《植物病虫害绿色防控技术》课件-四、小麦蚜虫绿色防控（双语版）

四小麦蚜虫绿色防控

GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid

为害小麦的害虫（包括螨类）达200多种，其中分布广泛，为害严重的有：麦蚜、地下害虫（蝼蛄、蛴螬、金针虫等）、麦螨、粘虫、吸浆虫等。局部地区为害较为严重的还有麦水蝇、麦叶蜂、麦杆蝇、棉铃虫等。

Therearemorethan200pests(includingmites)damagingwheat,whicharewidelydistributed,andtheseriousonesinclude:wheataphids,soilpests(molecricket,grub,wireworm,etc.),barleybugs,armyworms,andblossommidges.Hydrelliachinensis,wheatsawflies,stemmaggots,cottonbollworms,etc.arealsoseriouslyharmfulinsomeareas.不仅害虫取食对小麦造成直接损失，而且有些害虫如麦蚜、叶蝉、飞虱等还能传播病害，造成更大损失。在一般情况下，小麦因害虫的为害造成损失约10%左右，当一些害虫大发生时，减产达30%～50%，甚至颗粒无收。因此有效地控制各种小麦虫害，对保证小麦高产稳产具有极为重要的作用。

Notonlydopestscausedirectlossestowheat,butalsosomepestssuchaswheataphids,leafhoppersandplanthopperscanspreaddiseases,causinggreaterlosses.Ingeneral,thelossofwheatcausedbypestsisabout10%.Wheresomepestsoccuronalargescale,theyieldwillbereducedby30%-50%,oreventotalgrainfailure.Therefore,effectivecontrolofvariouswheatpestsplaysanextremelyimportantroleinensuringhighandstableyieldofwheat.小麦虫害绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatInsectPests四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid（一）发生与为害情况

OccurrenceandDamage

麦蚜包括麦长管蚜、麦二叉蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和麦无网蚜，均属于同翅目蚜科。麦蚜除为害麦类作物外，也为害玉米、高梁、粟等禾本科作物及杂草。

麦长管蚜在全国小麦栽培区均有发生，是大多数地区的优势种；

麦二叉蚜主要分布在我国北方冬麦区；禾谷缢管蚜分布于华北、东北、华南、华东、西南各麦区，是多雨地区的优势种；麦无网蚜主要分布在华北及云南和西藏等地。

Atthewheatseedlingstage,wheataphidsmostlyfeedonthebackofleaves,leafsheathsandcoreleaves;Atthejointingstage,headingstageandfillingstage,theymainlyfeedonstems,leavesandears,andexcretehoneydew,whichaffectstherespirationandphotosynthesisofwheat.Theaffectedpartsshowlightyellowspots.Ifitisserious,theleavesturnyellowwhen,andeventhewholeplantwithers.Damagetothespikesresultsintheshrivelingofkernels,thedeclineofthousandkernelweight,andsignificantyieldreduction.Wheataphidsarealsoimportantinsectvectorsofwheatviraldiseasessuchaswheatyellowdwarfvirus.（一）发生与为害情况

OccurrenceandDamage

小麦苗期，麦蚜多群集在叶片背面、叶鞘及心叶取食；拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期集中在茎、叶和穗部取食，并排泄蜜露，影响小麦的呼吸作用和光合作用。被害处呈浅黄色斑点，严重时叶片发黄，甚至整株枯死。穗部受害，造成麦粒干瘪，千粒重下降，严重减产。麦蚜还是传播小麦黄矮病毒等小麦病毒病的重要媒介昆虫。

Atthewheatseedlingstage,wheataphidsmostlyfeedonthebackofleaves,leafsheathsandcoreleaves;Atthejointingstage,headingstageandfillingstage,theymainlyfeedonstems,leavesandears,andexcretehoneydew,whichaffectstherespirationandphotosynthesisofwheat.Theaffectedpartsshowlightyellowspots.Ifitisserious,theleavesturnyellowwhen,andeventhewholeplantwithers.Damagetothespikesresultsintheshrivelingofkernels,thedeclineofthousandkernelweight,andsignificantyieldreduction.Wheataphidsarealsoimportantinsectvectorsofwheatviraldiseasessuchaswheatyellowdwarfvirus.四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheat

