《中西文化比较（英文版）（第2版）》unit 8 The Chinese and Western Painting

中西文化比较TheComparisonbetweenChineseandWesternCulture

Unit8TheChineseandWestern

PaintingBackgroundTraditionallyinfluencedbyConfucianism,Buddhism,andTaoism,Chinesepaintingisdominatedbylines,stressingoninnerenergyandetherealeffects.ThesubjectsinChinesepaintingaresimpleincomposition,buttheiressenceisusuallyvividlyconveyedwitharomanticcharm.InWesternpainting,theprincipleofexpressionistocreatetherealisticsceneasmuchaspossible.Sousuallypainterswillobjectivelydepictthecolor,theappearance,andtherelationshipbetweenthelightandtheshadowinordertoletviewerstofeeltheyaresurroundedbytheenvironmentandtheatmosphere.VocabularyExtensionTextA

Notes1.pedagogyn.

Pedagogyisthestudyandtheoryofthemethodsandprinciplesofteaching.①Thepedagogyandeconomicshavedifferentideasandvisualangle.教育学与经济学具有不同的观点与视角。②Experienceofpedagogyisnotonlyanactivitybutalsotheresultofthisactivity.教育学范畴内的体验，既是一种活动，也是活动的结果。TextA

Notes2.temperament

n.aperson’sorananimal’snatureasshowninthewaytheybehaveorreacttosituationsorpeople①Myprofessionhadanimportantinfluenceintheformationofmycharacterandtemperament.我的职业对我的性格和性情的形成有重要的影响。②Shehasaveryeventemperament.她的性情非常平和。TextA

Notes3.utilize

v.toputintoservice,makeworkoremploy(something)foraparticularpurposeorforitsinherentornaturalpurpose①Theagentswereabletoutilizetheirfullpotentialandexperiencetobuildupthecompany.这些代理人能够充分利用他们的潜力和经验来促进公司发展。②Wemustutilizeallavailableresources.我们必须利用可以得到的一切资源。TextA

Notes4.ovaln.

aclosedplanecurveresultingfromtheintersectionofacircularconeandaplanecuttingcompletelythroughit①Itismoreofanoval,itiselliptical.它更像是一个椭圆形的。②Eggshaveanovalshapeappealingtoartists.鸡蛋呈椭圆形，这种形状对艺术家具有吸引力。TextA

Notes5.geometric

adj.ofgeometry;

oforlikethelines,shapes,etc.usedingeometry,

especiallybecauseofhavingregularshapesorlines①Manypictureshavebeenbasedonsimplegeometricdesigns.许多图画是以简单的几何图案为基础的。②Inthiscontextthesimplicityofageometricmotifmaybemoreapparentthanreal.在这种背景下，简单的几何图案可能比真实的更明显。TextA

Notes6.contemplate

v.tothinkaboutwhetheryoushoulddosth,orhowyoushoulddosth①Thethoughtofwaristooawfultocontemplate.战争太可怕了，真不敢去想。

②Theconsequenceswouldbetooghastlytocontemplate.后果不堪设想。TextA

Notes7.

meticulous

adj.

markedbypreciseaccordancewithdetails①Andhewasawonderfullymeticulousmusician.而且他还是一位非常细致的音乐家。②HethankedtheChinesesideforthemeticulousarrangementsandwarmreception.他感谢中方给予的周到安排和热情款待。TextA

Notes8.

scroll

n.

aroundshapeformedbyaseriesofconcentriccircles(asformedbyleavesorflowerpetals)①ItwasascrollthatMoseshadwritten.这是摩西写的卷轴。②AncientscrollswerefoundincavesbytheDeadSea.死海旁边的山洞里发现了古代的卷轴。TextA

Notes9.perspective

n.

theappearanceofthingsrelativetooneanotherasdeterminedbytheirdistancefromtheviewer①Keepingapositiveperspectivecanhelpherstabilizeheremotions.保持积极态度能帮助她稳定自己的情绪。②Giventhisperspective,joblessnessloomsmuchlarger.从这个角度来看，失业问题将更加突出。TextA

Notes10.

extant

adj.stillinexistence;notextinctordestroyedorlost①Theoldestextantdocumentisdated1492.现存最古老的文件追溯到1492年。②Twofourteenth-centurymanuscriptsofthistextarestillextant.该文本的两份十四世纪的抄本仍然存世。TextA

KeySentences1.Chinesepaintersaretrainednotonlytoconveytheobjectsbutalsotoexpressmoodsandspiritsofthesubjects.notonly...butalso...不仅...而且...①

Shewasnotonlyintelligentbutalsoverymusical.②

Infact,everyonehasalampinhimself,lightitactivelynotonlyforothers,but

alsoforyourself!TextA

KeySentences2.

