统考版2025届高考英语二轮复习备考提升指导与精练16完形填空之说明文含解析

PAGE完形填空之说明文优培16完形填空之说明文优培16完形填空之说明文真题在线真题在线1.应用1.应用①2024（2024·上海卷·完形填空）Inthe1960s,DouglasMcGregor,oneofthekeythinkersintheartofmanagement,developedthemowfamousTheoryXandTheoryY.TheoryXistheideathatpeopleinstinctively1workandwilldoanythingtoavoidit.TheoryYistheviewthateveryonehasthepotentialtofindsatisfactioninwork.Inanycase,despitesomuchevidencetothe2,manymanagersstillagreetoTheoryX.Theybelieve,3,thattheiremployeesneedconstantsupervisioniftheyaretoworkeffectively,orthatdecisionsmustbeimposedfrom4withoutconsultation.This,ofcourse,makesforauthoritarian(专制的)managers.Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysof5people.Unlikeauthoritarianmanagement,somecultures,particularlyinAsia,arewellknownfortheconsultativenatureofdecision-making—allmembersofthedepartmentorworkgroupareaskedto6tothisprocess.Thisismanagementbythecollectiveopinion.ManywesterncompanieshavetriedtoimitatesuchAsianwaysofdoingthings,whicharebasedongeneral7.Someexpertssaythatwomenwillbecomemoreeffectivemanagersthanmenbecausetheyhavethepowertoreachcommongoalsinawaythattraditional8managerscannot.Arecenttrendhasbeentoencourageemployeestousetheirowninitiative,tomakedecisionsontheirownwithout9managersfirst.Thisempowerment(授权)hasbeenpartofthetrendtowardsdownsizing:10thenumberofmanagementlayersincompanies.Afterde-layeringinthisway,acompanymaybe11withjustatoplevelofseniormanagers,front-linemanagersandemployeeswithdirectcontactwiththepublic.Empowermenttakestheideaofdelegation(托付)muchfurtherthanhas12beenthecase.Empowermentanddelegationmeannewformsofmanagementcontrolto13thattheoverallbusinessplanisbeingfollowed,andthatoperationsbecomemoreprofitableundertheneworganization,ratherthanless.Anothertrendisoff-siteor14management,whereteamsofpeoplelinkedbye-mailandtheInternetworkonprojectsfromtheirownhouses.Projectmanagersevaluatethe15oftheteammembersintermsofwhattheyproduceforprojects,ratherthantheamountoftimetheyspendonthem.1.A.desire B.seek C.lose D.dislike2.A.contrary B.expectation C.degree D.extreme3.A.viceversa B.forexample C.however D.otherwise4.A.outside B.inside C.below D.above5.A.replacing B.assessing C.managing D.encouraging6.A.refer B.contribute C.object D.apply7.A.agreement B.practice C.election D.impression8.A.bossy B.experienced C.western D.male9.A.asking B.training C.warning D.firing10.A.doubling B.maintaining C.reducing D.estimating11.A.honored B.left C.crowded D.compared12.A.economically B.traditionally C.inadequately D.occasionally13.A.deny B.admit C.assume D.ensure14.A.virtual B.ineffective C.day-to-day D.on-the-scene15.A.opinion B.risk C.performance D.attractiveness【文章大意】本文是说明文，作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯·麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的X理论和Y理论，并介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论：授权管理及其作用。