Aphid四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheat

Aphid（二）形态识别四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheat

Aphid(II)MorphologicalRecognition麦二叉蚜前翅中脉二叉四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphidBifurcationofForewingMidribSchizaphisgraminum麦二叉蚜Schizaphisgraminum四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid麦二叉蚜（Schizaphisgraminum）无翅孤雌蚜(Apterousviviparousfemale)

a.喙节Ⅳ+Ⅴ(RostralsegmentⅣ+Ⅴ)；b.体背毛(Dorsalseta)

；c.腹部缘瘤(Abdominalfibraemarginatae)；d.腹管(Ventraltube)；e.尾片(Cauda)有翅孤雌蚜(Alateviviparousfemale)

f.触角(Antenna)；g.腹部背面观(Abdomenindorsalview)；h.前翅(Forewing)四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphidSchizaphisgraminum麦长管蚜前翅中脉三叉四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphidMacrosiphumavenaeTrifurcationofForewingMidrib腹管黑色，圆筒形、极长Theabdominaltubeisblack,cylindricalandextremelylong四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphidMacrosiphumavenae麦长管蚜Macrosiphumavenae四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid

腹管端部缢缩如瓶颈状，腹部后方有红色晕斑。Theendoftheabdominaltubeisconstrictedlikeabottleneck,andthereareredhalosbehindtheabdomen.禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphumpadi四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphidRhopalosiphumpadi生活史

麦长管蚜麦二叉蚜禾谷缢管蚜为害特性喜光耐湿，嗜食穗部喜幼苗，畏光喜旱，嗜叶、叶鞘畏光喜湿，嗜食茎杆、叶鞘为害部位孕穗期多在上部叶正面，尤其是抽穗后绝大多数均集中于穗部为害拔节期多在植株下部叶背聚集为害，致害能力强；孕穗期为害部位上移，以倒二、倒三叶背居多小麦心叶和基部居多，为害部位较为分散繁殖力次之强差传毒次之最强最弱（三）发生规律1、生活史与习性四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid(III)OccurrenceRegularity1.LifehistoryandhabitsLifeHistoryMacrosiphumavenaeSchizaphisgraminumRhopalosiphumpadiDestructivecharacteristicsPhotophilousandmoisture-resistant,predatoryonearsPrefersseedlings,photophobia,xerophilous,predatoryonleavesandleafsheathsPhotophobiaandhygrophilous,predatoryonstemsandleafsheathsAffectedpartsInthebootingstage,mostofthemareonthefrontoftheupperleaves,especiallytodamagetheearsafterheadingInthejointingstage,mostofthemgatheronthebackofthelowerleaves,causingsignificantdamage;inthebootingstage,theaffectedpartsarehigher,mostofwhichisthebackofthesecondandthirdleavesMostofthemoncoreleavesandbases,scatteredlyFecundityLessHighPoorVirustransmissionLessHighestLowest

在重庆一年发生20～22代，几乎无越冬现象，即在平坝、浅丘麦区，冬季温度较高，麦蚜可以终年在小麦和其他禾本科寄主上繁殖，以有翅和无翅胎生雌蚜完成生活周期。InChongqing,thereare20-22generationsayear,andalmostnooverwintering.ItmeansthatinshallowhillywheatregionsinPingba,wherethetemperatureisrelativelyhighinwinter,wheataphidsmayreproduceonwheatandothergramineoushostsallyearround,andcompletetheirlifecyclewithwingedandwinglessviviparousfemales.

每年小麦播种出苗后，特别是早播麦田均会有不同种类的蚜虫迁入，但在翌年2月以前，气温偏低，蚜虫繁殖较慢，群体数量一般都不大。2月下旬以后气温同升，蚜虫繁殖加快，在小麦拔节孕穗期虫口急增。Afterwheatissownandseedlingsareemergedeveryyear,especiallyinearly-sownwheatfields,therewillbedifferentkindsofaphidsmovingin.However,whenthetemperatureislowbeforeFebruaryofthenextyear,aphidsreproduceslowlyandinsmallcoloniesgenerally.AfterlateFebruary,whenthetemperaturerises,aphidsreproducefasterandtheirpopulationincreasessharplyatthejointingandbootingstagesofwheat.

