新高考英语一轮复习考点一遍过专题03-名词（原卷版）

考点03名词（原卷版）【命题趋势】近几年高考完形填空和语法填空中中对名词的考查一直是重点，且考查范围较广。其命题趋势仍将是：在不同语言环境中去识别词义，进行词义辨析，是高考考查的重点。因此，考生不仅要弄清词义，而且也要把握好语言环境，在单项填空、完形填空中这类试题会继续出现。建议考生在复习中注意名词的变形和基本用法。【重要考向】一、名词的数；二、名词作定语；三、名词所有格；考向一名词的数【典例】【2021全国新高考Ⅰ卷语法填空】Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe______(human)are.【名词的数提分秘籍】名词分为可数名词与不可数名词。1．可数名词的复数(1)可数名词变复数一般都是直接加­s；词尾若是s，x，ch，sh，在词尾加­esdesk→desks；dish→dishesstomach的复数形式是stomachs(2)以”辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，要变y为i再加­esstudy→studies(3)以f或fe结尾的名词，变f或fe为­vesleaf→leaves(4)以字母o结尾的名词，多数加­spiano→pianos(5)单、复数同形sheep；deer(6)单、复数都要加s的名词works(工厂)；means(方法)有一些例外情况：(1)巧记以o结尾加­es的名词：黑人英雄吃西红柿和马铃薯。(即Negro，hero，tomato和potato四个词)(2)巧记以f或fe结尾的名词在变复数时直接加­s：海湾(gulf)里的首领(chief)只相信(belief)放在屋顶(roof)保险箱(safe)里的证据(proof)。2．不可数名词一般没有复数形式，如果需要表示量，通常要用“a＋表量的概念的名词＋of＋名词”来表示，其中的表量的概念的名词可以根据需要用复数形式apieceofpaper一张纸；severalpiecesofinformation几条信息。通常情况下，抽象名词和物质名词都是不可数名词，如comfort，luck，rain，energy等。3．一些不可数名词也有复数形式，但词义不同语意语意brains智力times时代manners礼貌hairs几根头发goods货物sands沙滩，沙漠arms武器waters水域，领海snows积雪fruits水果glasses眼镜papers论文；试卷；报纸greens青菜customs海关pains努力woods树林4.抽象名词、物质名词具体化(1)英语中有一类名词在表示泛指意义时，它是一种概念，是不可数名词，但当它们被赋予了具体的含义后，可看作可数名词，一般与不定冠词连用，含有”一个(件、次)……的人或事”。如：beauty(美，美貌)→abeauty(一个美人或一件美物)danger(危险)→adanger(一件危险的事或一个危险的人)failure(失败)→afailure(一件失败的事或一个失败的人)honour(光荣)→anhonour(一个带来荣誉的人或一件带来荣誉的事)must(必须)→amust(一件必要的事或物)worry(担心)→aworry(一件令人担心的事或一个令人担忧的人)pity(遗憾)→apity(一件可惜的事)service(服务)→aservice(一个服务机构)smoke(烟)→asmoke(一缕烟)surprise(惊奇)→asurprise(一件令人吃惊的事)pleasure(乐趣)→apleasure(一件有趣的事)experience(经验)→anexperience(一次经历)(2)物质名词在表示构成物体的基本要素时，是不可数名词，但一旦表示具体物品，就变成了可数名词。如：coffee(咖啡)→acoffee(一杯咖啡)sand(沙子)→asand(一片沙滩)iron(铁)→aniron(一个熨斗)water(水)→awater(一片水域)抽象名词有时还可用复数形式。如：comfort(安慰)→comforts(舒适的设施)；joy(乐趣)→joys(乐事)；difficulty(困难)→difficulties(困难，难做的事)。还有的用在某些固定短语中，如：havealook(看一下)；afew，alittle(一些)；allofasudden(突然)；makeastudyof…(对……进行研究)；inahurry(匆忙)等。5．有些可数名词抽象为“某一概念”时，便转化为不可数名词aroom(房间)→room(空间)；aword(话，词)→word(消息)；aspace(空地)→space(宇宙,空间);gotoschool/church/bed/college，etc(去上学/做礼拜/上床睡觉/上大学等)。6．有些词只用作不可数名词Fun,advice,news,information,furniture，equipment，baggage/luggage，bread,homework，housework，juice，weather，progress，practice等。7．常见复合名词的复数looker­on→lookers­on旁观者；passer­by→passers­by过路人；father­in­law→fathers­in­law岳父；comrade­in­arms→comrades­in­arms战友；go­between→go­betweens中间人；grown­up→grown­ups成年人；store­keeper→store­keepers店主；tooth­brush→tooth­brushes牙刷。8．英语中集合名词的”数”有三种情况(1)“形单义复”的名词：这类集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：cattle牛；police警察；people人们(作民族、种族讲时复数为peoples)；youth青年人(youths指青年们)。(2)“形单义单”的名词：这类集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：baggage/luggage行李；clothing衣服；furniture家具；machinery机械；man/mankind人类。(3)有些集合名词作整体看时，当单数用，谓语动词用单数；作其“成员”解时，当复数用，且形式不变，谓语动词用复数。如：family家；government政府；group组；team队；class班级；audience听众。考向二名词作定语【典例】【2021浙江卷6月语法填空】In1844theyboughtitfor$1,200andsomelandfromCharlesDresser,whoperformedtheir______（marry）ceremonyin1842.【名词作定语提分秘籍】1．名词作定语时，几乎总是用单数形式(即使在意义上是复数)。如：radioprograms电台节目。2．man/woman作定语修饰名词时，随名词的单复数变化一起变化。如：amandoctor一名男大夫；twomendoctors两名男大夫。但girl与boy作定语仍用单数形式，如manyboystudents许多男学生。3．还有少数名词作定语时，形式不变。如：aclothesshop一个服装店；asportsman一位运动员；acustomsofficer一位海关官员；agoodstrain一列货车；asalesmanager一个营销经理；asavingsoffice一个储蓄所。考向三名词所有格【典例】【2021浙江卷语法填空】Itiscalculatedbydividinga______(person)weightinkgbytheirheightinmeterssquared,andaBMIofbetween19and25isconsideredhealthy.