Itisregardedasaformofspiritualandartisticself-discipline.Paintersfrequentlycopytheworksofpreviousmasters.beregardedas...

被当作……

Afterexperiencingawealthofpowerful,well-timedfriendshipindicators,theuserwouldbeverylikelytoacceptthecomputerasfarmorethanamachineandmightwellcometoregarditasafriend.TextA

KeySentences3.TraditionalChinesepaintinghasitsspecialmaterialsandtools,consistingofbrushes,inkandpigments,Xuanpaper,silk,andvariouskindsofinkstones.Culturaltip:自宋朝以来“文房四宝”则特指宣笔（安徽宣城）、徽墨（安徽徽州歙县)、宣纸（安徽宣城泾县）、歙砚（安徽徽州歙县）、洮砚（甘肃卓尼县）、端砚（广东肇庆，古称端州）。TextAI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamouspaintingworksinChinesehistory.TextA2.WriteashortpassageaboutthemostessentialphilosophyofChinesepainting.

ThemostessentialphilosophyinChinesepaintingistheunityoftheheaven,theearth,andhumanbeings.WhatChinesepaintersaretryingtoexpressisnotwhatmeettheeye,buttheirattitudestothenature.Thesepaintershavetheirprofoundloveandadmirationforthenature.Itispartoftheirculture,religiouspractices,andneedstodependonthenatureforsurvival.TextA3.Whatistherelationshipbetweenpaintingandcalligraphy?

Sincesimilartoolsandlinesareusedfortheearliestpaintingandwriting,paintingissaidtohavethesameoriginascalligraphy.Chinesepaintingworksalsoincludepoetryandcalligraphy.Thusthethreeareintegrated,givingpeoplericheraestheticenjoyment.TextAII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.Xieyi

“Xie”meanstowriteand“yi”referstothemeaning.Itismarkedbyexaggeratedformsandthefreehandbrushwork.Intheory,itisanartpractisedbygentlemen,adistinctionthatbeginstobemadeinwritingsonartfromtheSongDynasty.TextA2.Gongbi

Gongbiuseshighlydetailedbrushstrokesthatdelimitdetailsveryprecisely.Thisstyleisoftenhighlycoloredandusuallydepictsfiguralornarrativesubjects.Itisoftenpractisedbyartistsworkingfortheroyalcourtorinindependentworkshops.TextA3.figurepainting

Afigurepaintingisaworkoffineartwiththehumanfigureastheprimarysubject,whetherclothedornude.Thehumanfigurehasbeenoneoftheconstantsubjectsofartsincethefirstcavepaintingandhasbeenreinterpretedinvariousstylesthroughouthistory.TextA4.landscapepainting

Landscapepainting,alsoknownaslandscapeart,isthedepictioninartofnaturalscenerysuchasmountains,valleys,trees,rivers,andforests,especiallywherethemainsubjectisawideviewwithitselementsarrangedintoacoherentcomposition.TextA5.flower-and-birdpainting

Flower-and-birdpaintingisakindofChinesepaintingnamedafteritssubjectmatters.Normally,itdealswithawiderangeofnaturaltopics,includingflowers,fish,insects,birds,andpets.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextAIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.国画是汉族的传统绘画形式，它的内容和艺术创作体现了画师对自然、社会及与之相关联的政治、哲学、宗教、道德、文艺等方面的认知。1.ChinesepaintingisthetraditionalpaintingformoftheHannationality.Intermsofthecontentandartisticcreation,Chinesepaintingexpressesthepainter’sunderstandingofnatureandsocietyaswellastherelatedpolitics,philosophy,religion,morality,literature,andart.TextA2.1919年的五四运动促使中国人学习西方艺术，并将其引入中国。许多杰出画家应运而生，他们的画作吸收了西方古典主义、浪漫主义和印象主义等元素，展示了中西艺术风格的完美融合。2.TheMay4thMovementof1919inspiredChinesetolearnfromWesternartandintroduceittoChina.Manyoutstandingpaintersemerged,andtheirpaintingworkswererecognizedasaperfectmergingofthemeritsofbothChineseandWesternstyles,absorbingWesternClassicism,Romanticism,andImpressionism.TextB