1.【答案】D【解析】考查动词。依据后半句“...willdoanythingtoavoidit”可知很多人为了避开工作而情愿做任何事情，说明那些人大多数人生性都是懒散的，都不情愿工作，他们尽可能地躲避工作。故D项正确。2.【答案】A【解析】考查名词。tothecontrary：相反的；tothedegree：在某种程度上；totheextreme：走向极端。在文章第一段中提到了X理论，大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，不愿对人和事负责，没有什么雄心壮志，不喜爱负责任，宁可被领导。而Y理论认为大多数人情愿对工作、对他人负责，人们情愿实行自我管理和自我限制来完成应当完成的目标。这是两种完全相反的理论，尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍旧同意X理论。故A正确。3.【答案】B【解析】考查词组。本句中forexample表示举例说明。这些管理人仍旧同意X理论，例如他们认为假如要员工效率高，就须要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故B正确。4.【答案】D【解析】考查名词。依据空后一句可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的确定是来自上而下的，没有任何商议的余地。故D项（上面的）正确。5.【答案】C【解析】考查动词。句意：不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。这而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确。6.【答案】B【解析】考查动词短语。短语referto：提到，谈到；contributeto：做贡献；导致；objectto：反对；applyto：适用于。亚洲人运用的是协商式的管理方法，全部人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故B正确。7.【答案】A【解析】考查名词。agreement：同意，一样；practice：练习，做法；election：选举；impression：印象。亚洲人运用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在达成一样基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A正确。8.【答案】D【解析】考查形容词。依据空格前半句可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更简洁与别人达成一样的目标。故D正确。9.【答案】A【解析】考查动词。依据前句“encourageemployeestousetheirowninitiative”可知是激励员工发挥主动主动性，也就是说在做出确定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出确定即可。故A项正确。10.【答案】C【解析】考查上下文串联。依据前句“thetrendtowardsdownsizing”（缩小规模的趋势），也就是要削减管理层的数量，可以干脆做出确定而不须要请示上级。故动词reduce（削减）符合上下文串联。11.【答案】B【解析】考查形容词。动词behonoredwith：被授予；beleftwith：留下，剩下；becrowdedwith：挤满；becomparedwith：与……相比。通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众干脆联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中心环节，提高了管理的效率。故B正确。12.【答案】B【解析】考查副词。economically：经济地；traditionally：传统地；inadequately：不充分地；occasionally：间或地。依据后句“Empowermentanddelegationmeannewformsofmanagement”可知授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。13.【答案】D【解析】考查动词。deny：否认；admit：承认；assume：假定，设想；ensure：保证，确保。授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，有利于确保整个商业支配的跟进。依据句意可知D正确。14.【答案】A【解析】考查形容词。virtual：虚拟的；ineffective：低效的；day-to-day：日常的；on-the-scene：现场的。依据后句“whereteamsofpeoplelinkedbye-mailandtheInternetworkonprojectsfromtheirownhouses”可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和互联网联系，说明这是一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故A正确。15.【答案】C【解析】考查名词。opinion：观点；risk：冒险；performance：表现；attractiveness：魅力。依据后半句中“intermsofwhattheyproduceforprojects,ratherthantheamountoftimetheyspendonthen”可知我们评价员工的表现是依据他们的产出而不是工作的时间，故C项正确。2.应用2.