【名词作定语提分秘籍】英语名词的所有格构成如下：构成情况举例单数名词后加“’s”aboy’sseat，thestudent’sbag以­s结尾的人名只加“’”Charles’home词尾为­s的复数名词后只加“’”thegirls’names，Teachers’Day表示时间、距离、机构、团体、地名以及可拟人化的名词后加“’s”today’snewspaper，anhour’swork，China’sindustry数量词(a，two，some，no...)＋名词＋of＋名词所有格somefriendsofmyfather’s名词＋of＋名词所有格(往往含有感情色彩)thelectureofMr.Yang’s注意：无生命的名词(能拟人化的名词除外)可用of表示所属关系。如：thewindowsoftheclassroom，thetopofthemountain。所修饰的名词为“诊所、住宅或其他处所”时，被修饰的名词常省略。如：atthedoctor’s(clinic)在诊所；tomyuncle’s(house)到我叔叔家；inthemanager’s(office)在经理办公室；atthebarber’s/tailor’s(shop)在理发店/裁缝铺。另外，表示并列的名词“共有某物”时，只在最后一个名词后加“‘s”；如果表示“各自所有”，则在每个名词后加’s。如：LucyandMary’sdesk露西和玛丽共用的课桌；Lucy’sandMary’sdesks露西和玛丽各自的课桌。1.【2021全国乙卷语法填空】KomodoNationalPark,officiallyrecognizedin1980,ispopularforecotourismbecauseofitsuniquebiodiversity.______(activity)thererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking(远足)andaccommodationsaimtohavealowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.2.【2021全国乙卷语法填空】Minimizetheimpactof______(visit)theplace.3.【2021全国乙卷语法填空】Itisdifferentfromtraditionaltourismbecauseitallowsthetravelertobecomeeducatedabouttheareas-bothintermsofgeographicalconditionsandculturalcharacteristics,andoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthe______(develop)ofthelocalareas.4.【2021全国甲卷语法填空】Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesand______(watchtower)tofakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheirdailyroutines.5.【2020全国卷Ⅰ语法填空】Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular______(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(环形山),moresothanthefamiliarnearside.6.【2020全国卷Ⅱ语法填空】ChineseNewYearisa______(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.7.【2020全国卷Ⅲ语法填空】Filledwith______(curious),theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.8.【2020新高考全国卷Ⅰ语法填空】Historical.______（accurate）isimportantbutsoisentertainment.9.【2020浙江卷7月语法填空】Later,theylearnedtoworkwiththe______（season）,plantingattherighttimeand,indryareas,makinguseofannualfloodstoirrigate（灌溉）theirfields.10.【2020浙江卷7月语法填空】ForJapan,the______(number)aremorestriking—22in1950,46todayand53in2050.11.【2019全国卷Ⅰ语法填空】InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoa______(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.12.【2019全国卷Ⅲ语法填空】Whentheywerefreefromwork，theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninteresting______（compete）towatch，togetherwiththestorybehindit.13.【2019浙江卷6月语法填空】OtherAmericanstudiesshowedno______(connect)betweenuniformsandschoolperformance.14.【2018全国卷Ⅰ语法填空】Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014whichshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall______(cause).15.【2018全国卷Ⅱ语法填空】Thisswitchhasdecreased______(pollute)inthecountry’smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.16.【2018全国卷Ⅲ语法填空】MynameisMireyaMayor.I’ma______(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.17.【2018浙江卷6月语法填空】MakingChinese______(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.18.【2018浙江卷6月语法填空】Researchershavefoundthatthereisadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseinfoodeatenoutsidethehomeandtherisein______(weigh)problems.19.【2018浙江卷11月语法填空】Onestudyshowedthat______(woman)whodrankalotofcoffee,likeeightormorecupsperday,whiletheywerepregnantweremorelikelytohavechildrenwithbirthdefects.20.【2017全国卷Ⅰ语法填空】Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity（医学界）asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside______(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.21.