时态语态语法

学习好资料欢迎下载学习好资料欢迎下载第1页共11页学习好资料欢迎下载时态时态的综合问题在说或写一句话时，通常要选择一个中心时态，这个中心时态影响其它时态，即时态要前后一致。以“现在”为中心：若开始叙述或描述着眼于“现在”，则常以“现在”为起点，从而会出现一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时或一般将来时连用的情况。Ourpostmanusuallydeliversourarrivalat7everymorning.It(be)nearlylunchtimeandthemailstill(notarrive).I(suppose)themail(come)soon.Perhapshe(be)ill.(is,hasn’tarrived,suppose,willcome,is)以“过去”为中心：若着眼于“过去”，则常以“过去某时”为基点，从而出现一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时连用的情况。Welivedinthestreet.They(build)housesallaroundusthen.We(be)therefor10yearsand(imagine)we(stay)therefortherestofourlives.(werebuilding,hadbeen,imagined,wouldstay)一般现在时1、所有或任何时候都发生的动作或情况，即重复发生的动作Howoftendoesshevisitherparents?Twiceamonth.2、永恒的真理Summerfollowsspring.3、①在条件或时间状语从句中I’llletyouknowassoonashegetsthere.②讨论计划和时间表或日程表时Weleaveat11:15andarriveat17:50tomorrow.4、固定词组如Isee（明白）、Ihear（听说）、Ithink（认为、想）、Ifeel（感觉）以引出已经了解的情况Iseethere’ssometroubleinLondon.现在进行时1、说话时正进行的动作或情况Someone’sknockingatthedoor.Canyouanswerit?2、发展中的或正在改变的情况Theweatherisgettingbetterandbetter.3、任何时候都可能在进行中的事情Idon’tliketobedisturbedifI’mworking.Youlooklovelywhenyou’resmiling.4、表示将来①可用下列词：go,come,arrive,leave,startHe’sarrivingtomorrowmorning.②通过一个表示将来的的时间状语Whatareyoudoingthisevening?5、现在进行时与一般现在时的对比①现在进行时用来谈论暂时的情况，一般现在时用来表示永久的情况，或经常发生的事情或习惯He’snotworkingveryhardatthemoment.（目前工作不努力）Hedoesn’tworkveryhard.（通常工作不努力）②讲故事、评论事、解说体育运动等用一般现在时来叙述故事中一件又一件的事Harrisonshoots,buttheballhitsthepostandJacksonclear.（哈里森射门，但是球碰倒柱子上，接着杰克逊解了围）一般将来时1、用will,shall表示①决定：谈及正在作出的一项决定时，常用I’llIwill，不能用begoingto,因为它表示事先就已经作出的决定Thephone’sringing.I’llanswerit.Cometoaparty.OK.I’llbringmyfriend.②威胁和允诺：第一人称用will(‘ll)；第二人称用shallI’llhityouifyoudothatagain.HeshallhaveagiftforChristmas.③提议和请求：用ShallI…?/Shallwe…?表示提议；用Willyou…?表示请求ShallIcarryyourbag?Willyougivemeahand?④Iwill/Wewill表示有强烈意图、提议、坚持或自愿做某事；不能用shallIwillstopsmokingIreallywill.2、用begoingto表示①已经决定要做的事情We’regoingtoFrancenextsummer.②现在肯定讲会发生的事情Lookatthosecloudsit’sgoingtorain.③强烈的决心I’mgoingtokeepaskingheroutuntilshesaysyes.3、用beabouttodosth表示最近的将来，“正要”，“马上就要”Iamabouttoleavewhenthereisaknockatthedoor.4、用betodosth表示预定要做的事情TheFrenchPresidentistovisitJapannextweek5、begoingto与will/shall的对比①都可以表示预言Doyouthinkthecarwillstart/isgoingtostart?②讲到条件时（即如果一事发生，另一事也就发生），用will/shall对将来进行预测，不用begoingto，即使条件没有说出来IfIgiveyoumoneyyou’llonlyspenditondrink.Comeoutforadrink.No,myTVprogram.A.I’mgoingtomissB.I’llmiss6、一般现在时及现在进行时表示将来的情况（见前面）现在完成时开始于过去并将持续到现在的动作常与下列词连用for…,since…,recently,lately,sofar,allthisyear,uptillnow,etc.I’veplanted14treessofarthismorning.Howareyoutoday?Oh,IasillasIdonowforalongtime.A.didn’tfeelB.don’tfeelC.wasn’tfeelingD.haven’tfelt2、在过去某个不确定的时间发生的动作，但与现在有某种联系，因为我们所关心的是“现在”还存在着“过去”发生某事的结果，常和下列词连用：ever（问句或肯定句)，already(肯定句),never(否定句),yet(问句或否定句),beforemyglasses?Yes,Isawthemonyourbedaminuteago.A.DoyouseeB.HadyouseenC.WouldyouseeD.Haveyouseeneg.1)--Haveyoupassedyourtest?