古代汉语语法(Ancient Chinese grammar)

古代汉语语法（AncientChinesegrammar）

TheeighthsectionistheexpressionofpassivemeaninginancientChinese

1activesentence:subjectpredicateverbisexpressedbytheissueofaction,namelytheagent,asIread.

2passivesentences:principalisexpressedbytheactionoftheverbisthepatient,suchastherecipient,itbroke.

The3ancientChinesepassivesentencetypes:Asemanticpassivesentencessuchas:"Wenwangarrestedandhisbook......QuYuaninexile,butLiSaofu."Bpassivesentenceswithsyntacticmarks:

(1)"Yu".A"Verb+to+agent"suchas:chuhuaiwanginconfusionintheoutsidetobullyZhangYiZhengXius.Bomitstheword"Yu","Verb+agent"suchastreeYaoaxe,harmless.C"Yu"isoftenusedinthecompoundsentencesofactiveandpassivecontrast.Suchas:headworkerrule,laborwhorulethepeople.Thegrammaticalfunctionof"d"(preposition)isthesameasthatofPreposition"Yu".(2)"yes"."A+agent+verb",suchas:(myson)tocuttheRedEmperor'sson."B+verb",suchas:theparentsarenottoclans.(3)"see"."A+verb":ifpeoplearetoseeinsulttoshame."B+Verb+to+agent",suchas:theMIZixialoveYuWeijun.CthenorthernandSouthernDynasties,"see+verb(activesentences)"said"what",suchas"thefatherpassedaway."(frommyfather).(notpassive)(4)......Institute......"Sentence."A+agent++verb".Suchas:thefirstperson,afterthesystemismade.B"++transitiveverb",suchas"no","if","all"and"all".CaftertheEasternHanDynasty,"for"......Theplacewhere......""For......See"commoninHanWeiandSixDynasties,Tang.(4)"for""......Subordinateclause."A+agent++verb",suchas:thefirstisthepeople,forthepeopleafterthe.Bis"+++transitiveverb",ifnot,ifitisall,anditis.CaftertheEasternHanDynasty,"for"......Theplacewhere......""For......See"commoninHanWeiandSixDynasties,Tang.(5)theBeisentence"."A+agent+verb"suchas:ChenShangwascalledtoask.BinthepreQinperiod,"Bei"isatransitiveverb,meaning"cover,suffer,suffer",suchas:"lightisfourtables".CsincetheHanDynasty,sofar,"++transitiveverb"".Theglassisbroken.

TheninthsectionisthelocationandomissionofancientChinesesentenceelements

1ObjectPreposition:theobjectofancientChineseshouldbeplacedbeforeaverbincertaingrammaticalconditions.Thisphenomenoniscalledobjectpreposition.2typesofobjectpreposition:

(1)interrogativepronounsareusedasprepositionalobjectsininterrogativesentences.Aastheobjectoftheverbpreposition.Whowillbullyandbullythesky?Bisprepositionalinprepositionalobjectstructure.Forexample,theproverbsays,"whodoesit,andwhodoesit?"."

Itshouldbenotedthat:aindividualuse"as"wordsentence,interrogativepronounasobject,notpre,suchas"whoistheson?""B"how"is"whatisit",whichmeans"whatisright","what"isnottherealobject,andisnotrestrictedbytheprepositionalruleofinterrogativepronoun.C"how"semanticwith"how",translatedas"whatis",interrogativepronounsasprepositionstructure.D"how","how",thesituationisthesameas"how",whatisnottherealobject,notpre?.

(2)inthenegativesentence,thedemonstrativepronounorpersonalpronounistheobjectpreposition.Suchas"thesunandthemoonpassingaway,Timewaitsfornoman.""Theministersdonotsmellit.".".Therearetwokindsofsituationsthatcannotbefollowed:theobjectisnotapronoun,butanoun.Suchas"Icannotuseearlyson."."Twonegativewordsconstitutedoublenegation,inwhichthepronounobjectisusuallynotpreposition.Suchas:Mofucalls.

