语法专题八动词的时态和语态

语法专题八动词的时态和语态[考点解析]一动词的时态一般现在时的用法表示经常性,习惯性的动作和现在的状态,特征.句中常用often,usually,everyday等时间状语.例如:Hegoestoschooleveryday.(经常性动作)他每天去上学.Heisveryhappy.(现在的状态)他很高兴.(2).表示按计划,规定要发生的动作,(句中都带有时间状语)但限于少数动词.如:begin,come,leave,goarrive,start,stop,return,open,close等.例如:Themeetingbeginsatseven.会议七点钟开始.Thetrainstartsatnineinthemorning.火车早上九点钟开.(3).表示状态和感觉的动词.如be,like,hate,think,remember,find,sound等常用一般现在时.例如:IlikeEnglishverymuch.我很喜欢英语.Thestorysoundsveryinteresting.这个故事听起来很有趣.(4).书报的标价,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时.例如:Wenmeetsjournalists.温(家宝)出席记者招待会.(5).在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来.例如:Ifyoucomethisafternoon,haveameeting.如果今晚你来.我们就开会.一般过去时的用法(1).表示过去某时间发生的事,存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作.例如:HesawMr.Wangyesterday.昨天他看见王先生了.Heworkedinafactoryin1986.1986年他在一家工厂做工.表示过去经常发生的动作(也可用“usedto”或“would+动词原形”代替).例如:DuringthevacationIoftenswam/wouldswiminthesea.假期期间我常在大海游泳.Iusedtosmoke.我曾经吸烟.注意:usedto表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态.一般将来时的用法一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态,其表达形式除了“will或shall+动词原形”外,还有以下几种.(1).“tobegoingto+动词原形”,表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事.例如:Itisgoingtorain.天要下雨了.Wearegoingtohaveameetingtoday.今天我们开个会.(2).go,come,start,move,sail,leave等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作.例如I’mleavingforBeijing.我要动身去北京.(3).“beto+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见.例如:Arewetogoonwiththiswork?我们要继续这项工作吗?Theboyistogotoschooltomorrow.明天这孩子就要上学了.(4).“beaboutto+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作.例如:Weareabouttoleave.我们就要动身了.(5).某些词,如come,go,leave,arrive,start等的一般现在时和现在进行时也可表示将来.例如:Themeetingstartsatfiveo’会议五点钟开始.Heisleavingtomorrow他明天就要走了.现在进行时的用法(1).表示此时此刻正在进行的动作,由“tobe+现在分词”构成.例如:Whatareyoudoing?你在干什么?(2).按计划,安排近期发生的动作.例如:I’mleavingforBeijingtomorrow.明天我要到北京去.(3).与always,constantly等连用,表示感情色彩.例如:Heisalwayshelpingother.他总是帮助别人.另外“系动词+介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义.例如:Thebridgeisunderconstruction.桥梁正在建设中.(4).用进行时表示渐变过程.例如:Thefoodisgettingcold.食物变凉了.注意:下列动词不宜用进行时:①感觉类:look,smell,fell,sound,taste,see,hear.②感情类:like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear③所有类:have,contain,own,hold,belongto过去进行时的用法(1).表示过去某一时刻,某一阶段正进行的动作,由“was(were)+现在分词”构成.例如:In1980hewasstudyinginauniversity.1980年,他正在一所大学里学习.HewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.当我进来时,他正在看小说.(2).与always,forever,constantly连用,表示赞成或厌恶的感情色彩.例如:Hewasalwaysthinkingofother,neverthinkingofhimself.他总是考虑别人,从未考虑自己.现在完成时的用法现在完成时由“have+过去分词”构成.其使用有两种情况:(1).所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,而对现在有影响,句中没有具体时间状语,例如:HehasgonetoFuzhou.他去福州了.(说话人认为他不在该地)Hehasbeentofuzhou.他去过福州.(说话人认为他在该地)(2).现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去.常与for…和since…等表示一段时间的状语或sofar,now,today,thisweek(month,year)等表示包括现在时间在内的状语连用.例如:HehasstudiedEnglishfor5years.他学习英语有五年了.HehasstudiedEnglishsince1985.自从1985年他就学习英语.注意”表示短暂时间动作的词,如come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的词连用.(3).还可用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作.例如:I’llgotoyourhomewhenIhavefinishedmyhomework.