--Yes.--Whendidyoupassit?--(Ipassedit)Lastweek.2)—Haveyoupassedyourtest?--Notyet.--Whenwillyoupassit?--Nextweek.对比：Haveyouseenthisfilm?（曾经经过）Didyouseethisfilm?（某特定时间）3、可表示反复性或习惯性，常与often,threetimes等词连用I’vewatchedhimonTVseveraltimes.4、终止性动词可用完成时，但不能和for,howlong等时间词连用，常用替换词ThisfilmhasbegunHowlonghasthisfilmbeenon?Begin/borrow/come/die/join/buy/leavebeon/keep/behere/bedead/bein/have/beaway5、其它和现在完成时连用的词:just,in(within)thepast(last)+时间段；对比Hehasjustfallendownstairs.Hefelldownstairsjustnow.6、特殊结构①Thisisthefirst(most/only)+n.+that-clauseThisisthebestfilmIhaveeverseen.②It’s+时间段+since-clause(从句用过去时）It’stwoyearssincehedied.Hehasbeendeadfortwoyears.Hediedtwoyearsago.7、现在完成时与现在完成进行时现在完成进行时强调动作延续到未来或仍在进行.I’vewrittenanarticle.（已完成）I’vebeenwritinganarticle.（还在写）一般过去时1、过去已经完成的动作、结束的事情，或在过去重复发生的动作WhenIwasachildwealwayswenttotheseasideinAugust.2、usedto:表示过去的习惯，现在不存在Iusedtosmoke,butIdon’tanymore.3、用在it’stime,wouldrather,wish后面的从句中It’stimeyouwenthome.IwishIhadabettermemory.I’dratheryoucametomorrow.4、在从句中用来说明现在还存在着“过去”的情况I’msorryweleftParis.Itwassuchaniceplace.5、could,might,would,should等“过去”的情态动词可用来指现在或者将来Couldyouhelpmeforamoment?Ithinkitmightrainsoon.Wouldyoucomethisway,please?Aliceshouldbeheresoon.6、一般过去时与现在完成时在时间上的比较①现在完成用的时间词:since,eversince,for…,recently,lately,sofar,yet,allthisyear,allmylife,ever,never,already,before,just,in/duringthelast/past+时间段,etc.②一般过去时所用的时间词yesterday,lastweek,in1999,when,yearsago,then,justnow,etc.过去进行时1、过去某时正发生的事情Whatwereyoudoingyesterdayatsevenp.m.?2、在一个句子里，过去进行时常与一般过去时连用，此时，进行时表示较长的正在进行的动作，而一般时表示较短暂的动作或事情ThephonerangwhileIwashavingmybath.Whenshearrived,IwastelephoningHarry.Whenshearrived,ItelephonedHarry.(到后做)ThereportersaidthattheUFOwastravelingtowestwhenhesawit.3、可用while强调同时进行的两种或几种动作WhileIwasworkinginthegarden,mywifewascookingdinner.过去将来时１、从过去的观点来看未来，常用在宾语从句中或间接引语中Lastweekhe(promise)that(come)today,buthe(notarrive)yet.(promised/wouldcome/hasn’tarrived)2、过去将来时的其它主要形式was/weregoingtowas/wereabouttoWewerejustgoingto(aboutto)leavewhenTomfellandhurthisankle.过去完成时１、过去发生的两个动作，先发生的用过去完成时WiththeirhelpIrealizedthatIhadbeenwrong.2、过去某时以前发生的动作或情况Hehasn’tfinishedyet.Hedidn’tfinishyesterdayevening.Hehadn’tfinishedbyyesterdayevening.3、常用过去完成时的情况①Nosooner…than….Hardly…when…Nosoonerhadhebegunhisspeechthanhewasinterrupted②expect,hope,think,want,suppose等动词过去完成（或一般时)表示想做而未做的事Ihadplannedtosendhimatelegram,butIdidn’tmanageit.4、使用过去完成时的必要性和非必要性①句意十分清楚时，可用一般时AfterIfinished,Iwenthome.②常用一般过去时表示依次发生的动作Igotoutofthetaxi,paidthefare（车费)andmanagedit.③有时必须明确，特别是含when时WhenIarrived,Annleft.(同时见到）（见到Ann)WhenIarrived,Annhadleft.（先后发生）（没见到）5、常用过去完成时的时间主状语bytheendof+过去时间by+过去时间bythetime+过去时间过去时间+before比较：Bythetimehewas11,hehadlearned3000words.Bythetimeheis11,hewillhavelearned3000words.Bythetimelastweek,Ihadlearned3000words.Bythetimenextweek,Iwillhavelearned3000words语态被动语态被动语态的句型1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）例如：HewasscoldedbytheEnglishteacher.2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分例如：Theboygotdrownedlastsummer./Shegotfiredbecauseofherfaults.