(3)prepositionwiththeobjectofanaphora.InancientChinese,theobjectofthenarrativesentencecanbeplacedbeforetheverb,butthereisanecessaryconditionthattheobjectmustbereferredbyapronoun,andthepronounusedinthecomplexreferstotheobjectof"yes"and"yes"".

Whynotthevalleyfor?Thebestisthebest.""OverseasChineseasthecountry,notthebigwords,smalldifficult,rudetodeterminetheirposition."".

Inaddition,therearetwocases:a"(butonly)is(the)++object+verb",thisformatmakestheobjectexpressionofthingscanbefurtheremphasized,suchas"butmorethanthis."Thatmeans"lookingoverthehorse".Itcanalsoactasaprepositionalobjectbypronouns,withonly"thepronounreferstotheobject".Suchas"whatdoeshecallit?""B"thisiswhatitmeans......"It'safixedformat,meaning"callit."..."Or"saythis."".Thepronoun"yes"isusedasanobject,andsometimesitisnecessarytoputitbeforeaverbwithoutreferringtoit.Suchas"KingSouthandnolonger,Iwasasked."(4)thepreposition"object"isadvanced.Inordertoemphasizetheobjectofthepreposition"object",theobjectcanbereferredtothefrontof"take"."Yes",thatis"therefore"Prepositionobjectpreposition:howtoknowit?.Heroicandcombatworthy。Wait。

4,thepositionofmomentumcomponents:AncientChinesegenerallyuseonlyasinglenumeraltoindicatetheamountofaction,andnumeralscanbeplacedintwogrammaticalpositions.(1)adverbialbeforetheverb.Suchas"Sanzhansanbei".(2)addthepronoun"person"aftertheverbcomponent,andthenaddthenumeral,sothatthenumeralisusedaspredicatetoindicatetheamountofaction.Thenumberofitemssuchas"fanZengWang,forthejaderingstoshowthree."

5,thesubjectofomission:(1)ontheomission:incomplexsentences,thefirstclauseappearssubject,andifthenextfewclausesofthesubjectisthesameasthefirstclause,thenthesubjectofthelastfewclausescanbeomitted.Suchas:BingXiasaid:"shoottheCharioteer,()isalsoagentleman."(2)omitted:thesubjectofthefirstfewclausesissubjecttothelastclause.Forexample:July(),opposition,August()inYu,September()inhouseholds,cricketinOctoberintomybed.

6.Ellipsisofobjects:Thisiscommoninancientchinese.Thereare:(1)theobjectexpressedintheobjectmentionedearlier,theobjectcanbeomitted.Suchas:WeiJianting,wideup,take()andkillwei.(2)theobjectoftheprepositioncanalsobeomitted.Suchas:(XiangBo)wanttocallZhangLiangand()allgo.

Tenthsection,ancientChinesepartofspeechuseflexibly

1,theuseofpartsofspeech:somewordscanbeusedinaccordancewithacertainexpressionandflexibleuse,inthesentencetotemporarilychangeitspartofspeechandbasicfunctions,thisphenomenoniscalledlyricstypeactiveuse.Suchas"fromleftandright,bothelbow"".The"elbow"inthesentenceisanounusedhereasatemporaryverb,meaning"elbowhit"".

2,makeuseoftheverb:referstothepredicateverbhas"howtoobject"mean.

3,theuseofverbs:(1)intransitiveverbcausativeusage:intransitiveverbsshouldnottakeanobject,ifyoutaketheobject,isgenerallyusedforthemove,saidtheactionorbehaviorsubjectmakesobjectoftheverbexpresses.Suchas:"ZhuangWuSheng,JingJiangshi.""Surprise"means"make"......Fright".(2)theuseoftransitiveverbs:Thisisrare.Transitiveverbscanbetakenwithanobject,informandusedasaverb,withoutdistinction,meaningonlyinmeaning."Butasdayfromhundredsofridetoseewang."The"from"canonlybe"make"......Follow".