应用②模拟题（2024·河南南阳高三质量评估试题·完形填空）BridgingthegapHowdoesaprincipalinvestigatormakecommunicationamongdeafandhearingcolleagueseasier?Moreover,howarethelargenumberoffield-specifictechnicalterms41andcommunicatedinsignlanguage?These42differencesarenotremarkablychallengingtoworkaround.BlumbergtaughthimselfAmericanSignLanguageandhasinterpreters43inthelabduringtheday.Forlabmeetings,journalclubsandresearchseminars,hehastwointerpreterspresenttotag-teamsigning.Costsfortheinterpretersare44bytheNIH’sOfficeofResearchServices.Theonlylearningcurvethatheexperienced,Blumbergsays,wasrealizingheneeded45interpreters.Before,whenhehadonedeafstudent,hecould46theinterpreting.Asmoredeaffellowsjoined,Blumberg47full-timeinterpretersforhelp.Havinginterpretersaroundalldayisnotnecessarythough.“48,interpretersareonlyneededduringthedayifwe’rehavinglabmeeting,classes,importantfunctionsorevents,or49—posterpresentations,studentpresentations,guestpresentationsfrom50scientists,”Lundbergsays,“Therestoftheday,Idonotneedaninterpreter,51I’minlabandit’sindependentwork.”DuringhisPh.D.attheUniversityofMinnesota,Lundbergusedonlinechatplatformsto52withhisadviserandcolleagues.Orhewrote53awhiteboard,scratchpaper,orpapertowels.Hisadviserlater54thathekeepthescrapsofpaper,which“wasreallygoodadvice”,Lundbergsays,“becausetheywerereallygoodnotes.”“Thebestwaytoarrangethemostsuitableaccommodationsfordeafindividualsistoaskthem55theyneed,”saysDerekBraun,aformerpostdoctoralfellowwithBlumbergandcurrentlyaprofessorofbiologyatGallaudetUniversity.OneofhisongoingprojectsisacollaborationwithBlumbergandLundbergtoinvestigatetheroleofRasguanylnucleotide(鸟苷核苷酸)-releasingproteinsincancer.“56deafpeoplesign,”Braunsays.“Someareoral.Really,wecomeineveryflavorimaginable.Thebestjudgeofwhatthatpersonneedsisusuallytheperson.”Signingscientifictermsisnotunusuallychallengingeither.Whilenostandardizedsetofsignsfortechnicalwordsexists,colleaguesworkinginthesamelabdeveloptheirownsignsforthetermstheyfrequentlyuse.Ifeachlabdevelopssigns57whathappenswhenmembersofdifferentlabsmeet?LarryPearce,atechnicianinBlumberg’slab58isdeaf,explainstome.“It’sreallynotthatdifficultbecausewhenanindividualdoesnotunderstandasignweuse,they’llaskforclarifications(说明)andI’llfinger-spell.I’llspell59out.Theywilltellmewhattheirsignis,andI’lltellthemwhatoursignis.IfIliketheirsignbetter,Imightadoptitanduseiteveryday,orvice-versa(反之亦然),andeventuallyitbecomesmore60.41.A.adapted B.adopted C.adjusted D.announced42.A.culture B.pronunciation C.communication D.habit43.A.stationed B.canned C.cupped D.capped44.A.counted B.contained C.included D.covered45.A.better B.fewer C.more D.less46.A.carryout B.carryon C.makeout D.makeup47.A.turned B.sought C.referred D.led48.A.Inparticular B.Ingeneral C.Inconclusion D.Inword.49.A.colleagues B.interpreters C.presentations D.accommodations50.A.another B.any C.others D.other51.A.because B.though C.whether D.unless52.A.write B.read C.listen D.speak53.A.below