高中英语语法非谓语动词讲解

非谓语动词概述非谓语动词，主要指在主句中表示一个动作但不能充当谓语，而是充当其他语法功能的词。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但是有语态和时态的变化。非谓语动词的三种形式非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词。名称形式用法不定式todo表目的、将来动名词doing表主动及现在分词done表被动及过去动词不定式时态构成被动形式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式todotohavedonetobedoingtohavebeendoingtobedonetohavebeendone--------动名词动名词主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone动词不定式的用法动词不定式的否定式nottoShedecidednottobelateagain.动词不定式的完成式完成式表示的动作或状态发生在位于动词表示的动作或状态之前。Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.注意若谓语为表示“愿望、打算、意图”的动词时，如hope,think,want,plan,expect,mean,intend等，其后可以跟不定式的完成式表示“本来想要或打算做某事，而实际上未能实现”。如：Wemeanttohavestoppedhimfromdoingsuchathing.在Itis/was+形容词+不定式的复合结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式符合结构的介词应为of前面常用的形容词有：kind,nice,foolish,silly,stupid,rude,cruel,wise,clever,brace,selfish,crazy,good,careful,careless,impolite,right,wrong等。Itisverykindofyoutohelpme.区别ItisimportantforustolearnEnglishwell.在某些动词后，可用it做形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的并于。常见的动词有find,thinkconsider,feel,make等。Theyfinditdifficulttorepaythemoney.动词+不定式作宾补ask,want,invite,get,force,expect,allow,persuade,order,warn,remindorder,cause,permit,forbid,advise,teach等。只能用动词+不定式作宾语口诀决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装；主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine,learn,want,expert/hope/withrefuse,manage,care,pretendorder,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask/beg,help8.在使役动词make,have,let和感官动词see,watch,notice,observe,feel,hear,listento,lookat等词后接不定式作宾补，不定式不带to，表示做某事的全过程。当他们转换成被动语态时，作为主语补足语的不定式必须带to（五看三使两听一感觉一发现）Nobodysawhimcomein.Shewasseentoentertheroomlastnight.注意get也能当使役动词，表示“使、让、叫”之意，相当于have，但两者也有所不同。havesb.dosth.getsbtodosth.使/让/叫某人去做某事havesth.done=getsth.done使/让某事由别人去做havesb./sth.doing使/让某人/物持续地做某事getsb./sth.dong使某人/物开始行动起来You’dbetterhave/getyourhaircut.Hemanagedtogetthehorserunning.9.在动词help后，做宾补和宾语的不定式符号to带不带都可以。如;Hehelpedherwalkacrossthestreet.Heoftenhelpsdosomehouseworkathome.10.think,consider,believe,suppose,feel,find,imagine,prove等动词的英语后可与带tobe结构，也可与省略。如果不定式的动作发生在位于动词以前，常用不定式的完成式。另外，这些动词也常用作被动语态后接不定式作主补。Hefoundtheanswer(tobe)satisfactory.Weconsideredhimtohaveactedexcellently.11.当名词被first,last,second以及only等词修饰时，其后可用不定式作定语。且充当定语的不定式不含有将来意义或情态意义，却经常含有过去时意义。Shewasthefirsttocome.12在下列固定词组或短语之后要跟不带to的不定式hadbetter…hadbest…wouldrather…(than…)wouldsooner…than…cannothelpbutcannotbutcannotchoosebut..may/mightaswell…donomorethan…13.wh-连接代词、副词后跟不定式构成的短语，可在句子中做主语、宾语、表语，还可以做定语。（why和if后不能直接跟动词不定式）它的作用相当于一个名词性从句，通常在某些动词(如tell,know,imagine,learn,decided,forget,remember,consider,understand等)后面做宾语，有时也用作主语、表语、同位语等。如：Hedidn’tknowhowtoanswerher.Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.Idon’tknowwhotoaskadvicefrom.Wouldyoupleaseadvisemewhichtobuy?Pleaseexplain(tome)wheretobeginandhowtodoit.Theyexchangedviewsonthequestionofwhomtoelect.like（wouldlike）,love（wouldlove）,hope,hate,need,try,want,wish,plan,mean等动词后usedto,begoingto结构后+to，代替整个不定式内容。beglad,bewilling,behappy等词语后--Wouldyouliketogotothecinema?--I’dloveto.14在介词but,except,besides,than,save等表示“除了…”之意的词前，若有实义动词do时，常用无to的不定式作其介词的宾语，若无实义动词do，则用带to的动词不定式。Hewasnotabletodoanythingbut/exceptwait.Hehadnochoicebuttogivein.15评论性动词不定式有些不定式常用来表示说话人对所谈的内容的态度和看法，即对句内容的评论，故称为评论性动词不定式，也称独立不定式。综合：sotospeak可以说，可谓tobeexact精确地说tobesure无可否认，诚然tomakethings(matters)worseThedogis,sotospeak,amemberofthefamily.He’sinhismid-fifties;well,fifty-sixtobeexact.表真诚：tobefairtobe(perfectly)franktobehonesttodosbjusticetotell(you)thetruth表总结：tobebrieftoconcludetocut/makealongstoryshorttosumup表让步:nottomentiontosaynothingoftoputitmildly说的委婉点toputitanotherwaytosaytheleast不夸张的说表顺序：tobeginwithtostartwith16不定式的主动形式表示被动意义不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系，并且不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。Ihavetwoletterstoanswer.