在气候、营养条件适宜时，产生无翅蚜，但当营养条件恶化或虫口密度过大时则多产生有翅蚜迁飞到适宜的寄主上继续繁殖。

Whentheclimateandnutrientconditionsaresuitable,winglessaphidswillbereproduced,butwhenthenutrientconditionsaredeterioratedorthepopulationdensityisexcessive,wingedaphidswillbereproducedandmigratetoappropriatehoststocontinuereproducing.四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid2、发生条件

OccurrenceConditions

自然条件下，温、湿度对麦蚜发生和消长起主导作用。温度在15～25℃，相对湿度40％～80％范围内，即中温低湿条件常有利于麦蚜大发生。蚜虫种类不同，适宜发生的温湿度范围不同。

Undernaturalconditions,temperatureandhumidityplayaleadingroleintheoccurrence,growthanddeclineofwheataphids.Whenthetemperatureis15-25℃andtherelativehumidityis40%-80%,whichmakesaconditionofmediumtemperatureandlowhumidity,oftenconducivetotheoccurrenceofwheataphids.Suitabletemperatureandhumidityrangesaredifferentfordifferentaphidspecies.

麦二叉蚜生长发育的最适温度为15～20℃，30℃以上滞育。

TheoptimumtemperatureforthegrowthanddevelopmentofSchizaphisgraminumis15-20°C,andthediapausetemperatureisabove30℃.四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid麦长管蚜的适温范围低于麦二叉蚜，为12～20℃，28℃以上滞育。TheoptimumtemperatureofMacrosiphumavenaeislowerthanthatofSchizaphisgraminum,whichis12-20℃,andthediapausetemperatureisabove28℃.

禾谷缢管蚜耐高温，在适宜的湿度条件下，30℃左右生育速度最快，但不耐低温，在1月份平均温度为-2℃以北的地区不能越冬。Rhopalosiphumpadiisresistanttohightemperature.Undersuitablehumidityconditions,itgrowsfastestatabout30℃,butisnottoleranttolowtemperature.Itcannotoverwinterinareasnorthofthosewherethemeantemperatureis-2℃inJanuary.

麦二叉蚜喜干燥，适宜相对湿度为35％～67％。而麦长管蚜比较喜湿，适宜相对湿度为40％～80％。禾谷缢管蚜喜高湿，不耐干旱，在年降雨量250mm以下地区不易大发生。降雨通过影响田间湿度而间接影响蚜量消长。但暴风雨的冲刷常使蚜量显著下降。

麦蚜的天敌种类很多，如飘虫类、草蛉类，食蚜蝇类、蚜茧蜂，食蚜蜘蛛和蚜霉菌等，其中以瓢虫的捕食蚜量最大，蚜茧蜂的寄生率最高，对麦蚜有一定的抑制作用，应注意保护与利用。Schizaphisgraminumprefersdryness,withasuitablerelativehumidityof35%-67%.However,Macrosiphumavenaeishygrophilous,withansuitablerelativehumidityof40%-80%.Rhopalosiphumpadiisliabletohighhumiditybutisintolerantofdrought.Itislesspronetooccuronalargescaleinareaswithannualrainfalloflessthan250mm.Rainfallindirectlyaffectsthegrowthanddeclineofaphidsbyaffectingthefieldhumidity.However,thenumberofaphidsoftendecreasessignificantlyduetothescouringofstorms.Wheataphidshavemanynaturalenemies,suchasladybirds,lacewings,hoverflies,aphidiidae,aphivorousspidersandEntomophthora.Amongthem,ladybirdsfeedonaphidsthemostandaphidiidaehasthehighestparasitismrate,whichhaveacertaininhibitioneffectonwheataphidsandshouldbewellprotectedandutilized.四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid（四）防治措施