注意：使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者”带有双宾语的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。如：Shelentmeabike.被动：1）Iwaslentabike(byher).2）Abikewaslenttome(byher).4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词例如：Thisproblemmustbeworkedoutinhalfanhour.5.双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分如Thesemagazinesarenotallowedtobetakenoutofthereading-room.=Themurdererwasorderedtobeshot.主动表示被动的几种情况1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep,tear等。例如：Thisknifecutswell.这把刀好切。Thesebookssellwell.这些书好卖。Thepenwritessmoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。Theclothwasheswell.这种布好洗。Meatwon’tkeeplonginsuchhotweather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turnout等。例如：Theapplestastegood./Theflowersmellswonderful./Thenewsproved/turnedouttrue./Cottonfeelssoft.注：prove也可用于被动式，如：Hisanswer(was)provedright.3.不定式在某些形容词之后,且与主语有动宾关系。常见：hard,difficult,easy,heavy,fit,good,comfortable,convenient,impossible等。例如Theproblemiseasytodo./ThequestionisdifficulttoanswerTheboxisheavytocarry./Theprojectisimpossibletocompleteinayear.比较：Theproblemistobedone./Thequestionistobeanswered.没有形容词时，虽然不定式与主语是动宾关系，但必须用被动式。容易误用被动语态的几种情况：1.IteachmyselfFrench.不可变为MyselfistaughtFrench.因为反身代词不可作主语。2.Wehelpeachother/oneanother.不可变为Eachother/Oneanotherishelpedbyus.因为相互代词不可作主语。3.Helostheart.不可变为Heartwaslostbyhim.因为象loseheart,makeaface,keepsilence,loseinthought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。4.Shetookpartinthesportsmeet.不变为Thesportsmeetwastakenpartinbyher.因为象takepartin,belongto,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。被动语态考点分析1.Ineedonemorestampbeforemycollection______.A.hascompletedB.completesC.hasbeencompletedD.iscompleted析：complete是及物动词，“邮集”是被人完成的，须从表被动意的C、D中选择。又因before等引导的时间状语从句中谓语要用一般现在时表将来，所以此题答案为D。2.——Doyoulikethematerial?——Yes,it______verysoft.A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt析：观察题干，空白线后无宾语，可知feel是不及物动词，表“（某物）摸起来…”意思,是连系动词，不能用于被动式，也不用进行时。根据此题对话情景，是指某种材料的常规特性，要用一般现在时，不能用过去时，故答案为C。feel作“感觉”、“认为”、“摸”等意时是及物动词，可带宾语，有时态，语态等变化。3．Greatchanges______inthecity,andalotoffactories______.havebeentakenplace…havebeensetupB.havetakenplace…havebeensetupC.havetakenplace…havesetupD.weretakenplace…weresetup析：takeplace（发生）是不及物动词，不可用于被动语态，于是可排除A、D，又因setup(建造)是及物动词，在此题中应该用被动式，故排除C，答案为B。4.Mostoftheartists______tothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited析：首先可排除B。因为它不表示“被邀请”。因D项少引导词who，也应排除。A项＝whowereinvited,C项＝whowerebeinginvited,由象invite这类短暂动词的现在分词被动式不可作后置定语，故也应排除。因而可定答案为A。5.Idon’tknowtherestaurant,butit’s______tobequiteagoodone.A.saidB.toldC.spokenD.talked析：根据“某人/某物据说…”英文句式为“sb/sth.issaid…”可定答案为A。又如：Heissaidtobeacleverboy.据说他是一个聪明的男孩。