我做完了作业就去你家.Ifithasstoppedsnowinginthemorning,we’llgotothepark.如果早上不下雪了，我们就去公园.过去完成时的用法(1).表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态,句中常用by,before,until,when等词引导的时间状语.例如:Bytheendoflastyearwehadbuiltfivenewhouses.到去年年底,我们已经建起五所新房子.Ihadlearnt5000wordsbeforeIenteredtheuniversity.我上大学之前就已经学了5000个英语单词了。(2).表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去.例如:Beforeheslept,hehadworkedfor12hours.睡觉之前,他工作了12小时.8.过去将来时的用法表示从过去某一时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态.由“should或would+动词原形”构成.第一人称用should,其他人称用would.例如:Theyweresurethattheywouldsucceed.他们确信他们会成功.现在完成进行时的用法现在完成进行时由“have(has)+been+现在分词”构成,表示现在以前一直在进行的动作.有些词,如work,study,live,teach等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多.例如:Ihaveworkedhereforthreeyears.我在这里工作三年了.Ihavebeenworkinghereforthreeyears.我在这里工作三年了但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思.例如:Ihavewrittenaletter.(已写完)Ihavebeenwritingaletter.(还在写)注意:表示短暂动作的动词,如finish,marry,getup,come,go等不能用这种时态.二被动语态被动语态的构成方式：be+过去分词，口语只也有用get/become+过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。（1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。Myfriendgavemeaninterestingbookonmybirthday.Aninterestingbookwasgiventome(bymyfriend)onmybirthday.Iwasgivenaninterestingbook(bymyfriend)onmybirthday.②主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。Thebossmadehimworkalldaylong.Hewasmadetoworkalldaylong(bytheboss)③短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。Thechildrenweretakengoodcareof(byher).Yourpronunciationandspellingshouldbepaidattentionto.④情态动词和begoingto、beto、besureto、usedto、haveto、hadbetter等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be+过去分词。⑤当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：Peoplesayheisasmartboy.Itissaidthatheisasmartboy.Heissaidtobeasmartboy.PeopleknowpaperwasmadeinChinafirst.ItisknownthatpaperwasmadeinChinafirst.PaperwasknowntobemadeinChinafirst.类似句型有：Itissaid/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thoughtthat…（2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。②表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、looklike、consistto等。③表示归属的动词，如have、own、belongto等。④表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。⑤宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。⑥宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。⑦有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。（3）主动形式表被动意义。①当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.这种布易洗。Thesenovelswon’tsellwell.这些小说不畅销。Mypenwritessmoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。Thedoorwon’tlock.门锁不上。Thefishsmellsgood.鱼闻起来香。②当breakout、takeplace、shutoff、turnoff、workout等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。Theplanworkedoutsuccessfully.Thelampsonthewallturnoff.③want,require,need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。④beworthdoing用主动形式表示被动含义。⑤在“be+形容词+todo”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。Thiskindofwaterisn’tfittodrink.Thegirlisn’teasytogetalongwith.另外：betoblame(受谴责)，betorent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。（4）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。①beseated坐着Heisseatedonabench.（Heseatshimselfonabench.）坐在凳子上。