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Chapter4MaterialsandMethodsGraduateAcademicEnglishWritingContentsMaterialsandMethodsforanAcademicPaper1StructureofMethods2StepstoBegintheMethods3MovesforWritingMaterialsandMethods4
VoicesandTensesinMaterialsandMethods56QualityassessmentofMaterialsandMethods
1.MaterialsandMethodsforanAcademicPaper
Itgenerallycoverstheproceduralstepsandthematerialsemployedateachstep.Theguidingprinciplesofthispart:accuracyandreplication.Describingthematerialsandmethodsclearly.Makingthedescriptionscompleteandconcise.
GuidelinesandConsiderations
Answeringmostoftherelevantproblems
Describinginalogicalorder
AdvisedproceduresforthispartAnexampleandsampleanalysis2.StructureofMethodsFunnel-shapedStructureTypicalwaysofhowauthorsstartthissection
Anexampleandsampleanalysis3.
StepstoBegintheMethods3.
StepstoBegintheMethodsHowyoubeginwillverymuchdependonyourdiscipline.Tohelpyoudecide,takealookattheMethodssectioninpapersfromyourchosenjournal,andseehowauthorsstartthissection.Typicalwaysinclude:(a)Makingageneralstatementaboutyourmethod.Themethoddescribedhereissimple,rapid,sensitiveand...Thestudyaimstosecureinitialsupportforthehypothesizedmodel...3.
StepstoBegintheMethods(b)Referringtoanotherpaper.Thematerialsusedforisolationandculturearedescribedelsewhere.MaterialswereobtainedinaccordancewithBurgessetal.’smethod.(c)Statingwhereyouobtainedyourmaterialsfrom.Bacterialstrains...wereisolatedandkindlysuppliedby...ThisanalysisofthepublicallyavailablydatasetisfromtheCanadianCommunityHealthSurvey(CCHS)cycle4.1,2009–2010.3.
StepstoBegintheMethods(d)Explaininghowyoufoundyoursubjects,i.e.beginwiththesetting.Subjectswerechosenfromarandomlyselectedsampleof...ParticipantswereselectedfrompatientsattheGynecologyFacultyoftheUniversityof...(e)Indicatingwhere(i.e.ageographicalregion)yourinvestigationwasfocused.OurempiricalinvestigationfocusedonTuscany,acentralregionofItaly,...ThestudywascarriedoutinfourboulevardsinAthens(Greece)and...3.
StepstoBegintheMethods(f)Referringthereadertoafigurewhichshowstheexperimentalset-up.Tohighlighttheadvantagesofthesystem,Fig.1showsthe...InputfeaturesofeachmethodaresummarizedinTable4.(g)Startingdirectlywiththefirststepinyourprocedure.
Frontalcerebralcorticesweredissectedfrom...Core-cellcompositematerialswerepreparedbycolloidalassemblyof...Move1:Overview
ashortsummaryoftheresearchmethod,atornearthebeginningoftheMethodssectionMove2:Researchaims/questions/
hypotheses
descriptionoftheresearchgoals,thequestionstobeanswered,orthehypotheses4.MovesforWritingMaterialsandMethods4.MovesforMaterialsandMethodsMove3:Subjects/materialsinBusiness,LanguageandLinguistics,Law,andPublicandSocialAdministration,adescriptionofthepeopleinthestudy;inthesciences,adescriptionofthematerials,equipmentandsoonMove4:Location
descriptionofwheretheresearchtookplaceandpossiblywhy4.MovesforMaterialsandMethodsMove5:Procedure
discussionoftheprocessusedtoobtainthedatathatwascollectedMove6:Limitations
focusonashortcomingofthemethod,possiblyaccompaniedbyanexplanationMove7:DataAnalysis
descriptionofhowthedatawasanalyzed
Notice:Movesdonotnecessarilyappearintheordergiven.Asampleanalysisofexample3:
Elements
Specificsentences
overview/researchobjective
S1—S4
participants/subjects
S25samplingmethodsS29,S31,S34,S40procedureS34–S41restrictions/limitationunmentioneddataanalysisS45–S58Thefollowingchartisbasedonaclosereadingofexample3.Twobasicverbtenseswidely
usedinthispart:
presentsimple
pastsimple5.VoicesandTensesinMaterialsandMethodsPastsimple
whenyoudescribeactionsthatyoudid,bothbeforeandduringyourexperiments(inthelab,inthefield,whileconductingsurveysetc)Anexplorativeresearchapproachwasadoptedusingasevensurveyonopinionsandreligiousbackground.Thefindingswerecollectedusinganinternetquestionnairesurvey.5.BasicVerbTensesinMaterialsandMethods5.BasicVerbTensesinMaterialsandMethodsPresentsimple
whenyoudescribeastandardmethodwhenyouarepresentingyourprocedure,model,software,deviceetcFirstly,wedefinexasanexogenousmeasureofthenaturalrateoflongevityofpeople.Theapplicationrequires10TBofspace…Notice:Ifyouareindoubt,thenreadyourchosenjournalandcheckwhattenseusedinthissection.6.QualityAssessmentofMaterialsandMethodsSomerelevantquestionstomakeaself-assessmentoftheMethodssection.TwoImportantConcepts:ValidityandReliabilityTheconceptofvalidity“validity”referstotheeffectivenessofameasuringtoolinfulfillingitsintendedpurpose.Twoquestionsrelatedtovalidity:Whodecideswhetheraninstrumentismeasuringwhatitissupposedtomeasure?•Howcanitbeestablishedthataninstrumentismeasuringwhatitissupposedtomeasure?Theconceptofreliability
“Reliability”inrelationtoaresearchinstrumentrefe
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