Notes1.civicadj.oforrelatingorbelongingtoacity①Thecivicleadershelpedtoforwardtheproject.市政府领导者协助促进工程的进展。②Inshortyoumightsayalackofcivicpietyorrespect.简言之，你会说那是，缺乏公民虔诚或尊重。TextB

Notes2.patronage

n.theactofprovidingapprovalandsupport①Itseemsourlittleestablishmenthasfinallybeendeemedworthyofthebank’spatronage.看来银行终于认为值得资助我们这种小机构。②Thistypeofdividendissometimesknownasapatronagedividendorpatronagerefund.这种类型的股息有时被称为赞助股息或赞助退款。TextB

Notes3.evident

adj.clearlyrevealedtothemindorthesensesorjudgment①Itwasevidentthatsomeonehadgonethroughmypossessions.显然有人翻过我的物品。②Itisself-evidentthatwewillneverhaveenoughresourcestomeetthedemand.不言而喻，我们将永远不会有足够的资源来满足需求。TextB

Notes4.anatomy

n.thebranchofmorphologythatdealswiththestructureofanimals①Aknowledgeofanatomyaddstotheappreciationofworksofart.解剖学知识有助于提高对艺术作品的鉴赏力。②Physiologyandanatomyarebasictomedicalscience.生理学和解剖学是医学的基础。TextB

Notes5.optics

n.

thebranchofphysicsthatstudiesthephysicalpropertiesoflight①Scientistsstudyingopticsandchromaticstodaystillmarvelathisfindings.今天研究光学和色彩学的科学家们仍对他的发现感到惊奇。②Ifsuchmaterialsbecamegenerallyavailabletotheopticsindustrythepayoffsfromsuchabreakthroughwouldbeenormous.

如果这些材料能够普遍用于光学产业，那么这一突破带来的收益将非常巨大。TextB

Notes6.asymmetric

adj.characterizedbyasymmetryinthespatialarrangementorplacementofpartsorcomponents①Mostpeople’sfacesareasymmetric.大多数人的脸不对称。②Asymmetricinformationisnothingnew.信息不对称并不是什么新鲜话题。TextB

Notes7.contiguous

adj.

verycloseorconnectedinspaceortime①Thecountriesarecontiguous.这些国家互相接壤。②Thebruisingwasnotcontiguoustothewound.这青肿块不在伤口边上。TextB

Notes8.pluralism

n.

asocialorganizationinwhichdiversityofracialorreligiousorethnicorculturalgroupsistolerated①Woman’sindividualdifferencesandmoralpluralismareconcretereflections.女性的个体差异、道德多元选择就是女性多元化的具体体现。②Andthosepositionsliveinthewiderframeofpluralism.这些立场都存在于多元主义更宽泛的框架之内。TextB

Notes9.consensusn.agreementinthejudgmentoropinionreachedbyagroupasawhole①Thereisagrowingconsensusofopiniononthisissue.对这个问题的看法日趋一致。②Theconsensusamongtheworld’sscientistsisthattheworldislikelytowarmupoverthenextfewdecades.全世界科学家的共识是地球可能在未来几十年中变暖。TextB

Notes10.albeit

conj.aneventthatresultsinatransformation①Hefinallyagreed,albeitreluctantly,tohelpus.尽管勉强，他最后还是同意帮助我们。②Butheisapragmatist,albeitaprincipledone.但他是一个实用主义者，尽管他有自己的原则。TextB

KeySentences1.

Bycoincidence,oilpaintswerealsodevelopedatthistime,whichmadethecolorsusedinpaintingworkslookricheranddeeper.bycoincidence碰巧accidentalcoincidence偶然巧合coincidentadj.一致的，同时发生的Wearrivedatthesametimebycoincidence.oilpaints

n.油画TextB

KeySentences2.

