qualitydisease-resistantcultivars

应注意品种的合理布局，同时还应注意品种的定期轮换，避免单一抗病品种长期种植。

Attentionshouldbepaidtotheproperarrangementofcultivars,andalsototheregularshiftofcultivarstoavoidlong-termplantingofasingledisease-resistantcultivar.

2、强化栽培措施，科学肥水管理

Strengthencultivationmeasuresandscientificfertilizerandwatermanagement

合理施肥，适当施用含硅酸的肥料（如草木灰等），水的管理必须与施肥密切配合，不能长期灌深水，要做到寸水回青、薄水分蘖，够苗查田，后期干干湿湿的管水方法。

Applyfertilizerproperlyandappropriatelyapplyfertilizerscontainingsilicicacid(suchasplantash).Watermanagementmustcloselycooperatewithfertilizationanddeepwatercannotbeirrigatedforalongtime,inordertomaintainawaterlayerofabout3cmwhentheplantreturnsgreenandmaintainawaterlayerof1.5–2cmatthetilleringstage.Checkthefieldwhenthenumberoftillersreachestheexpectednumberofearsandconductthedryandwetwatermanagementmethodatthelatestage.一稻瘟病绿色防控3、减少菌源

ReduceBacterialSource不播种带菌种子，病稻草及时处理。

Nosowingofseedswithfungiandtreatdiseasedricestrawsinatimelymanner.4、种子消毒

SeedDisinfection

目前使用较普遍的是强氯精药剂（TCCA）或石灰水浸种，方法是：早稻用300倍、晚稻用500倍的强氯精药剂浸种，药量以水淹过种子约6cm为准，早稻浸种12～16h，晚稻8～12h，清水洗净后催芽；也可用500g石灰兑50kg水，用上面的清液浸种，早稻浸2～3d，晚稻浸1～2d，水面要高出种子约13cm，加盖避免阳光照射，用清水洗净后催芽。

Atpresent,strongchlorineconcentrate(TCCA)orlimewateriscommonlyusedtosoakseeds.Themethodisasfollows:Useastrongchlorineconcentrateof1:300tosoaktheseedsforearly-seasonriceand1:500forlate-seasonrice,andtheamountofstrongchlorineconcentrateisbasedonsubmergingseedsinabout6cm.Early-seasonriceissoakedfor12–16h,late-seasonricefor8–12h,andgerminationisperformedafterwashingwithcleanwater.Alternatively,youmayuse500glimetosoakseedswith50kgwater,early-seasonriceissoakedfor2–3days,late-seasonriceissoakedfor1–2days,andthewatersurfaceisabout13cmabovetheseeds.Covertoavoidsunlightradiationandgerminationisperformedafterwashingwithcleanwater.一稻瘟病绿色防控I.GreenPreventionandControlofBlastofRice5、药剂防治

ChemicalControl药剂防治采取“普治秧田苗、叶瘟，挑治稻田叶瘟，狠治穗颈瘟”的防治策略。病区提倡秧田普遍喷药，避免病苗栽入稻田，还可在栽秧前进行药液浸苗。挑治本田叶瘟，狠治穗颈瘟：水稻移栽返青后，加强田间检查，当叶瘟病株率为３％，或病叶率为１%～２％，或出现发病中心或有急性型病斑的稻田，应立即施药防治。防治穗颈瘟应在破口至始穗期施第一次药，然后根据天气情况在齐穗期施第二次药。