4.Theactiveuseofadjectives:(1)adjectivesareusedasgeneralverbs,andifadjectivesserveaspredicatesinthenarrativesentences,theyareusedasverbs.Suchas:"benefittheLieshanandburnit.".""Fierce"describesthefire,hereis"magnifyingfire."".(2)thecausativeuseofanadjective:theobjectofwhichitisdirected,thenatureorstateoftheadjective.Suchas"theDashi,cleantheirhouses,beautifulclothes,eatthefood.""Purity","beauty"and"satiety"areadjectives.Theyareusedinsentences......"Clean"......"Gorgeous""make"......Satiety".(3)describetheconationwords:referstothepredicate"thinkhowobject"or"astheobjectofwhat".Suchas:Gan,itsfood,

Thebeautyoftheclothes,thesecurityoftheirhome,"therefore."Theword"sweet"and"beauty","security"and"music"istheadjectiveverbsignificantion,translatedas"thought......"Sweet"......"Gorgeous"......"Easy"......Happy".

5,nounsuseflexibly:(1)nounsusedasgeneralverbs:forexample:"fanaddednumberofKing","eye"is"withtheeyes,"meaning.(2)thecausativeuseofnouns:whenanounisusedasaverb,itsobjectbecomesthepersonorthingrepresentedbythenoun,ortheactofrelatingtothenoun.Suchas:"althoughthethoughtandwaxbait,canhavestrongwinds,Wan,fistula,atwin."Theoriginalmeaningof"wax"is"drymeat".Thissentenceisusedasacausativeusage"(the)becomedrymeat"(3)conationofnouns:isthepersonorthingobjectrepresentedasapersonorthingthatexpressedbynouns.Suchas"Friendsofthewindandrain"means"lookoutasafriend,asasonoftherain".(4)nounsusedasadverbialmodifierarequitecommoninancientChinese.Theyarenotusedflexibly,butfortheconvenienceofnarration.

6,nounsasadverbialtypes:(1)indicatingpremises.Suchas"theghostofhissonLiQiueffectwithhelpandbitter."Theword"Dao"means"adverbial"ontheroad.Anotherexampleis"thecalendaroftheworld,"tingsaidthekingofprinces"."Ting"means"intheimperialcourt"".(2)atoolorbasisforexpressingbehavior.Suchas"losethetime,thelawiscut","law"means"inaccordancewiththelaw."".(3)showpeople'sattitudetowardsothers.Suchas"QindropDuonufromtheprinces,dukes.""SlaveSlave"istranslatedas"slave"".(4)figurativelyspeaking.Suchas"sisterhuntingawayfourtimessince,kneelingandXie","snake"islikeasnake".Again,"theworldgatheredinresponse,winthegrainandthekingfrom."."Inthesentence"cloud","sound"and"Jing"arenounsasadverbials.Likeclouds(gather),likeecho(should),likeshadow(following)".

7,ancientChinesenounsandadjectivesareusedasverbrecognition:

(1)name+name.Aname+verbname,verbobject,suchas"kingworld"".B+name,verb-subjectpredicate.Suchas"Shengwang".CA+(in)+tocomplement.Suchas"WangGuanzhong",shouldberegardedas"WangYuGuanzhong"".(2)shape+nameandverbobject.Suchas"goodgoodHouHou",ZhangLiang".(3)name,shape,move+,Imoveobject.Suchas"wife","AnnI"".(4)auxiliaryverbs,"what","Adverb+name","verb","compoundverb","syntheticpredicate","the"wordstructure,"shape"structure.Suchas"cannotwater","plowing","norain."".(5)averb+prepositionstructure,predicatecomplement.Suchas"winddanceyu".(6)a+and+verb,verbalcombinedstructure,suchasclothesandsee".

8,toidentifydynamicandconative:(1)thename,shape,verbscanbeusedastheonlynameandshape;therecanbenorealconation,verb.(2)itisanobjectiveresulttomaketheobject"whattodo"and"whattodo".Isthattheobjectmove"how","astheobject,whatisthesubjectiveviewsandideas.Suchas:"theDashi,cleantheirhouses,beautifulclothes,eatthefood."And"food,itsownservice,thesecurityoftheirhome,"therefore."Twoverysimilar,butitcanbeseenfromtheanalysisofthecontextintheprevioussentenceistheobjectivebehavior,istomakethemove,afterthesentenceissubjective,isconative.9,identificationofnounadverbials:principal+name+verb