AmongthepainterswhobrokeawayfromthetraditionalstyleofpaintingweretheImpressionists,wholivedandworkedinParis.brokeawayfrom脱离，放弃，打破Thecompanywantstobreakawayfromitsdownmarketimage.Impressionist印象派画家TheFrenchimpressionistsoftenpainteddirectlyfromnature.TextB

KeySentences3.

BaroqueartwasmeanttoevoketheemotionandthepassioninsteadofthecalmrationalitythathadbeenprizedduringtheRenaissance.evoke唤起，引起evokeresponse引起共鸣Eachkindofmusiccanstiralistenerandevokearesponseinhim.Culturaltip:宏伟壮观，充满动感，精湛的透视变奏（如前缩法），戏剧性的构图，起伏波动，体现无限的空间，加以理想光的对比，使画面产生统一协调如舞台布景的效果是巴洛克绘画的特色。TextBI.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.1.ListsomefamouspaintingworksinWesternhistory.TextB2.WriteashortpassageaboutthemainfeatureofWesternpainting.Itisingeneraldistinguishedbyitsconcentrationontherepresentationofthehumanfigure,whetherintheheroiccontextofantiquityorthereligiouscontextoftheearlyChristianandMedievalworld.TextB3.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternpaintinginsubjects?

IntheWest,thehumanformhasbeenthepointofcentralinterestthroughoutmostofitshistory.Landscapeasamajorthemeemergedcomparativelylate.InChinaitwasotherwise.Landscapecametoassumethehighestplace.ArtistsinancientChinafoundtheiraspirationinnature.TextBII.ExplainthefollowingwordsandexpressionsinEnglish.1.Baroque

TheBaroqueisoftenconsideredasaperiodofartisticstylethatusedexaggeratedmotionandclear,easilyinterpreteddetailtoproducedrama,tension,exuberance,andgrandeurinpainting.Thestylebeganaround16thcenturyinRomeandItalyandspreadtomostofEurope.TextB2.Rococo

Rococoisan18thcenturyartisticmovementandstyle,affectingmanyaspectsofpainting.Itdevelopedintheearly18thcenturyinFranceasareactionagainstthegrandeur,symmetry,andstrictregulationsofthepreviousBaroquestyle.TextB3.Impressionism

Impressionismisa19thcenturyartmovementcharacterizedbyrelativelysmall,thin,yetvisiblebrushstrokes,opencomposition,emphasisonaccuratedepictionoflightinitschangingqualities,ordinarysubjectmatter,andunusualvisualangles.TextB4.perspective

Perspectivereferstotheeffecttheatmospherehasontheappearanceofanobjectasitisviewedfromadistance.Inart,especiallypainting,perspectivereferstothetechniqueofcreatinganillusionofdepthbydepictingdistantobjectsaspaler,lessdetailed,andusuallybluerthannearobjects.TextB5.Renaissance

TheRenaissancewasaperiodinEuropeanhistory,fromthe14thtothe17thcentury,regardedastheculturalbridgebetweenthemiddleagesandmodernhistory.ItstartedasaculturalmovementinItalyintheMedievalPeriodandlaterspreadtotherestofEurope,markingthebeginningoftheearlymodernage.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIII.Matchthefollowingwordsandexpressionswiththe

correctChinese.TextBIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.西方绘画的历史发展与东方绘画基本平行。非洲艺术、伊斯兰艺术、印度艺术、中国艺术和日本艺术都对西方艺术产生过巨大的影响。1.DevelopmentsinWesternpaintinghistoricallyparalleledthoseinEasternpainting.Africanart,Islamicart,Indianart,Chineseart,andJapanesearteachhadasignificantinfluenceonWesternart.TextB2.Inthe20thcentury,distinctionsbetweenwhatisgenerallyregardedasthehighartandthelowarthavestartedtofadebecauseofcontemporaryart’scontinualmixingwithpopularculture.2.