②behidden躲藏Hewashiddenbehindthedoor.(Hehidhimselfbehindthedoor.)他藏在门后。③belost迷路④bedrunk喝醉⑤bedressed穿着Thegirlwasdressedinaredshortskirt.（5）被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：Thebookwassoldbyacertainbookstore.(被动语态)Thebookiswellsold.(系表结构)[高考示例]【例一】2004重庆高考Thecrazyfans______patientlyfortwohours,andtheywouldwaittillthemoviestararrived.A.werewaitingB.hadbeenwaitingC.hadwaitingD.wouldwait提示:句意为“这些疯狂的影迷已经耐心地等了两个多小时,并且还要再等下去,直到电影明星到来”.显然wait表示的动作在过去发生,持续到现在并仍在进行,故用过去完成进行时.答案：B【例二】2004北京高考Nowthatsheisoutofajob,Lucy______goingbacktoschool,butshehasn’tdecidedyet.A.hadconsideredB.hasbeenconsideringC.consideredD.isgoingtoconsider提示:句意为“因为Lucy失业了,她一直在考虑返回学校,但到目前为止她还是没有决定”答案:B【例三】2004浙江高考Becausetheshop______,alltheT-shirtsaresoldathalfprice.A.hascloseddownB.closeddownC.isclosingdownD.hadcloseddown提示:从后半句看来,所有T恤衫要半价出售,应该是还没关门,而是将要关门.close用进行时态表示将来.答案:C【例四】Everypossiblemeans______topreventtheairpollution,buttheskyisstillnotclear.A.isusedB.areusedC.hasbeenusedD.havebeenused提示:本题考查时态的用法及主谓一致.句意为“阻止空气污染的每一种可能的办法都已采用了,但空气仍不清洁”.means单复数同形,但句中means前有every修饰,故谓语动词要用单数,由句意可知应用现在完成时,故选C.【例五】Allmorningasshewaitedforthemedicalreportfromthedoctor,hernervousness______.A.hasgrownB.isgrowingC.grewD.hadgrown提示：句意为“整个上午，她在等着医生的医疗报告时越来越紧张”。答案：C【例六】JohnandI______friendsforeightyears.WefirstgottoknoweachotherataChristmasparty.Butwe______eachotheracoupleoftimesbeforethat.A.hadbeen;haveseenB.havebeen;haveseenC.hadbeen;hadseenD.havebeen;hadseen提示：此题考察现在完成时和过去完成时的区别。第一句中含有foreightyears，用现在完成时态；第二句表示发生在第一句之前的动作，用过去完成时。答案：D【例七】Thenewscameasnosurprisetome.I______forsometimethatthefactorywasgoingtoshutdown.A.hadknownB.knewC.haveknownD.know提示：句意为“这条消息对我来说来得并不惊奇，因为我早知道这家工厂要倒闭”。“知道”应在“关闭”之前发生。答案：A答案:C【例八】Mymindwasn’tonwhathewassayingsoI’mafraidIhalfofit.A.wasmissingB.hadmissedC.willmissD.missed解析：答案为D。本句考时态和语境。全句意思是；我的心没在他说的话上，所以恐怕他说的话我有一半没听到。整个事情是过去的事，且是做过的事，所以选一般过去时D。[触类旁通]动词时态、语态专练1.Themathsproblemcanbe______.A.easyworkedoutB.easytobeworkedoutC.easilyworkedoutD.easilytoworkout2.Everypossiblemeans______,butnoneprovessuccessful.A.hasbeentriedB.triedC.isbeingtriedD.hastried3.Thegirlisto______arichman.A.marrywithB.bemarriedC.marrytoD.bemarriedto4.Hereceivedatelegramthat______“Mothersick”.A.wroteB.saysC.readsD.read5.Whocanyouimagine______tohisweddingparty?A.invitingB.beinginvitedC.wasinvitedD.tobeinvited6.I______tenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.(NMET)A.gaveB.wasgivenC.wasgivingD.hadgiven7.——WillsomebodygoandgetDr.White?——He´salreadybeen______.(NMET)A.askedforB.sentforC.calledforD.lookedfor8.Aconductor______tokeepusintimeinthesingingyesterday.A.needsB.isneedingC.wasneededD.hasbeenneeded9.Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactory______yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.havenotdecided10.Ways______tostoppollutionbynow.A.mustfindB.willbefoundC.arefoundD.havebeenfound11.Idon´twantanything______aboutit.A.tosayB.saidC.sayingD.havingsaid12.——______thatthesportsmeetmightbeputoff.——Yes,italldependsontheweather.A.I’vebeentoldB.I’vetoldC.I’mtoldD.Itold13.Alibrarywithfivethousandbooks______tothenationasagift.