B.on C.in D.beyond54.A.knew B.suggested C.discovered D.noticed55.A.which B.that C.what D.if56.A.Notall B.All C.Few D.Notenough57.A.independently B.dependently C.secretly D.occasionally58.A.where B.which C.who D.when59.A.them B.me C.myself D.it60.A.essential B.particular C.related D.universal【答案】41-45BCADC 46-50ABBCD 51-55ADBBC 56-60AACDD【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了以Blumberg为负责人的科学家供聋哑人沟通的手势语进行探讨，以架起聋哑人与正常人之间的沟通桥梁。41.考查动词。句意：此外，大量详细领域的专业术语如何用手语表达并进行沟通呢？A.adapt：使适应；B.adopt：采纳；C.adjust：调整；D.announce：宣布。B项符合语境，文章最终一句adopt同一词再现。故选B。42.考查名词。句意：这些沟通差异解决起来并不特别困难。A.culture：文化；B.pronunciation：发音；C.communication：沟通；D.habit：习惯。依据第一句话Howdoesaprincipalinvestigatormakecommunicationamongdeafandhearingcolleagueseasier?可知，C项符合语境，故选C。43.考查动词。句意：Blumberg自学了美国手语，且白天在试验室里还有翻译。A.stationed：派驻，把某人安置到某地；B.canned：装入密封；C.cupped：使成杯形；D.capped：覆盖。由语境可知，A项符合文意，故选A。44.考查动词。句意：口译员的费用由NIH探讨服务办公室支付。A.counted：算作、包括；B.contained：包含；C.included：包括、计入；D.covered：支付款项。依据句子可知，costs意为费用，coverthecost意为“支付费用”，故D项符合文意，故选D。45.考查形容词。A.better：更好的；B.fewer：更少的；C.more：更多的；D.less：更少的。后文提到Asmoredeaffellowsjoined，可知随着聋哑学生增多时，他须要更多的翻译，more修饰可数名词复数，故选C。46.考查动词短语。句意：以前，当他只有一个聋哑学生的时候，他还可以自己进行翻译。A.carryout：完成；执行；B.carryon：接着进行；C.makeout：辨别，理解；D.makeup：构成，弥补，化妆。由语境可知，A项符合文意，故选A。47.考查动词。句意：随着更多的聋哑学生加入进来，Blumberg就不得不寻求全职译员的帮助。A.turned：转向，转身；B.sought：找寻；C.referred：引用，提到；D.led：领导，导致。seek寻求，符合语境。A/C需加to；D选项意为带领，不合逻辑。故选B。48.考查介词短语。句意：一般来说，只有在举办试验室会议、上课、出席重要活动或项目时，才须要反应。A.Inparticular：尤其、特殊；B.Ingeneral：通常来讲；C.Inconclusion：总而言之，D.Inword：口头上。依据语境可知，B项符合语境，故选B。49.考查名词。A.colleagues：同事、同行；B.interpreters：译员；C.presentations：展示、阐述；D.accommodations：食宿。破折号后是对前文的说明说明，此处指海报展览，由此可知，C项符合文意，故选C。50.考查代词。A.another：另一个；B.any：任何的；C.others：不同的；D.other：其他的。other常用来修饰可数名词复数，依据文章可知，此空不指代详细的科学家。由此可知，D项符合文意，故选D。51.考查连词。A.because：因为；B.though：虽然，尽管；C.whether：是否；D.unless：除非。分析文章可知，空处后一句是对不须要翻译的说明说明，因此需运用从属连词，引导缘由状语从句。由此可知，A项符合文意。故选A。52.考查动词。句意：在明尼苏达高校攻读博士学位期间，Lundberg利用在线闲聊平台与顾问和同事进行了沟通A.write：写；B.read：读；C.listen：听；D.speak：说。依据文章可知，onlinechatplatforms是在线闲聊的平台，speakwith意为“和……谈话”。由此可知，D项符合文意，故选D。53.考查介词。句意：或者他会写在白板、便笺或纸巾上。依据文章可知，writeon为固定搭配，意为在……上写，B项符合文意，故选B。54.考查动词。A.knew：知道；B.suggested：建议；C.discovered：发觉；D.noticed：留意。分析文章可知，从句中的谓语在第三人称单数后运用了（should）+动词原形的形式，由此可推断该处应运用虚拟语气。由此可知，B项符合文意，故选B。55.考查连接词。句意：为聋哑学生支配最舒适住宿的最佳方式是询问他们须要什么。A.which：哪一个；B.that：那个；C.what：什么；D.if：假如。分析句子可知，该句为宾语从句，what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。故选C。56.考查部分否定。句意：并不是全部的聋哑人都须要用手势。A.Notall：并不是全部；B.All：全部的；C.Few：极少的；D.Notenough：远远不够。分析句子可知，后文中提到someareoral，说明不是全部的聋哑人都是一一个状况，应运用部分否定。由此可知，A项符合文意，故选A。57.考查副词。句意：假如每个试验室都独立地独创手势语，那当不同试验室的成员相遇时会怎么样？A.independently：独立地；B.dependently：依靠地；C.secretly：隐私地；D.occasionally：间或地。文中倒数其次段提到现阶段的技术用词没有统一的标准，同一个试验室的人员会依据他们常常运用的词来独创他们的手势。