Eleventhpronouns

1interrogativepronoun:accordingtotheinterrogativepronounpronoun,theinterrogativepronouninancientChinesecanbedividedintothreekinds.(1)ofpersons."Who,who?"".A"who"isusedingeneralquestions,whichcanbethepredicateofthesubject,object,set,languageandsentence.B"what"isusedtochoosequestions,usuallywithantecedentwords.Suchas:"whatisbeautybetweenmeandXuGong?""Whichoneisusuallythesubjectonly?.Itcanalsorefertothingsandplaces.Whatisthecomparisonbetween"whatandwhat"?";

Forsurelistofrhetoricalquestions,butwaitfordeath,whichis:"withthecutting."Thereis"somewherecomparable"meaning.(2)ofobjects."He,Hu,Xi,andetc.."What:"astheprincipal,theguest,thejudge,thejudge,"a"isoftenusedtoinquireaboutthereasonsormethods,suchas:"XuZi,whynotforcultivation?""What"why"?Baskedthepremises,suchas"what'stheson'sdesire?""Where?"."Hu,Xi,heoftena,toaskthereason,theequivalentof"why"or"why",suchas"ZiXipassengercars?"B;theyarealsooftenusedastheobjectofaprepositionpreposition,suchas"Hu"and"askwhy."Xi"aboutC.(3)ofthepremises.Thereisanevilandanevil".Atheyaremainlyadverbialclausesandaskthepremises.Equivalenttothemodern"where?"".Suchas"howtobuildearthrock?""Bcanalsobeusedasaprepositionalobjectforquestioningpremises.Suchas"Peipublicsecurityin?""Ccanalsobeusedinrhetoricalquestions,adverbials,andrhetoricalquestions.Similarto"where?"".D"Yan"isusedinrhetoricalquestions,andthenbecomesemptyandnolongerreferstotheplace."ThisFuaiqi,canloveyou?"

2,demonstrativepronoun:(1)"of",",",","","table","table"referstoandrefersto.A"its"specificpronounisusedonlyasanattribute.B,"I,"referstothe"C"as"Bing".(2)"this,yes,Si,"nearfinger."A"means"this"meaning.Bistheprincipal,theobjectandtheobject.C"yes,yes"canbeusedaspredicate.Dthiscorrespondstothat.(3)"theotherhand"referstotheother.A"that"righteousness.B,"he"referstothestrong,candecide,settheobject.C"Fu"islessindicativeandisoftenusedasanattribute.(4)"Er,er,er,"andpredicate.A"true""likethis(that)"meaning.BinthepreQinperiod,"Er"astheobject.C"if"isusedonlyasanattribute.D"ran"aspredicate.(5)thespecialdemonstrativepronounof"Yan"and"Zhu".A"Yan"isquite"inthis",oftenusedascomplement."It'snevergoodthing."Bpartof"Yan"attheendofthesentenceEmptyidiomgasword,tablehint.Ilike"fortwenty-fiveyears,andismarried,isnoyan.""TheC"isapronoun"and"preposition"in"ortheword"almost"chorusform.D"inthe""Zhu"innarrativesentence,suchas"intotheBohaitail;"e"isalmost"and"Zhu"inquestion,suchas"Idonotknowthe?".

3personpronouns:(1)thefirstpersonpronounis"I,I,Yu,Yu"".Atheyarealldefinite,principalandobject.B"I"usuallyonlytakestheprepositionalobjectinnegativesentence,C,butintheaffirmativesentenceusuallyuses"I"astheobject.D"I"means"I"inpreQinDynasty,theQinDynasty,theemperorhimself.(2)thesecondpersonhas"female","Er"and"Er"".Atheycanbetheprincipal,theobject,theobject.B"but"isgenerallyusedonlyasanattribute.(3)therateofoccurrenceof"thirdperson"and"a"isnothigh.Itisgenerallyusedassubjectandindividualasobject.Itisstillindicativeandpejorative.Theoccurrencerateof"B"and"its"isveryhigh,and""""isonlytheobject,and""""isonlyusedasanattribute.(4)first,secondpersonpronouns,and"peer,generation,andCao.Ifnot,ifitisall,andforthe."