6.Thepolicefoundthatthehouse______andalotofthings______.A.hasbrokeninto…hasbeenstolenB.hasbrokeninto…hadbeenstolenC.hasbeenbrokeninto…stolenD.hadbeenbrokeninto…stolen析：“房屋被人闯入”，“东西被偷”都是被动语态，故可排除A、B。因C项中的hasbeenbrokeninto不能置于found之后，则答案只能是D。7.Ipromisethatthematterwill______.A.betakencareB.betakencareofC.takecareD.takecareof析：takecareof…是固定短语，若无of则不可带宾语，只能跟that从句。此题答案为B。8.Ifcitynoises______fromincreasing,people____shouttobeheardevenatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow.A.arenotkept…willhavetoB.arenotkept…havetoC.donotkeep…willhavetoD.donotkeep…haveto析：观察题干，第一处必须用被动式，答案只能在A、B中选一。条件句用一般现在时，主句应为一般将来时，故答案为A。9.TheOlympicGames,____in776BC,didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying析；要表达“被举行”，只能在B、C中选。B意“将要首次举行”。显然不合in776BC这一过去时间，只有C，firstplayed(＝whichwasfirstplayed)才合用。故答案为C。10.Thissentenceneeds______.A.aimprovementB.improveC.improvingD.improved析：初看此题似手A、C皆可，但improvement是元音开头词，其前要用an,故排除。need作实义动词，和require,want一样，后面可跟doing或tobedone表“需要被…”意。如：Thedoorneeds/wants/requirespainting/tobepainted.(这扇门需要漆一下。)11.Ishouldverymuchliketohavegonetotheparty,butI______invited.A.amnotB.haven’tbeenC.wasnotD.willnotbe析：should/wouldliketohavedonesth.意“本想做某事”，例如：Ishouldliketohaveseenthefilm,butitwasn’tpossible.由于这种句式表示“过去想”，所以but后的句子也应该是过去时态与之相配合，故答案C。12.——______thenote______toMrSmith?——No,Itisstillinmypocket.A.Is…beinggivenB.Was…givenC.Has…beengivenD.Hasn’t…beengiven析：问话人显然是注重结果，故要用现在完成时。似乎D作为反诘句“难道条还没给史密斯先生吗？”也成立，但若是这种口气发问，答话人就应答“Sorry.Itisstillinmypocket.”,所以此题答案应为C。13.Weheardit______thathehadgonetoNewYork.A.sayB.saidC.tosayD.besaid析：Itwassaidthat…可以改为Wehearditsaidthat…(都表示“据说…”之意)。前一种说法中It是形式主语，后一种说法中it是形式宾语。故此题答案为B。EXERCISES11.--Nancyisnotcomingtonight.--Butshe!A.promisedB.promisesC.willpromiseD.hadpromised2.Theythetrainuntilitdisappearedinthedistance.A.sawB.watchedC.noticedD.observed3.itwithmeandI’llseewhatIcando.A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave4.ShirleyabookaboutChinalastyearbutIdon’tknowwhethershehasfinishedit.A.haswrittenB.WroteC.waswritingD.hadwritten5.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallygetbythehour.A.payB.paidC.payingD.topay6.IfirstmetLisathreeyearsago.Sheataradioshopatthetime.A.hasworkedB.hadbeenworking1—6(ABDCBB)C.wasworkingD.hadworked7.himandthentrytocopywhathedoes.A.WatchB.GlanceatC.StareatD.Mind8.Hundredsofjobsifthefactorycloses.A.loseB.willbelostC.arelostD.willlose9.--Hi,Tracy,youlooktired.--Iamtired.Ithelivingroomallday.A.paintedB.hadpaintedC.havebeenpaintedD.havepainted10.--Isthisraincoatyours?--No,minetherebehindthedoor.A.hangsB.hashungC.ishangingD.hung11.--Alice,whydidn’tyoucomeyesterday?--I,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.7-12(ABCCCD)A.hadB.wouldC.wasgoingtoD.did12.--WhoisJerryCooper?--?Isawyoushakinghandswithhimatthemeeting.A.Don’tyoumeethimyetB.Hadn’tyoumethimyetC.Didn’tyoumeethimyetD.Haven’tyoumethimyet13.Visitorsnottotouchtheexhibits.A.requestB.arerequestedC.willrequestD.arerequesting14.