后文提到differentlabs说明试验室是分别独创自己的手势，由此可知，A项符合文意，故选A。58.考查连接词。A.where：哪里；B.which：哪一个；C.who：谁；D.when：当……的时候。分析句子可知，该句定语从句先行词technician是人，且从句中缺少主语成分，因此需运用关系代词who引导，故选C。59.考查代词。A.them：他们；B.me：我；C.myself：我自己；D.it：它。分析句子可知，指示代词it指代前文中出现的asign，故选D。60.考查形容词。A.essential：必不行少的；B.particular：特殊的；C.related：相关联的；D.universal：普遍的。分析文章可知，该空前提到：假如我更喜爱这个手势的话，就会每天用，最终就会使其变得更加普遍，故选D。提分训练提分训练Passage1Intoday’sbusyworld,it’seasytogetoffthecourseofourlife.HavingaLifeMapto1helpsuskeepmovingquicklyand2towardsourgoals.Ithelpsusquicklycorrectthingswhenweare3amess,andhelpsusfindtheright4todealwithunexpectedproblems.Butifwedon’thavethemap,alltheplanningintheworldwon’t5.We’llendupdriving6around,beingdistractedbymanydifferentpaths.Evenifyouknow7youwanttogo,youhaven’ttriedandhavenotruemethodofgettingthere.Ifyouweregoingtodrivetosomewhere8,firstlyyouwouldmapitout.Morelikely,youoftenlookatthe9fordirectionstomakesurethatyouwereontherighttrack.Youwouldbeabletotellquicklyifyouneededto10adjustments,correctamistake,orconsidera(n)11ofplans.Don’tletyourtemporary,currentdesirestakeprecedence(优先)overwhatyoureallywant,becauseanimportantpartofsuccessis12whatisandwhatisn’tadistraction.Forexample,asyouare13foryourparty,youseeasellerwithsomefreshflowersandyoudecidetostopand14someforyourfriends.Inthis15,astopalongthewayaddstoyourgoal.16,ifyoudecidetostopandseeamovieandarrivequite17attheparty,thenyouhavedetractedfromyourgoal.ItisexactlytruefortheLifeMap.Each“opportunity”mustbe18accordingtohowthiswill19yourfinalgoal—willthiscontributetoit20willthisdetractfromit?Therefore,boththedrivingmapandtheLifeMapservethesamehighpurpose:tokeepyouontherighttrack.1.A.focuson B.referto C.thinkabout D.adaptto2.A.suddenly B.possibly C.properly D.formally3.A.in B.to C.at D.for4.A.solution B.chance C.result D.excuse5.A.need B.lose C.exist D.matter6.A.excitedly B.unsteadily C.happily D.aimlessly7.A.where B.when C.whether D.why8.A.unusual B.unfamiliar C.unimportant D.unattractive9.A.road B.sky C.car D.map10.A.make B.collect C.show D.choose11.A.explanation B.future C.change D.arrangement12.A.dropping B.avoiding C.catching D.deciding13.A.preparing B.heading C.calling D.fighting14.A.putout B.workon C.pickup D.seeto15.A.time B.system C.area D.case16.A.Thus B.However C.Anywhere D.Still17.A.early B.timely C.fast D.late18.A.expected B.lost C.valued D.evaluated19.A.affect B.combine C.reach D.set20.A.but B.or C.and D.so【答案】1-5BCAAD 6-10DABDA 11-15CDBCD 16-20BDDAB【解析】这是一篇说明文。这篇短文说的是拥有一张人生地图，可以帮助我们不偏离正轨，快速而正确地朝着目标前进。1.考查动词词组。句意：有一张可以参考的人生地图，可以帮助我们快速而正确地朝着目标前进。A.focuson：集中于；B.referto：提到，涉及到，参考；C.thinkabout：考虑；D.adaptto：使自己适应于。人生地图是用来做参考的。故选B。2.考查副词。句意：有一张可以参考的人生地图，可以帮助我们快速而正确地朝着目标前进。A.suddenly：突然地；B.possibly：很可能地；C.properly：适当地；D.formally：正式地。用人生地图是为了正确地找到目标。故选C。3.考查介词。句意：当我们陷入混乱时，它能帮助我们快速订正，并帮我们找到正确的解决方案来处理突发问题。