阅读理解-主旨大意

ReadingComprehensionHowtogetthemainideaofaparagraphorapassage?

阅读理解-主旨大意

Amothermousewasoutforawalkwithherbabieswhenshefoundacatbehindabush.Shewatchedthecat,andthecatwatchedthemice.Mothermousebarkedfiercely,"Woof,woof,woof!"Thecatwassofrightenedthatitranforitslife.Mothermouseturnedtoherbabiesandsaid,"Now,doyouunderstandthevalueofasecondlanguage?”Part1Lead-inWhatisthestorymainlyabout?Woof！Itisimportanttolearnaforeignlanguage.Part2

考纲解读：根据最新高考全国新课标卷英语考试说明高考阅读理解旨在考查考生语言的综合运用能力,要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志等中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等,并能从中获取相关信息,具体要求做到:(1)理解文章主旨要义;(2)理解文中具体信息;(3)根据上下文推断生词词义;(4)做出简单判断和推理,理解文章的基本结构;(5)理解作者的意图、观点和态度。

主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一,主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括中心大意、概括段落大意、选择标题以及判断作者写作意图等形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题,能够拉开考生的分数差距,所以将此类题设为高考试题具有很好的选拔作用。研究近几年课标地区的高考阅读理解题可以发现,主旨大意题几乎年年都有,而且在大部分地区的阅读理解题中会有1~3道考查此类题。Part3

近三年全国卷主旨大意题的考查纵观近几年的高考，阅读理解中每年都有考查主旨要义的题目，虽然所占比重不太大，但是难度较大，是考生较容易失分的体型，应给予足够的重视，预计未来高考阅读理解考查主旨大意的题目比例将保持稳定，考查方式从原来简单的主旨概括向综合性归纳转变。考点202320222021归纳段落大意2道2道2道理解全文宗旨0道1道1道选定最佳标题1道3道4道1)归纳段落大意◆Whatisthefirst/second/…paragraphmainlyabout?◆

WhatdoesParagraph1/2…mainlytalkabout?◆

WhatdoesthewritertrytoexpressinParagraph1/2…?

Part4命题形式2)理解全文主旨◆Whatisthetextmainlyabout?◆What’sthemainideaofthetext?

◆Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthetext?

3)选定最佳标题◆Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?

◆Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?◆Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?◆Whichofthefollowingcanserveasthebesttitleforthepassage?一、段落大意类题型段落的中心思想常用主题句表达。所谓主题句就是概括说明某一段落中心思想的句子。阅读的主要目的就是读懂文章段落的中心大意,辨别文章段落的中心思想自然就成了一个很重要的阅读技巧,这一技巧同样在提高阅读能力和阅读速度中起着关键性的作用。解题方法如下:①概括段落大意。要准确概括某段的大意,就要知道该段的逻辑结构。如该段是按总分顺序组织,即首句做总的说明,其他句子对其进行具体论述,这种结构的主题句就在段首;如果按分总顺序组织,主题句就在段尾;如果按分总分的顺序组织,则主题句就在这段话的中间;如果对比各事物,那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。②揣摩段落大意。有时候作者不会直接写出主题句,而是通过各种方法暗示给读者,这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力,揣摩段落大意。如：散文

Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio，forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.

范例132.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.真题再现1234DPopularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.(Para2)

33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout？A.Theclassificationofthepopular.B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.A牛刀小试真题练习2二、理解全文主旨文章的中心大意往往由文章体裁所决定。议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点,往往采用“总—分—总”的模式,即第一段提出论点,然后是论据部分,最后一段得出结论(论点的重申),所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段;说明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程,主题句一般在首段;而新闻报道却是报道一个人物事迹或重大事件等,主题句常出现在首段首句;记叙文一般没有明显的主题句,需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意,但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子,则这个句子很可能为主题句。用浏览法,即快速阅读文首、文尾或每段的首句和尾句,搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门:①含有表示转折的词语(如however,but,infact,actually,等)的句子很可能是主题句。②首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。③作者有意识地重复的观点,通常是主旨;反复出现的词语,一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。④表示总结的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion,等。

Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(认知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.范例真题再现“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋转)andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod. B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanpsychologist D.Ateachingprogram.BWiththeyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤独),morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.Thedoorwaytopeaceandquiet,forNickBrightatleast,leadsstraighttohismother-in-law:shelivesonthegroundfloor,whilehelivesupstairswithhiswifeandtheirtwodaughters.FouryearsagotheyallmovedintoathreestoreyVictorianhouseinBristol-oneofagrowingnumberofmultigenerationalfamiliesintheUKlivingtogetherunderthesameroof.Theyshareafrontdoorandawashingmachine,butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen,bathroom,bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor.