–You’veleftthelighton.--Oh,soIhave,andturnitoff.A.I’mgoingB.I’llgoC.IgoD.I’vegone15.--DoyouthinktheSTARSwillbeattheBULLS?--Yes.Theyhavebetterplayers,soIthemtowin.A.hopeB.expectC.preferD.want16.–Hey,lookwhereyouaregoing!–Oh,I’mterriblysorry..A.I’mnotnoticingB.Ihaven’tnoticedC.Iwasn’tnoticingD.Idon’tnotice17.I’vewonaholidayfortwotoFlorida.Imymum.A.amtakingB.havetakenC.takeD.willhavetake18.Theprice,butIdoubtwhetheritwillremainso.13-18(BBBCAC)A.wentdownB.willgodownC.hasgonedownD.wasgoingdown19.Booksofthiskindwell.A.sellB.sellsC.aresoldD.issold20.--Whyhaven’tyouboughtanybutter?--ItobutIforgotaboutit.A.likedB.wishedC.meantD.expected21.Anewcinemahere.Theyhopetofinishitnextmonth.A.willbebuiltB.isbuiltC.hasbeenbuiltD.isbeingbuilt22.Haveagoodrest,youneedtoyourenergyforthetennismatchthisafternoon.A.leaveB.saveC.holdD.get23.OldMcDonaldgaveupsmokingforawhile,butsoontohisoldway.A.returnedB.willreturnC.wasreturning24.--You‘redrinkingtoomuch.--Onlyathome.Noonemebutyou.A.isseeingB.hadseeC.seesD.saw19-24(ACDBAC)25.AswejoinedthebigcrowdIgotfrommyfriends.A.lostB.sparedC.separatedD.missed26.Nickislookingforanotherjobbecausehefeelsthatnothinghedoeshisboss.A.ServesB.satisfiesC.promisesD.supports27.Allthepreparationsforthetask,andwe’rereadytostart.A.completedB.CompleteC.hadbeencompletedD.havebeencompleted28Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnologysorapidly.A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willhavechangedD.willchange29.Iping-pongquitewell,butIhaven’thadtimetoplaysincethenewyear.A.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.play30.Thenewsuspensionbridgebytheendoflastmonth.A.hasbeendesignedB.hadbeendesignedC.wasdesignedD.wouldbedesigned25-30(CBDADB)31.TimewillwhetherImadetherightchoiceornot.A.seeB.sayC.knowD.tell32.Therubberplantationasfarastheriver.A.advancesB.extendsC.liesD.develops33.Hecametomyclasseveryweek,buthisattitudehewasnotJreallyinterestedinthesubject.A.expressedB.describedC.explainedD.suggested34.E-mail,aswellastelephones,animportantpartindailycommunication.A.isplayingB.haveplayedC.areplayingD.play35.MothertoldJimtothemilkuntilitboiledandthenturnoffthegas.A.observeB.watchC.noticeD.glance31-36(DBDABD)36.Themanagerhastoimprovetheworkingconditionsinthecompany.A.acceptedB.allowedC.permittedD.agreed37.Insomepartsoftheworld,teawithmilkandsugar.A.isservingB.isservedC.servesD.served38.Idon’tthinkJimsawme;heintospace.A.juststaredB.wasjuststaringC.hasjuststaredD.hadjuststared39.--CanIjoinyourclub,Dad?--Youcanwhenyouabitolder.A.getB.willhavegotC.willgetD.willhavegot40.Idon’treallyworkhere,Iuntilthenewsecretaryarrives.A.justhelpoutB.havejusthelpedoutC.amjusthelpingoutD.willjusthelpout41.--CanIhelpyou,sir?--Yes,Iboughtthisradiohereyesterday,butit.A.didn’tworkB.won’tworkC.can’tworkD.doesn’twork42.A