固定词组inamess：一片混乱。故选A。4.考查名词。A.solution：解决方案；B.chance：机会；C.result：结果；D.excuse：借口。人生地图是为了帮助找到正确的解决方案。故选A。5.考查动词。句意：但是假如我们没有地图，世界上全部的支配就都不重要了。A.need：须要；B.lose：失去；C.exist：存在；D.matter：关键，要紧。故选D。6.考查副词。句意：我们最终会漫无目的地前行，被很多不同的道路分散留意力。A.excitedly：兴奋地；B.unsteadily：不稳定地；C.happily：兴奋地；D.aimlessly：无目标地。依据第一段中Ithelpsusquicklycorrectthingswhenweare43amess可知选D。7.考查宾语从句。句意：即使你知道你想去哪里，但你没有试过的话，没有地图也不知道如何才能到达那里。此处是where引导的宾语从句。你知道去哪里也要有地图。故选A。8.考查形容词。句意：假如你要开车去一个不熟识的地方，首先你要把它在地图上标出来。A.unusual：不寻常的；B.unfamiliar：不熟识的；C.unimportant：不重要的；D.unattractive：不吸引人的。依据下文fordirectionstomakesurethatyouwereontherighttrack可知去不熟识的地方，要在地图上标出来，确保走对了路。故选B。9.考查名词。句意：更有可能的是，你常常查看地图，以确定自己走对了。A.road：马路；B.sky：天空；C.car：小汽车；D.map：地图。依据上文firstlyyouwouldmapitout可知选D。10.考查动词。句意：这样的话，你可以很快确定是否须要予以调整、纠偏或者变更原支配。A.make：制造；B.collect：收集；C.show：展示；D.choose：选择。固定搭配makeadjustments：做出调整。故选A。11.考查名词。句意：这样的话，你可以很快确定是否须要予以调整、纠偏或者变更原支配。A.explanation：说明；B.future：将来；C.change：变更；D.arrangement：支配。依据下文Don’tletyourtemporary,currentdesirestakeprecedenceoverwhatyoureallywant可知一旦有错就要订正或变更支配。故选C。12.考查动词。句意：不要让一时的欲望凌驾于你真正想要的东西之上，因为胜利的重要一步是确定干扰因素。A.dropping：落下；B.avoiding：避开；C.catching：抓住；D.deciding：确定。此处指要做出正确的确定。故选D。13.考查动词。句意：例如，当去参与聚会时，你看到一个卖鲜花的人，于是确定停下来给你的挚友买一些。A.preparing：打算；B.heading：朝着；C.calling：呼喊；D.fighting：打架，战斗。固定搭配headfor：前往，朝……方向。故选B。14.考查动词词组。句意：例如，当去参与聚会时，你看到一个卖鲜花的人，于是确定停下来给你的挚友买一些。A.putout：熄灭，出版；B.workon：接着工作；C.pickup：捡起，获得，买便宜货；D.seeto：留意，负责。此处pickup的意思是买。故选C。15.考查名词。句意：在这种状况下，中途停车成了你的目标之一。A.time：时间；B.system：制度，系统；C.area：地区；D.case：状况，实例。固定词组inthiscase：在这种状况下。故选D。16.考查副词。句意：然而，假如你确定停下来看电影，结果在派对上迟到，那么你就偏离了你的目标。A.Thus：因此；B.However：然而；C.Anywhere：在任何地方；D.Still：仍旧。前后是一种转折关系，故选B。17.考查副词。句意：然而，假如你确定停下来看电影，结果在派对上迟到，那么你就偏离了你的目标。A.early：提早；B.timely：刚好地；C.fast：快速地；D.late：迟，晚。此处指派对迟到，选D。18.考查动词。句意：对于出现的每个“机会”，都必需评估它对你最终目标的影响。它是有助于实现目标，还是会使你偏离原有目标呢？A.expected：期盼，预料；B.lost：丢失，失去；C.valued：重视；D.evaluated：评估。此处指评估目标。故选D。19.考查动词。句意：对于出现的每个“机会”，都必需评估它对你最终目标的影响。它是有助于实现目标，还是会使你偏离原有目标呢？A.affect：影响；B.combine：使结合；C.reach：到达，伸出；D.set：放，设置。依据常识，每个机会都会影响最终的目标。故选A。20.考查并列连词。句意：对于出现的每个“机会”，都必需评估它对你最终目标的影响。它是有助于实现目标，还是会使你偏离原有目标呢？A.but：但是；B.or：或者，否则；C.and：和；D.so：所以。此处表示选择关系“或者”。故选B。Passage2Aresearchshowstwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionofaculturalorpoliticalissue,notheateddebatesaboutafilmorabook,butplainandsimple21.Languageisourgreatesttreasureandwhatdowe22dowithit?Wegossip(闲聊)aboutothers’behaviorandprivatelives;howtodealwithdifficult23situationsinvolvingchildren,lovers,andcolleagues.Sowhyarewekeenongossiping?Arewejustnatural24ofbothtimeandwords?Ordowetalkalotabout25inparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflife?It’snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar,whosaysgossipisoneofthesereally26issues.Dunbar27thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectively.28,hesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.