(NMET)A.isofferedB.hasofferedC.areofferedD.haveoffered14.Bettyhasneverbeenheard_______illofothers.A.speakB.spokenC.tospeakD.wassaid15.Tom______tohavedeliveredthespeechintheirtheatreroom.A.saidB.saysC.issaidD.wassaid16.——Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?——Oh,excellent.It´sworth______asecondtime.(NMET)A.toreadB.tobereadC.readingD.beingread17.LittleJimshouldlove______tothetheatrethisevening.(NMET)A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking.18.______moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.(NMET)A.GivenB.togiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven19.——where______thebook?Ican’tseeitanywhere.——I______itrightherebutnowit’sgone.A.didyouput;haveputB.haveyouput;putC.hadyouput;wasputtingD.wereyouputting;haveput20.Hewouldnotfailsolongashe______hardthenextterm.A.studiedB.wouldstudyC.hadstudiedD.studies21.Howlong______theEnglishparty______?A.has;beenlastedB.did;lastC.was;lastedD.will;belasted22.What______you______thistimenextFriday?A.will;doB.have;beendoingC.are;doingD.will;bedoing23.Hardly______thebell______whentheteachercamein.A.did;ringB.would;ringC.has;rungD.had;rung24.It______andthestreetswerestillwet.A.hadbeenrainingB.rainedC.hadbeenrainedD.wouldrain25.Thebook______onthegroundfortenminutesbutnonoehaspickeditup.A.islyingB.haslainC.layD.hasbeenlying26.We______therewhenit______torain.A.weregetting;wouldbeginB.wereabouttoget;beganC.hadgot;hadbegunD.wouldget;began27.Theteachersaidwe______tenlessonsbytheendofthisterm.A.shouldhavestudiedB.weregoingtostudyC.havestudiedD.shouldstudy28.——shetoldmeshehadmetyouinLondonlastyear.——______you______hersince?A.Had;metB.Did;seeC.Would;meetD.Have;seen29.——When______again?——Whenhe______,I’llletyouknow.A.willhecome;willcomeB.willhecome;comeC.hecomes;comesD.willhecome;comes30.Tom______formorethanaweek.A.hasleftB.hadgoneawayC.wentawayD.hasbeenaway31.——Whathappenedtoherteeth?——She______theapplemorethanshecouldchew.A.hasbittenB.bitC.hadbeenbitingD.bites32.Shakespearewassaid______37famousplaysinhislifetime.A.finishingwritingB.tofinishwritingC.havingwrittenD.tohavewritten33.——You’veagreedtogo.Sowhyaren’tyougettingready?——ButI______thatyou______metostartatonce.A.don’trealize;wantB.don’trealize;wantedC.haven’trealized;wantD.didn’trealize;wanted34.——Imissedthelecturelastnight.——Oh,whatapity!Iwish______.A.youhearditB.youhadhearditC.youneverhearditD.youhadn’theardit35.I’llreturnthebooktothelibraryassoonasI______it.A.finishedB.amgoingtofinishC.willfinishD.havefinished36.——Yourphonenumberagain?I______quitecatchit.——It’s9586442.(NMET)A.didn’tB.couldn’tC.don’tD.can’t37.——I’msorrytokeepyouwaiting.——Oh,notatall.I______hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe38.WhenIwasatcollege.I______threeforeignlanguages,butI______allexceptafewwordsofeach.A.spoke;hadforgottenB.spoke;haveforgottenC.hadspoken;hadforgottenD.hadspoken;haveforgotten39.Thenewsecretaryissupposedtoreporttothemanagerassoonasshe______.A.willarriveB.arrivesC.isgoingtoarriveD.isarriving(NMET)40.——WhoisJerryCooper?——______?Isawyoushakinghandswithhimatthemeeting.(NMET)A.Don’tyoumeethimyetB.Hadn’tyoumethimyetC.Didn’tyoumeethimyetD.Haven’tyoumethimyet41.——Wecouldhavewalkedtothestation.Itwassonear.——Yes,ataxi______atallnecessary.(NMET)A.wasn’