【2017全国卷Ⅱ语法填空】Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible______(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.22.【2017全国卷Ⅱ语法填空】Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe______(introduce)ofelectric-poweredenginesandlifts.23.【2017全国卷Ⅲ语法填空】______24.【2017全国卷Ⅲ语法填空】______25.【2017浙江卷11月语法填空】Youwouldn'tthinkthatafew______(month)ofexerciseinyourteenswouldbeenoughfortherestofyourlife,andthat'salsotrueforbuildingyourvocabulary--youhavetokeepatitdaily,andprettysoonyouwillfindthatyouhaveanexcellentvocabulary.26.【2017浙江卷语法填空】LastOctober,whiletendinghergardeninMora,Sweden,LenaPahlssonpulledoutahandfulofsmall______(carrot)andwasabouttothrowthemaway.1.【辽宁省朝阳市建平县2021届高三9月联考】Thoughmakingentrancefeescompulsorywillmakemuseumslessaccessibletosome,manymuseumsdohavecertaindaysoftheweekwhen______(admit)isfree.2.【重庆市第八中学2021届高三二诊】Whenworkingwithanamountof______(number),anabacusispracticallyfaster,sinceithasabetter“keyboard”thantheWesterncalculators.3.【重庆市第八中学2021届高三二诊】Anyway,thesmallabacushasmadeanoutstandingcontributioninthefieldsofhumanintellectualdevelopment,justasthecomputerdoesintoday’s______(social).4.【辽宁省沈阳市2021届高三教学质量监测】Asyouwalkthroughthequicksand,sometimesyoucanhearloudnoisesfrombeneathyour______(foot).5.【辽宁百校联盟2021届高三质监】Accordingto44.______(official),thestationisoperatedbyasmartbrain",ahigh-techsystemthatusesbigdata,cloudcomputing,artificialintelligenceandtheInternetofthingstoprovidevariousservicesforvisitorswhileguaranteeingthesmoothoperationofthestationandreducingtheenergy45.______(consume)oftheentirebuilding.6.【湖南师范大学附中2021届高三模拟】SpanishsportnewspaperMarcanotedthatWuhasansweredthosewhodoubtedhismovetotheclubandthat“hisquick______(adapt)toLaLiga(西甲)hassurprisedmanypeople”.7.【湖南省永州市2021届高三二模】Itisalsoimportanttonotethatthegreatest______(amaze)ofthejourneyisChang'e5'slunarlandingsite-referredtoastheOceanofStorms-onthenearsideofthemoon,wherenoprobes(探测器)havepaidavisitbefore.8.【湖南省永州市2021届高三二模】It'sgeologicallyyoungerthanthesampling______(area)oftheUSandtheformerSovietmissions,sothenewsamplewillhelpfillinanimportantpieceofthepuzzleoftheMoon’shistory.9.【湖北省武汉市2021届高三质量检测】About80%ofChinesecharactersarecomposedofsmaller______(part),whicharecombinedinmanydifferentwaystoformtensofthousandsofhanzi.10.【湖北省九师联盟2021届高三质量检测】Finally,heaskedtheprincesstomakea______(choose):eithermarrytheRainbowPrince,settledownandgiveupdancing,orbeputintoprisonforlifeattheNorthPoleoftheearth.11.【湖北省九师联盟2021届高三质量检测】Tothisday,wecanstillcatchherdancinginthenorthernhemisphereandsee______(star)falling.12.【湖北省八市2021届高三联考】Shanghaicultureisamazing,andthecityisfilledwithsmartpeople,dynamicinteractions,a______(willing)tomoveandanappetiteforbeingmodernwhileembracingdiversityandcreatingabusinessfriendlyenvironment.13.【湖北省2021届高三联考】Thereturncapsuleof______(China)Chang’e5probetoucheddownonitspresetlandingsiteinSiziwangbanneroftheInnerMongoliaautonomousregionat1:59amonThursday,bringingbackthecountry’sfirstsamplescollectedfromthemoon,accordingtotheChinaNationalSpaceAdministration(CNSA).14.【湖北省2021届高三联考】Itmarkedthesuccessful______(conclude)ofChina’scurrentthree-steplunarexplorationprogramoforbitingandlanding,andbringingbacksamples,whichbeganin2004.15.【河北省张家口市2021届高三一模】DerlinNeweywasindisbelief.“Idon'tknowwhattosay,exceptthankyou,”saidNeweyasheheldback______(tear)ofjoy.16.【河北省张家口市2021届高三一模】“I'mgladtohelphim,”saidVal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