“Wedon’tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjust29wecantalk,”arguesDunbar,“30,”hegoesontosay,“languageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip.”Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe31ofthehigherprimates(灵长类动物)likemonkeys.Bymeansofgroomingleaningthefurbybrushingitmonkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupport32somekindofconflictwithinthegroupor33fromoutsideit.Aswehumanbeingsevolvefrominaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamily,Dunbar34thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.35togethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroupthegreaterthe36itprovided,ontheotherhand,thebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthe37oflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedtoeasethepressureandcalmeverybodydown.Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbigger,theamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe38tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearly,amore39kindofgroomingwasneeded,andthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocalgroomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one40contact.21.A.claim B.description C.gossip D.language22.A.occasionally B.habitually C.independently D.originally23.A.social B.political C.historical D.cultural24.A.admirers B.masters C.consumers D.wasters25.A.everything B.something C.anything D.nothing26.A.vital B.sensitive C.ideal D.difficult27.A.confirms B.rejects C.outlines D.broadens28.A.Still B.Besides C.Therefore D.Instead29.A.because B.until C.unless D.as30.A.forinstance B.inaddition C.onthecontrary D.asaresult31.A.motivation B.appearance C.emotion D.behavior32.A.intermsof B.infavorof C.inthewakeof D.intheeventof33.A.attack B.contact C.inspection D.assistance34.A.recalls B.denies C.concludes D.acknowledges35.A.Communicating B.Grouping C.Migrating D.Swinging36.A.prospect B.responsibility C.leadership D.protection37.A.stresses B.benefits C.barriers D.conveniences38.A.reduced B.extended C.consumed D.wasted39.A.common B.efficient C.scientific D.thoughtful40.A.indirect B.daily C.physical D.confidential【答案】21-25CBADD 26-30ABDAC 31-35DDACB 36-40DABBC【解析】本文是一篇说明文。探讨表明人们的语言中大部分不是重大的话题探讨和探讨，而是很多闲言碎语，这些闲言碎语是不是奢侈时间呢？RobinDunbar教授认为闲言碎语是特别重要的，在人类发展过程中属于特别重要的沟通形式。21.考查名词。句意：一项探讨表明，三分之二的人类对话不是关于文化或政治问题的探讨，也不是关于一部电影或一本书的激烈辩论，而是简洁明白的闲聊。A.claim：宣称；B.description：描述；C.gossip：闲谈；D.language：语言。依据Wegossipaboutothers’behaviorandprivatelives及下文多次出现gossip这个词可知，人类的对话大多数是闲聊。故选C。22.考查副词。A.occasionally：偶然地；B.habitually：习惯地；C.independently：独立地；D.originally：最初地。依据前句Languageisourgreatesttreasure可知此处是说：语言是我们最珍贵的财宝，我们习惯怎么运用它呢？故选B。2