4,indefinitepronoun:Thisisaspecialpronounofancientchinese.Theycanonlyserveassubjects.Or,yes,no,nothing

(1)"or":thetableaffirms.Ameans"someone","somebody","something"".BeforeB,thereareantecedentwords,or"or",referringtooneormoreofthem.Suchas"songorjade".Severalconsecutive"or"C",aparallelism.Suchas"or"hundredstepsthen"stop"or"fiftysteps"andthenstop.""Or"refersto"somepeople"cannotbechosen.

(2)"Mo":awiderangeofnegativestatements.Aifthereisnoantecedent,anegationthatdoesnotemphasizescopeisgenerallyreferredtoasaperson.Suchas"peopleandtheking,noonecanresist";Biftheantecedent,negativestressedrange,andthatmeans.

Suchas"ChineseMooutspoken,Daoluyimu."CHanlater,"Mo"developedtheuseofnegativeadverbs,indicatingthattheprohibitionofnegative,equivalentto"donot."".Dcanalsomeangeneralnegation,whichisequivalentto"no"".

5,auxiliarypronoun:thiskindofpronounhas"thepersonwhohas",theyhavecertainfunctionofpointing,butcan'tactasasentenceelementalone.(1)thebasicgrammaticalfunctionisaddedtothepredicatecomponent,referstotheobjectofsomeaction,formsthewordstructure,andmakesthepredicatecomponentnominalization.Nounsandadjectivesappearin"what"andbecomeverbs.Canbedividedintothreecategories:A,++verb".Suchas"contained","painted",meaning"thingscontained","paintings"".Thecenteroflanguageistheobjectoftheverbinsemantics,namelythepatient.B"+preposition+predicatecomponent",suchas"mysword,fromthefall."."Thecentrallanguageissemanticallytheobjectofthepreposition.Thefallingplace."Thesemanticsexpressedby"++(++)+predicate"componentsofCaresimilartothoseofthesecondstructures.Theheartisactuallytheobjectofapreposition.Suchas"killmanyministers,LuHouli."Itcanbearguedthattheomissionofthepreposition"""""means"thepowertokilltheminister."".(2)"person":thebasicgrammaticalfunctionisafterthewordorphrase,theconstituentwordstructure"...Person""...Thing".Canbedividedintotwocategories,a:"predicatecomponent+person",suchas"pardon",topersuadetheking".Whenthepronoun"person"isaddedtothepredicatecomponent,itcanmakethepredicateelementnominalization.B,thenounelement(noun,wordstructure)++hasthefunctionofaddingnominalparts,whichmakesthenouncomponentemphasized.Suchas"Chenwinner,Yangchengpeoplealso."."Thewordstructureofsaidagent.

Twelfthadverbs

Adverbsof"phase"and"see"".Theyareusedasadverbialsintransitiveverbs,andtheverbsbehindtheverbs.(1)"phase",amutual,mutual".Suchas"thisZhaoXianggongbeam,lightwillbedriedupinacutestroke."TableBpartialreferstoreferstothegenerationofactionononesideofthepatient,notincludingtheactionagent.Suchas"fromtimetotimeforcomfort,foralongtimenottoforget",meaning"Moecstasy".(2)"see"aisaverb,usedbeforeaverbtoindicatethesubjectistheactionofthepatient;BinWeiandJinDynastiesandtheevolutionoftheadverbsusedintransitiveverbsbeforetheacceptanceofothersbytheaction,isreferstotheobjectofaction.Translatedas"myself"or"I"".

Thirteenthprepositions

1,prepositionscantaketheobject,butcannotenterthesentencestructurealone,butcannotactaspredicate.Thereareabouttensuchas(in,from,in),for,by,by,for,by,by,by,by,andby.

2,theobjectoftheprepositioncanalsobeomitted.TheomissionofprepositionalobjectusuallyreferstotheprepositionalobjectinthePrepositionalStructure,andtheobjectdoesnotappear,butthemeaningcanbeseenfromthecontext.InclassicalChinese,thepreposition"to","for","and"theobject,"to"theaboveomission.