Preventionandcontrolmeasures

防治麦蚜要以农业防治为基础，关键时期采用药剂防治，注意选择农药品种，严格掌握施药技术，减少对天敌的杀伤。非小麦黄矮病流行区，重点抓小麦穗期防治。在小麦黄矮病流行区，除进行穗期防治外，还要抓好苗期防治。Thepreventionandcontrolofwheataphidsshouldbebasedonagriculturalcontrol,andchemicalcontrolshouldbeusedincriticalperiods.Attentionshouldbepaidtotheselectionofpesticides,andthepesticideapplicationtechnologyshouldbestrictlyappliedtoreducethedamagetothosenaturalenemies.Innon-wheatyellowdwarfendemicareas,preventionandcontrolshouldbeemphasizedattheheadingstageofwheat.Inendemicareasofwheatyellowdwarf,effortsshouldbemadetopreventionandcontrolattheseedlingstage,inadditiontodoingsoattheheadingstage.四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid1、农业防治

Agriculturalcontrol

选用抗蚜耐蚜丰产品种；清除麦田内外杂草；适时集中播种，冬麦区适当迟播，春麦区适当早播，冬春麦混播区冬春麦分别种植。增施基肥和追施速效肥，促进麦株生长健壮，增加抗蚜能力。Selecthigh-yieldcultivarsresistantandtoleranttoaphids;removeweedsinsideandoutsidethewheatfield;carryoutconcentratedsowinginatimelymanner,appropriatelatesowinginwinterwheatregions,appropriateearlysowinginspringwheatregions,andplantingwinterandspringwheatseparatelyinregionswherewinterandspringwheatareblended.Increasebasefertilizerandapplyquick-actingfertilizerastopdressingtofacilitatethegrowthofwheatplantsandincreasetheabilitytoresistaphids.2、生物防治

Biologiccontrol

合理选用农药，注意保护利用天敌、促进天敌繁殖，充分发挥天敌对麦蚜的控制作用；有条件的地方还可人工繁殖或助迁天敌。Rationallyselectpesticides,payattentiontotheprotectionandutilizationofnaturalenemies,facilitatethereproductionofnaturalenemies,andgivefullplaytothecontroleffectofnaturalenemiesonwheataphids;whereconditionsareavailable,artificialreproductionorrelocationofnaturalenemiesmayalsobecarriedout.四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid3、药剂防治

Chemicalcontrol

（1）种子处理：在小麦黄矮病流行区，种子处理是治蚜防病的有效措施。可选用70％吡虫啉拌种剂60～180g，加水10L，与100kg小麦种子搅拌均匀，再摊开晾干后播种。(1)Seedtreatment:Inendemicareasofwheatyellowdwarf,seedtreatmentisaneffectivemeasuretocontrolaphidsandpreventdiseases.Itisappropriatetouse60-180gof70%imidacloprid,aseeddressingagent,add10Lofwater,mixwith100kgwheatseedsevenly,thenspreadoutanddrythembeforesowing.

（2）使用颗粒剂：结合播种，选用3％呋喃丹颗粒剂22.5～30kg／hm2，播种后撒颗粒剂，再覆土，可维持药效40～50d。(2)Useofgranules:Use3%carbofurangranules,22.5-30kg/hm2,accordingtothesowing,andspreadthegranulesandthencoverthemwithsoilaftersowing,andtheefficacymaybemaintainedfor40-50days.四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid四小麦蚜虫绿色防控GreenPreventionandControlofWheatAphid（3）小麦生长期施药：穗期防治蚜虫要按无公害粮食生产和有利于保护天敌的要求，选用速效、低毒、低残留农药。可选用烯啶虫胺、啶虫脒、氟虫·乙多素、吡蚜·螺虫酯等。喷药适期为小麦扬花后麦蚜数量急剧上升期。(3)Applicationofpesticideduringwheatgrowthperiod:Inordertocontrolaphidsattheheadingstage,quick-acting,low-toxicityandlow-residuepestic