有些结构中，不定式表达被动意义，却用主动形式，因为可以在句子中找到不定式这个动作的发出者。Givehersomebookstoread.Wouldyoubringmeabenchtositon?Themorningairissogoodtobreathe.注意：用做定语的不定式为“动词+介词”时，介词不能省略。如：apieceofpapertowriteonaniceplacetolivein3)某些动词的不定式与be连用时，常见的有toblame，torent等。如：Thehouseistorent.Heistoblamefornotdrivingcarefully.动名词的用法动名词的否定式not+动名词动名词的完成式完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Hewaspraisedforhavingdoneagooddeed.动词+介词构成的短语，其后跟动名词做宾语be/getusedtofeellikeinsistondevote…to…putofflookforwardtosucceedingetdowntosetabout着手做。。。giveup只能用动名词做宾语的动词口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想；避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏；禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/putoff,fancy;avoid,miss,keep/keepon,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate;forbid,imagine,risk;can’thelp,mind,allow/permit,escape可置于名词前作定语，表示被修饰的名词的用途和性能awaitingcarawaitingroomasleepingboyasleepingbag动名词的复合结构由形容词性的物主代词/名词所有格+动名词构=动名词的复合结构，在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语等。物主代词和名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语。Doyoumindmy/mesmokinghere?Iinsistedonmyhusband/husband’spayingthebill.在口语和非正式英语中，这种结构不用在句首，常用人称代词宾格代替物主代词，用米歌词普通格代指所有格。如:Therearemanyreasonsforanimalsdyingout.如果动名词的复合结构在句首，就必须用形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格。如：Hissmokingcausedthefireintheforest.therebe的动名词的复合结构为therebeing如：What’sthechanceoftherebeingaraintomorrow?动名词做主语的句型awaste(of…)Itis/wasno(little)good/use+-inghardlyanygood/useworthwhile/worthone’swhilenowaynosenseinThereis/wasnopointin+-ingnouse/good(in)nothingworsethan动词+不定式或动名词后意义差别大的：trytododoingremember/forget/regrettododoingmeantodo打算做某事Doing意味着做某事can’thelp(to)do不能帮忙做某事can’thelpdoing情不自禁做某事beafraidtodo害怕做某事beafraidofdoing不情愿做某事besuretodo一定要做某事besureofdoing确信做某事need,want,require做需要讲的时候，用动名词表示被动意义，也可用不定式的被动式Thegateneeds/wants/requiresmending.=tobemended.分词的用法分词的独立主格结构一般说来，分词在句中都有其逻辑主语，分词做状语时，其逻辑主语通常就是主句的主语或宾语。如果分词的逻辑主语不在句中，则分词前可加上其自己的逻辑主语，由名词或代词主格充当，置于分词前，这种结构称为分词独立主格结构。它不是句子，因为没有实际的主语和谓语。它可以放于句首或句尾，做时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式状语等。Themeetingbeingover,theywenthome.Therebeingnobusthen,hehadtowalkhome.表示伴随情况、原因等的分词独立主格结构前有时可以加上without或with构成“with/without+名词（或代词）+分词”结构，如：Withpricesgoingupsofast,wecan’taffordluxuries.Hekeptthemoneywithoutanyoneknowingwhereitwas.独立主格结构也可以由“名词（或代词）+不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语”构成。Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.Hecameintotheclassroom,bookinhand.分词做状语过去分词常用作状语，修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情况，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。Askedwhyhewaslate,hewentred.Givenmoretime,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.12.分词做状语与独立主格结构（悬垂结构）做状语的区别分词与独立主格均可作状语。但分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语；而独立主格结构做状语时，前面的名（代）词就是这个结构的逻辑上的主语，它和句子的主语不保持一致性。如：Seenfromthesky,themountainisverysmall.Everythingconsidered,Ipreferthefirstplan.英语中有一部分分词短语，它独立存在，没有自己的逻辑主语。这些分词短语已成为固定的习惯用语，常被看做句子的插入语，常见的有：generallyspeakingstrictly(honestly/frankly/roughly/broadly)speakingconsidering…judgingfrom/by…takingall/everythingintoconsideration现在分词和过去分词的区别语态上不同现在分词表主动，所修饰的人或物时分词动作的执行者；过去分词表示被动，所修饰的人或物时分词动作的承受者。如：Iheardsomeoneclosingthedoor.Iheardthedoorclosed.时间上不同现在分词表正进行，过去分词表完成的动作。如：fallingleavesfallenleaves特殊分词的分词用法英语中和很多与感觉有关的及物动词，其现在分词表示主动意义，即“令人有某种感觉”；过去分词含有被动意义，即“人被引起某种感觉”。如：moving–moveddisappointing--disappointedexciting–excitedsurprising–surprised有些及物动词的过去分词表示被动意味并不强，它主要表示的是一种状态或结果。如：Ifoundhimseatedatthebackoftheclassroom.(=Ifoundhimsitting…)Lostintheforest,hehadtofindhiswayoutfirst.havesb.dosth/getsb.todosth.使/让/叫某人去做某事havesth.done.=getsth.donehavesb./sth.doing使/让某人/物持续地做某事getsb./sth.doing使某人/物开始行动起来Theteacherhadusread/gotustoreadthetextaloud.You’dbetterhave/getyourhaircut.Hemanagedtogetthehorserunning.Themeeting_______nextweekissuretobeagreatsuccess.