牛刀小试真题练习Wefloatedtheideatomymumofsharingahouse.saysKathrynWhitehead.Ritacutsin:"WespokemorewithNickbecauseIthinkit'sabigthingforNicktolivewithhismother-in-law.”AndwhatdoesNickthink?“Frommystandpoint,itallseemstoworkverywell.WouldIrecommendit?Yes,IthinkIwould.”It'shardtotellexactlyhowmanypopleagreewithhim,butresearchindicatesthatthenumbershavebeenrisingforsometime.Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogetherhadrisenfrom325,000in2001to419,000in2013.Othervarietiesofmultigenerationalfamilyaremorecommon.Somepeoplelivewiththeirelderlyparentsmanymoreadultchildrenarereturningtothefamilyhome,iftheyeverleft.Itissaidthatabout20%of25-34-year-oldslivewiththeirparents,comparedwith16%in1991.ThetotalnumberofallmultigenerationalhouseholdsinBritainisthoughttobeabout1.8million.

Storieslikethataremorecommoninpartsoftheworldwheremultigenerationallivingismorefirmlyrooted.InIndia,particularlyoutsidecities,youngwomenareexpectedtomoveinwiththeirhusband'sfamilywhentheygetmarried.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Lifestylesindifferentcountries.B.Conflictsbetweengenerations.C.AhousingprobleminBritain.D.ArisingtrendoflivingintheUK.解析：主旨大意题。本文以Rita三代人同住一起为例，介绍了在英国多代人同住一起这一社会现象,根据已发布的研究报告和数据可知这种现象呈上升的趋势。故选D项。D主旨大意题干扰选项特征(1)过于笼统,不知所云。所给选项内容概括的范围过大,超出文章所述内容。(2)以偏概全,主次不分。所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容,或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容,或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。(3)移花接木,偷换概念。所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上,若不留神,极易选错答案。(4)无中生有,生搬硬套。所给选项的关键词虽然在文章中谈到了,但经过仔细阅读分析之后,发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。三、选定最佳标题标题具有醒目性、概括性和针对性的特点。醒目是为了吸引读者的注意力,唤起读者阅读文章的兴趣;概括性,就是指标题要覆盖文章的主要内容,体现文章的主题;针对性是标题要直接指向文章的主要特点。标题归纳题与中心大意题具有共同之处,当文章主旨是一个短语或一句简洁的话时,我们可把它看作标题;但是文章主旨往往是作者写作目的或写作内容的归纳,一般不作为文章标题。解答标题归纳题掌握以下三种方法:①正面肯定法:在理解文章主旨的基础上,揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨;②反面否定法:撇开原文,拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容,然后和原文对照,一一排除不符选项;③研读备选项本身:研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。范例1SomeoftheworldsmostfamousmusiciansrecentlygatheredinParisandNewOrleanstocelebratethefirstannualInternationalJazzDay.UNESCO(UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization)recentlysetApril30asadaytoraiseawarenessofjazzmusic,itssignificance,anditspotentialasaunifying(联合)voiceacrosscultures.Despitethecelebrations,though,intheUSthejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.真题再现It’sJasonMoran’sjobtohelpchangethat.

AstheKennedyCenter’sartisticadviserforjazz,Moranhopestowidentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.“Jazzseemslikeit’snotreallyapartoftheAmericanappetite,”MorantellsNationalPublicRadio’sreporterNealConan.“WhatI’mhopingtoaccomplishisthatmygenerationandyoungerstarttoreconsiderandunderstandthatjazzisnotblackandwhiteanymore.It’sactuallycolor,andit’sactuallydigital.”Moransaysoneoftheproblemswithjazztodayisthattheentertainmentaspectofthemusichasbeenlost.“Themusiccan’tbepresentedtodaythewayitwasin1908or1958.Ithastocontinuetomove,becausethewaytheworldworksisnotthesame,”saysMoran.Lastyear,MoranworkedonaprojectthatarrangedFatsWaller’smusicforadanceparty,“justtokindofputitbackinthemindthatWallerisdancemusicasmuchasitisconcertmusic,”saysMoran.“Forme,it’stherecontextualization.

Inmusic,wheredoestheemotion(情感)lie?Arewe,ashumans,gaininganyinsight(感悟)onhowtotalkaboutourselvesandhowsomethingasabstractasaCharlieParkerrecordgetsusintoadialogueaboutouremotionsandourthoughts?Sometimeswelosesightthatthemusichasawidercontext,”saysMoran,“soIwanttocontinuethosedialogues.ThosearethethingsIwanttofoster.”Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.ExploringtheFutureofJazz

B.TheRiseandFallofJazzC.TheStoryofaJazzMusician

D.CelebratingtheJazzDayA

Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Silencesmaybethoughtful,ortheymaybeemptywhenapersonhasnothingtosay.Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness,orworry.Silencemaybeviewedbysomeculturalgroupsasextremelyuncomfortable;thereforeattemptsmaybemadetofilleverygap(间隙)withconversation.Personsinotherculturalgroupsvaluesilenceandviewitasnecessaryforunderstandingaperson'sneeds.

牛刀小试真题练习1

ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicpartofcommunicatingamongpeople,justassometraditionalChineseandThaipersonsdo.Therefore,whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingandsuddenlystops,whatmaybeimplied(暗示)isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.Inthesecultures,silenceisacallforreflection.

Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmayusesilencetoshowagreementbetween