高考英语第一轮复习 归纳拓展 巩固提升语法专题十四 动词和动词短语含解析 译林牛津版

语法专题十四动词和动词短语英语动词根据其意义和句法作用,可分为实义动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词四大类。实义动词又称行为动词,为表示动作或状态的动词,可以单独充当句子的谓语,实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词两类。英语中的动词短语通常由动词加介词、副词、名词等构成,在句中起动词的作用。高考设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语词意的辨析及其理解和运用能力。主要出现在单项选择及完形填空中。考点一常用动词辨析1.advise,persuade,suggestadvise用作及物动词,表示“劝告,忠告,建议”,强调提醒或引起注意;persuade表示“说服”,强调劝说成功,主要搭配是:persuadesb.todosth.说服某人做某事(相当于persuadeodoingsth.);如表示劝说但不一定成功,则使用trytopersuadesb.todosth.或advisesb.todosth.。suggest用作及物动词,意为“建议”,后接名词、代词、动名词或从句,从句中的谓语用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。2.bring,take,carry,fetchbring“带来,拿来,取来”,强调从别处带人或物到说话人所在地。take“拿走,带走”,强调把人或物从说话者身边带走,方向与bring相反。fetch“去拿来,去取来”,强调从甲地出发到乙地取物或人后,又回到甲地,相当于goandbring。carry“携带,搬运,运送”,强调用人力或车辆把人或物从一地运到另一地。3.win,beat,defeatwin表示“赢得,战胜”时,宾语多是比赛项目等。winsb.则指“赢得人心”。beat/defeat意为“打败,击败”,其宾语只能是人或由人组成的机构。如:beatsb.打败某人;defeattheirteam/thecountry/theenemy击败了他们的队/国家/敌人。beat多用于表示在比赛或争论中战胜对手;defeat多用于在战争中打败对手。4.believe,believeinbelieve表示“相信,认为”,侧重于相信某人说的话或所做事情的真实性,其后可跟名词、代词、不定式的复合结构或宾语从句。believein表示“相信,信任,信仰,信奉”,其后常接真理、宗教、原则之类的名词。Youshouldbelieveinyourselfandbelievethatyouwillsucceedoneday.你应该相信自己,并且相信某天你将会成功的。5.book,order二者都有“订购,预订”之意,但book指订各种“票,座位”;而order指“餐馆订饭、菜,定做衣服,订货”等,常用结构:placeanorderforsth.withsb.向某人订购某物。对比:bookaticket/twoseats/adoubleroom订一张票/两个座位/一个双人间;orderfourdishes/lunch要四个菜/订好午饭。Hebookedatableforfourandorderedsixdishes.他订了一张四人桌,并且要了六个菜。6.choose,select,electchoose表示“选择,挑选”,有时也表示“推选,选举”,但一般表示范围很小、普通的选择,没有elect正式。select表示“(精心地)挑选,选定”,具有“精选”之意。elect表示“选举”,指较大范围的正式的选举。7.disturb,interruptdisturb是及物动词,有“打扰,扰乱,使人心神不安”之意。常用短语:disturbthesleepingchild/one'splan/thepublicpeace打扰睡觉的孩子/打乱计划/扰乱社会治安;bementallydisturbed精神上受到影响;bedisturbedabout对……感到不安。interrupt有“打断,打扰”之意,侧重打断。常用短语:interruptthesupplies中断供应;interruptone'sspeech打断演讲。8.hurt,injure,wound,harmhurt是一般用语,指精神或肉体上受到的伤害,有较强烈的“疼痛”意味;injure比hurt更正式,常指意外事故对身体或精神上的“损害,损伤”;wound主要指外界暴力引起身体创伤,尤指战争中受的刀、枪、剑等伤;harm指对人的肉体或精神带来伤害,特指伤及一个人或其心态、健康、权利、事业等,使之产生痛苦、损失或任何不幸遭遇。Hewasinjuredinthecaraccidentandhislegstillhurtsnow.9.miss,losemiss意为“未能赶上(抓住),错过,失去,漏掉”。而lose意为“丢失,迷失方向,迷路”。Hemissedtheearlybus.What'sworse,hiskeytothecarwaslost.10.fit,befitfor,befitto,suitfit用作及物或不及物动词,表示“(衣服等)合适,使合身”;befitfor是形容词短语,表示“适合的,能胜任的”,for后接名词或动名词;befitto表示“适合,能胜任”,to是动词不定式符号,后接动词原形。suit指颜色、款式的“适合”,而fit指尺寸、大小的“合适”。11.save,sparesave意为“储蓄,节省”,指把钱、时间及其他东西储蓄起来以备将来用,或指节省东西,避免浪费,也指“救命”。而spare意为“省”,指细心地省下或节省钱、时间、力气等,常表示省出一部分以留作他用。12.seat,sitseat是及物动词,意思是“使坐下”,可以接人作宾语,还可以用于被动语态。常见搭配有:seatsb.使某人坐下;seatoneself自己坐下;beseated=sitdown坐好。而sit是不及物动词,不能带宾语。考点二考查同根介词或副词动词短语的辨析使用频率较高的这类动词有:call,cut,come,go,get,go,look,put,set,turn,take,pay,pick,make等。常见的介词或副词有:in,off,out,up,away,for,on,over等。1.动词+away构成的短语动词有:throwaway扔掉;putaway把……收拾好;giveaway捐赠,分发;carryaway运走;runaway潜逃,跑开;goaway走开。2.动词+for构成的短语动词有:answerfor负责;providefor供给;callfor要求;planfor打算,为……计划;hopefor希望,期待;askfor索取,寻找;sendfor派人去请;gofor努力获取;payfor偿还,赔偿;waitfor等待;lookfor寻找。3.动词+on构成的短语动词有:tryon试穿,试验;puton穿上,上演;haveon穿着,戴着;pullon穿,戴;holdon不挂断,坚持,继续;carryon继续开展,坚持;keepon继续;goon继续;geton上(车);comeon赶快。4.动词+over构成的短语动词有:comeover过来;handover移交;goover仔细检查,复习;getover克服,恢复;lookover检查;thinkover仔细考虑;takeover接受,接管;handover移交;turnover翻转。5.动词+up构成的短语动词有:bringup抚育,培养;callup召唤,打电话给;comeup走上前来,长出;cutup切碎;fixup修理;giveup放弃;goup上升,增长;growup长大;lookup尊敬,向上看,查寻;makeup虚构,弥补,组成;putup举起,搭建;pickup捡起,(开车)接某人,偶然得到;setup建立,创(纪录);sendup发射;showup揭露,露面;turnup出现,把……调高一点;takeup占据,开始从事。6.动词+out构成的短语动词有:comeout出来;goout出去,熄灭;lookout留神,当心;walkout走出;setout出发,开始;putout扑灭,生产;giveout发出,发表;handout分发;pickout挑选;findout找出,发现;speakout大声地说;turnout生产,结果是;getout出去,离开;workout计算出,解决,实行,行得通;carryout实行,执行;bringout出版;startout出发,动身。考点三常见同根动词短语辨析1.bringbringin引进,挣得;bringabout引起,导致;bringup养育,培养,呕吐,提出;bringout使展现,推出(书、唱片等);bringdown降低,使倒下;bringback把……带回来,使忆起,使恢复;bringforth结果,生产,产生;bringforward提出,提前;bringoff圆满完成(困难之事);bringon惹来(坏的结果),加速。2.breakbreakdown崩溃,瓦解,垮掉,失败,(化学)分解,(公共场所)失去理智;breakup打碎,(物理)分解,分开,分成(几部分),结束,制止;breakthrough逾越,突破,冲破;breakaway(from)挣脱,脱离;breakout爆发;breakin破门而入;breakoff折断,中断;breakinto进入建筑物以便行窃,突然发出或开始,打扰。3ecomeabout发生;comeout结果出来,出版,泄露,开花;comeacross偶遇,被理解;cometrue变为现实;comeup走上前,被提出,长出地面,走近,升起;comeupwith产生,发现(解决办法、答案等);comealong一起来;cometo总计,清醒过来。4.givegiveup放弃;givein屈服,呈交;giveout用尽,耗尽,分发,公布,发表,发出;giveaway露马脚,颁发,赠送,送掉,捐赠;giveoff发出。5.gogoagainst违背,与……不符,对……不利;gowithout勉强维持,凑合,goinfor爱好,参加,从事;goby过去,依据,按照;goon继续,发生;goover复习,仔细审查,走近;goahead进行;gothrough从头到尾地阅读,经历;goaway走开,外出度假,消失;gofor去取来或接来,争取得到;goout出去,熄灭,过时。6.keepkeepaway(from)使远离;keepback扣除,保留,隐瞒不讲;keepoff避开;keepon继续;keepout挡在外边,(警示语)请勿靠近;keepup保持,不低落,持续,继续;keepupwith跟上;keepdown抑制(以防其增长)。7.looklookahead向前看;lookabout环顾;lookafter照看,负责处理;lookback回忆,回顾;lookout当心,找出;lookon旁观;lookup向上看,查阅,形势好转,看望;lookdownupon看不起;lookforwardto盼望;lookthrough翻阅;lookinto调查,向内看;lookround寻找,边走边看,观光。8.putputback放回原处,拨回,阻碍,推迟;putdown平定,镇压,记下;putaway将事物放置于惯常保存之处,储蓄;putforward提出(计划、建议),拨快,提前;putoff延期;puton穿戴,上映;putout扑灭,生产;putup举起,张贴;putupwith容忍。9.taketakein吸收;takefor误认为;takeout拿出;takedown放下;takeup从事,拿起,占据(时间或空间);takeoff飞机起飞,脱下,休假,成功;takeby攻占;takeafter像;takealong随身携带;takeaway带走,拿走,使离去;takeback收回(说错的话),退回(所购商品);takecharge负责,掌管;takeon呈现,雇佣;takeout拿出,带……出去;takeover接管,接任;takeplace发生。10.turnturnagainst转而反对,使与……为敌;turnback折回,掉转头;turnaway转身,走开,打发走;turnout结果是,关上(电灯),赶出,生产,制造;turndown拒绝,调小;turnoff关掉;turnover翻过来,移交;turnin上交(作业等),拐入;turninto变成,翻译;turnon打开,取决于;turnto求助于,翻到;turnup调大,出现。1.(2012?课标全国高考)Maryisreallygoodattakingnotesinclass.Shecan______almosteverywordherteachersays.A.putoutB.putdownC.putawayD.puttogether2.(2012?全国高考Ⅱ)We______topaintthewholehousebutfinishedonlythefrontpartthatday.A.setaboutB.setupC.setoutD.setdown3.(2012?天津高考)Parentsandchildrenshouldcommunicatemoreto______thegapbetweenthemsothattheycanunderstandeachotherbetter.A.openB.narrowC.widenD.leave4.(2012?安徽高考)Theathlete'syearsofhardtraining______whenshefinallywontheOlympicgoldmedal.A.wentonB.gotthroughC.paidoffD.endedup5.(2012?安徽高考)Youhadbetter______sometimeeverydayforsportssothatyoucankeepyourselfenergetic.A.setasideB.takeupC.putawayD.giveout6.(2012?湖北高考)Twolawyershavedonated$50,000to______ourschool'scampaign“HelptheNeedy”,whichwasstartedbyourformerheadmasterthreeyearsago.A.sponsorB.launchC.organizeD.plan7.(2012?湖北高考)Finally,mythanksgotomytutor,whohasofferedalotofsuggestionsandcommentsonmypaperand______everypageofmydraft.A.approvedB.quotedC.polishedD.folded8.(2012?湖北高考)Walkingaloneinthedark,theboywhistledto______hiscourage.A.holdupB.keepupC.setupD.takeup9.(2012?湖北高考)I'msogladyou'vecomehereto______thismatterinperson.A.leadtoB.seetoC.turntoD.referto10.(2012?江苏高考)?OK,I'vehadenoughofit.Igiveup.?Youcan't______yourresponsibilities.A.runoffwithB.runupagainstC.runoutofD.runawayfrom11.(2012?江西高考)I've______thehabitofcallinginonmygrandparentsonmywayhomefromschool.AeintoB.goneintoC.gotintoD.runinto12.(2012?江西高考)Wewereallagreedthatthecottagewould______aperfectholidayhomeforthefamily.A.makeB.turnC.takeD.have13.(2012?辽宁高考)Rodloves______clocks.However,henevermanagestoputthemtogetheragain.A.takingapartB.givingawayC.makingupD.turningoff14.(2012?陕西高考)Hehadtopausefromtimetotimetowipethesweatfromhisforehead,becausetheair-conditioningsystem______.A.brokeinB.brokeupC.brokeoutD.brokedown15.(2012?四川高考)It'ssurprisingthatyourbrother______Russiansoquickly?hehasn'tlivedthereverylong.A.pickedupB.lookedupC.putupD.madeup16.(2012?浙江高考)Accordingtoscientists,ourmentalabilitiesbeginto______fromtheageof27afterreachingthehighestlevelat22.A.differB.shrinkC.failD.decline17.(2012?浙江高考)Armedwiththeinformationyouhavegathered,youcan______preparingyourbusinessplan.A.setoutB.setaboutC.setoffD.setup18.(2011?课标全国高考)Ican______thehousebeinguntidy,butIhateitifit'snotclean.AeupwithB.putupwithC.turntoD.stickto19.(2011?课标全国高考)Williamfounditincreasinglydifficulttoread,forhiseyesightwasbeginningto______.A.disappearB.fallC.failD.damage20.(2011?全国高考Ⅱ)Mary,I______Johnofhispromisetohelpyou.A.toldB.remindedC.warnedD.advised21.(2011?湖北高考)Knowledgeandlearningareimportantifwewanttobesuccessful,buttheymayalso______ourthinking.A.directB.limitC.changeD.improve22.(2011?湖北高考)Theministersaid,“Wearereadyfordiscussionswithanylegalparties,butwe'llnever______withcriminals.”A.negotiateB.quarrelC.argueD.consult23.(2011?湖北高考)Clinicalevidencebeganto______,suggestingthatthenewdrugshadawiderrangeofusefulactivitiesthanhadbeenpredictedfromexperimentsinanimals.A.operateB.strengthenC.approveD.accumulate24.(2011?湖北高考)Thegovernmenthastakenmeasuresto______thehighpricesofdailygoodstokeepthemarketstable.A.takedownB.bringdownC.handdownD.teardown25.(2011?山东高考)Theyarebroadeningthebridgeto______theflowoftraffic.A.putoffB.speedupC.turnonD.workout26.(2011?江西高考)Youcan'tpredicteverything.Oftenthingsdon't______asyouexpect.A.runoutB.breakoutC.workoutD.putout27.(2011?江苏高考)?Areyoustillmadather??Notreally,butIcan't______thatherremarkshurtme.A.denyB.refuseC.rejectD.decline28.(2011?江苏高考)?Youlookupset.What'sthematter??Ihadmyproposal______again.A.turnedoverB.turnedonC.turnedoffD.turneddown29.(2011?