在20世纪，因为现代艺术与大众文化的不断融合，人们对高雅艺术和低俗艺术的区分开始消失。AlongtheRiverDuringtheQingmingFestival

MonaLisaTextCComparison1QiBaishiVincentvanGoghTextCComparison2

MogaoGrottoes

TheSchoolofAthensTextCComparison3

ShanShuiFigurePaintingTextCComparison4InkWashPainting

OilPaintingTextCComparison5Case

Study

透视与写意

据画家冯长江介绍，纽约大都会博物馆展览着齐白石、徐悲鸿、张大千、李可染等的绘画作品，这些画作与19世纪末20世纪初那些西方现代艺术大家的油画形成鲜明的对比。中国画这边访客稀少，另一边却人头攒动。“这种现象常常令我思考，中国画该怎样与世界沟通？”冯长江感叹道。Case

Study

“张大千也曾经评价过：“中国画常常被不了解画的人批评说，没有透视。其实中国画何尝没有透视？它的透视是从四方上下各方面进行的，现在抽象画不过得其一斑。如古人所说的下面几句话，就是十足的透视抽象的原理。他说‘远山无皴’。远山为何无皴呢？因为人的目力不能达到，就等于摄影过远，空气间有一种雾层，自然看不见山上的脉络，当然用不着皴了。‘远水无波’，江河远远望去，哪里还看得见波纹呢？‘远人无目’也是一样的，距离远了，五官当然辨不清楚了，这是自然的道理。所谓透视，就是自然，不是死板的。”Case

Study

分析点评

在绘画艺术中，西方绘画注重写实，它通过正确的比例、合理的透视、协调的色彩、完整的构图、逼真的形象等营造艺术形象；中国画更注重通过诸多形式因素，如笔墨、色彩、点线面等，表达作者的情感。中国画家对空间的透视不同于西方的焦点透视，中国画家欣赏宇宙空间大化，致力于表现大自然的节奏和谐。Translation

汉译英

1.写意和工笔

国画是世界上最古老的艺术传统之一。绘画时用毛笔蘸黑墨或彩墨在纸张或丝绸上作画。根据表现手法，国画可分为写意派和工笔派两大类。写意派以自由表达和形式夸张为特点；工笔派则注重以精细的笔法描绘细节。山水画被公认为国画的最高形式。纵观历史，不同时期的国画都相应地反映出人们的社会意识。Translation

Keys

1.XieyiandGongbi

Chinesepaintingisoneoftheoldestartistictraditionsintheworld.Thepaintingisdoneonpaperorsilkwithabrushdippedinblackorcoloredink.Accordingtothemeansofexpression,Chinesepaintingscanbedividedinto2categorieswhicharetheXieyischoolandtheGongbischool.TheXieyischoolischaracterizedbyfreeexpressionandexaggeratedforms,whiletheGongbischoolattachesimportancetodetailswithfinebrushwork.LandscapepaintingiswidelyregardedasthehighestformofChinesepainting.Throughoutthehistory,Chinesepaintingatdifferenttimesreflectspeople’ssocialconsciousnessaccordingly.Translation

Keys

2.水墨画

水墨画(inkwashpainting)是一种毛笔画。基本水墨画只使用深浅不一的黑色墨水。唐朝时，水墨画得到发展。人们普遍认为是王维将颜色加入当时的水墨画中。水墨画的目标不仅仅是复现物体的外观，还要捕捉它的灵魂。要想画一匹马，水墨画家不必太了解马的肌肉和骨骼，但必须了解马的气质(temperament)。要想画一朵花，水墨画家并不需要完全描摹它的花瓣和颜色，重要的是传达它的活力和芳香。Translation

Keys

2.InkWashPainting

Inkwashpaintingisatypeofbrushpainting.Onlyblackinkisusedforthepaintingofbasiconesinvariousconcentrations.DuringtheTangDynasty,inkwashpaintinggotdeveloped.WangWeiisgenerallycreditedasthepainterwhoappliedcolortoexistinginkwashpaintings.Thegoalofinkwashpaintingisnotjusttoreproducetheappearanceofasubject,buttocaptureitssoul.Topaintahorse,theinkwashpaintingartistmustunderstanditstemperamentbetterthanitsmusclesandbones.Topaintaflower,thereisnoneedtoperfectlyportrayitspetalsandcolors,butitisessentialtoconveyitslivelinessandfragrance.Translation

英译汉

1.

PaulCezanne

PaulCezanne,theearliestpost-impressionist,wasborninProvence,neartheMediterraneancoast.Asamanof