A.totakeplaceB.tobetakenplaceC.tohavetakenplaceD.beingtakenplace

2._______bytheComradeLeiFeng,wetryourbesttodogooddeeds.

A.InspiredB.BeinginspiredC.TobeinspiredD.Inspiring

3.It'snogood_______here.Let'sgohome.

A.towaitB.waitedC.waitingD.beingwaited

4.Ilistenedtothewind,______thathewouldnotcometonight.

A.thinkingB.tothinkC.thoughtD.beingthinking

5.Asaresultofmylaziness,Ifailed________myworkintime.

A.andfinishedB.tofinishC.andfinishingD.tofinished

6.Iamsorry______writtenyoualetteratthetime.

A.tohavenotB.tonothaveC.nottohaveD.nothaving

7.Tomapologizedtome______again.

A.tobelateB.ofbeinglateC.tohavebeenlateD.forbeinglate

8.Iremained_______longafterIhadbeentoldthestory.

A.puzzlingB.puzzledC.beingpuzzledD.tobepuzzled

9.Willyoulendhimamagazine_________

A.tobereadB.forreadingC.toreadD.heread

10.Thearticle_________onthissubjectwaswrittenbyMr.Black.

A.referringB.referredC.referringtoD.referredto

11.Livingnearthesea,___________________.

A.weenjoyhealthyairandbeautifulsightB.healthyairandbeautifulsightiswhatweenjoy

C.itishealthyairandbeautifulsightweenjoyD.soweenjoyhealthyairandbeautifulsight

12.__________sincethenightbefore,Ifeltveryhungry.

A.HavingnoteatenanythingB.Noteatinganything

C.Ihadn'teatenanythingD.Nothavingeatenanything

13.Wethenlistenedtothechild________thearticle______ontheblackboard.

A.read,writingB.reading,writing

C.toread,writtenD.read,written

14.________itwithmeandI'llseewhatIcando.

A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave

15._________suchachance,whydon'tyouhaveatry

A.TogiveB.HavingC.GivenD.Giving

16.Wediscussedtheplanthatwewouldliketosee________thenextweek.

A.carryonB.carryingoutC.carriedoutD.tocarryout

17._________madethemmuchdisappointed.

A.HisnotcomingbackB.Nothiscomingback

C.HenottocomebackD.Nothecomeback

18.Fivepeoplewerereported________intheaccident.

A.tobekilledB.tokillC.killedD.tohavebeenkilled

19.IflewtoParisthismorning,myassistant________metherethisFriday.

A.joiningB.tojoinC.willjoinD.wantstojoin

20.Hetriedtocalmhimself,_______.

A.forceB.toforceC.forcingD.for