安徽高考)Asthestory______,thetruthaboutthestrangefigureisslowlydiscovered.A.beginsB.happensC.endsD.develops30.(2011?安徽高考)Ifyou______faultsbutyoustillwantthebicycle,asktheshopassistanttoreducetheprice.AeacrossB.careaboutC.lookforD.focusupon31.(2011?浙江高考)Theschoolisn'ttheoneIreallywantedtogoto,butIsupposeI'lljusthaveto______it.A.makethebestofB.getawayfromC.keepaneyeonD.catchupwith32.(2011?浙江高考)Hedecidedthathewoulddriveallthewayhomeinsteadof______atahotelforthenight.A.puttingdownB.puttingoffC.puttingonD.puttingup33.(2011?福建高考)I'dpreferto______myjudgementuntilIfindalltheevidence.A.showB.expressC.passD.reserve34.(2011?福建高考)Bornintoafamilywiththreebrothers,Davidwas______tovaluethesenseofsharing.A.broughtupB.turneddownC.lookedafterD.heldback35.(2013?浙江杭州七校联考)Weshallaccumulatenewexperienceandtrynewsolutionsasnewproblems______.A.declineB.ariseC.remainD.exist36.(2013?河北普通高中教学质监)Thegroundisslippery.Holdontotheropeanddon't______.A.putoffB.turnupC.letgoD.takeapart37.(2013?河南中原名校联考)Whendesigningyourhouse,you'dbetter______landforagarden.A.developB.saveC.spareD.share38.(2013?河北邯郸质检)I'vealways______Billforhiscourageanddetermination.A.lookeduptoB.liveduptoC.faceduptoD.addedupto39.(2013?云南昆明摸底调研)Ifthetimeis______exactly,thepapercanbefinishedontime.A.madeoutB.figuredoutC.carriedoutD.putout40.(2013?福建三明期中)Thepolicesuspectedhimofcarryingdrugssothey______hisbag,butfoundnothing.A.wentthroughB.lookedupC.turnedinD.searchedfor41.(2013?河南洛阳一练)Yesterday'sfootballmatch______asoneofthemostexitingmatchesthatthetwoteamshadeverplayed.A.regardedB.rankedC.treatedD.took42.(2013?江苏宿迁调研)?Tobby,itappearsthatwewon'tbe______afterall.?Oh,butIamtiredofworkinghereanyway.A.putoffB.sentoffC.laidoffD.seenoff参考答案1.Bputout意为“伸出,长出,熄灭,扑灭,出版”;putdown意为“把……放下,镇压,平息,写下,记下”;putaway意为“把……收起来放好”;puttogether意为“把……放在一起,组合”。根据句意判断应选B项,句意:玛丽真的擅长在课堂上记笔记,她几乎能记下老师说的每一个字。2.Csetabout后接doingsth.,意为“着手做某事”;setup意为“建立”,不与todo连用;setout后接todosth.,表示“着手做某事”;setdown意为“写下,登记,放下”。句意:我们着手粉刷整个房子,但那天我们只粉刷完了房子前面的部分。故选C项。3.B句意:为了缩小彼此间的差距,父母和子女应该更多地交流,从而更好地理解彼此。open打开,开始;narrow压缩,使变窄;widen放宽,加宽;leave离开,离去。4.Cgoon“(时间)过去,灯亮,开始运行,继续,接着,进行,发生”;getthrough“完成,度过,(使人)明白,通过,接通(电话)”;payoff“还清(债),得到好结果,取得成功”;endup“结束,结尾,停止”。句意:当这位运动员获得了奥运金牌时,她多年的辛苦训练终于有了回报。由句意可知,C项符合题意。5.Asetaside意为“留出,拨出(时间、金钱等)”;takeup意为“占据(时间、空间等),从事”;putaway“把……收起,放好”;giveout意为“分发,用尽”。句意:为了能使自己精力充沛,你最好每天留出一段时间来运动。故选A项。6.A句意:两位律师捐赠了五万美金赞助我们学校的“扶贫”活动,该活动是三年前由我们的前任校长发起的。sponsor“赞助”;launch“发动,发射”;organize“组织”;plan“计划”。7.C句意:最后,我要向我的导师表示感谢,他为我的论文提供了很多建议和意见,并为我的草稿的每一页都进行了润色。approve“支持,赞同”;quote“引用,引述”;polish“修改,润色”;fold“折叠,对折”。8.B句意:独自一个人走在黑暗中,男孩为给自己壮胆吹起了口哨。keepupone’scourage意为“鼓足勇气”。9.B句意:我很高兴你来到这里亲自处理这个事件。leadto“导致,通往”;seeto“处理,料理”;turnto“转向,求助,转行”;referto“提及,查阅,参考”。10.Drunoffwith意为“带着……逃走,与……私奔”;runupagainst意为“意外地碰到,偶遇”;runoutof意为“用完……,耗尽……”;ranawayfrom意为“从……逃离,回避……”。后半句句意:你不能逃脱你自己的责任。11.C句意:我已经养成了在放学回家的路上去看望爷爷奶奶的习惯。getintothehabitof是固定搭配,意为“养成……的习惯”。12.A句意:我们一致认为,那个小屋将会成为一家人度假的完美居所。make在此处意为“成为”。13.A句意:罗德喜欢将钟表拆开。然而,他从来不能将它们再次组装起来。takeapart“拆开,拆卸”;giveaway“分发,赠送”;makeup“构成,弥补,化装,编造”;turnoff“关闭”。根据句意A项正确。14.D句意:他不得不时而停下来擦擦额头上的汗,因为空调坏了。breakin“插话”;breakup“打碎,(学校)放假,解散”;breakout“爆发,发生”;breakdown“出毛病,停止运转”。根据句意可知选D项。15.Apickup在此句中意为“无意中获得或学到”。句意:你哥哥学俄语如此之快让人感到惊讶??他住在那儿也没有多长时间。lookup“仰望,尊敬”;putup“建造,搭起”;makeup“组成,构成,弥补”。16.D句意:据科学家们说,我们大脑的能力在22岁达到最高水平后,从27岁开始下降。differ“不同,有异”;shrink“变小,减少,收缩”;fail“(健康、体力、视力等)衰退,减弱”;decline“下降,衰退,减退”。17.B句意:有了你积累的这些信息,就可以着手开始准备你的经营计划了。setout“着手,开始”,后面接动词不定式;setabout“开始做某事”,后面接动名词形式;setoff“出发,动身”;setup“建立,创立,竖立”。18.Bcomeupwith意为“提出”;putupwith意为“忍受,容忍”;turnto意为“转向,求助于”;stickto意为“坚持”。句意:我可以忍受房间里不整齐,但是我讨厌房间里脏。根据句意判断应选B项。19.Cdisappear意为“消失,不见了”;fall意为“下落,(位置)下降,(力量)减退”;fail意为“失败,(健康)衰退,变弱”;damage意为“损害,毁坏”。句意:威廉发现他读书越来越困难了,因为他的视力开始衰退了。20.B考查动词词义辨析及搭配。根据of的提示,首先排除A项和D项;remindsb.ofsth.表示“提醒某人某事”;warnsb.ofsth.表示“告诫某人某事”。句意:玛丽,我提醒了约翰要帮助你的承诺。根据句意选B项。21.Bdirect“指导,导演”;limit“限制,局限”;change“改变,变化”;improve“提高,改善”。句意:如果我们想成功,学识很重要,但是它们也可能会“限制”我们的思维。22.Anegotiate“协商”;quarrel“争吵”;argue“争论”;consult“咨询;请教”。句意:部长说:“我们做好准备与任何合法党派进行磋商,但我们决不会与犯罪分子进行协商。”故只有A项符合句意。23.D考查动词辨析。operate“操作;经营;运转;动手术”;strengthen“增强;加强”;approve“批准;赞成”;accumulate“积累;聚积”。句意:临床证据开始累积,这表明新药物相比较于在动物身上进行实验得出的推测拥有更广泛的用途。故D项正确。24.Btakedown“写下;取下”;bringdown“降低”;handdown“传递”;teardown“拆毁;拆除;扯下”。句意:政府已采取措施降低日用品的高价来维护市场的稳定。故B项符合句意。25.Bputoff“推迟”;speedup“加速”;speeduptheflowoftraffic“使车流加速”;turnon“打开”;workout“解决,计算出”。句意:他们在拓宽桥面以使车流加速。故B项正确。26.C句意:你不可能预知一切。事情的结果往往不是你期望的那样。根据句意可知答案为C项workout,这里意思是“结果是,最终是”。A项“用光,耗尽”;B项“(战争、火灾、瘟疫等)爆发”;D项“熄灭,出版,生产”。27.A答句句意:不生气了,但我不否认她的话伤害了我。deny“否认”;refuse“拒绝”;reject“拒绝,谢绝,驳回”;declin