初中英语语法梳理

初中英语语法梳理前言习得语言需要自然的语境，那么，脱离了自然的语境，该如何学好一门外国的语言呢？国内外学者通过占有尽可能多的自然语料，建立语料库，分析语料，描述出一套系统的语言使用规律，从而方便外语学习者更好更快地掌握一门语言。因此，对于把英语作为外语的我们来说，了解英语语法是十分必要亦是十分有效的，是我们说出或者写出正确语句的基础，再反复强化模拟练习，碰到真实的语境就能够检验了。英语语法研究的对象是句子，具体来说是用词造句的规律，我们认识英语句子的结构及其变化，从简单句、复合句到变化句型，最终能够融会于英语的听、说、读、写运用中去。英语语法中所涉及到的术语，只需顾名思义地理解，切勿看作增加学习难度的障碍，初学阶段不必细究。简单句（TheSimpleSentence）简单句是初级阶段要掌握的层次，是最重要的，是复合句以及变化句型等一切的基础。主要介绍简单句的五种基本句型。简单句由基本词类构成，包括主干部分和修饰部分，主干部分有名词词组、动词词组，修饰部分有形容词、副词、介词词组。名词词组部分涉及前置限定词（冠词、数词、代词）与名词结合的用法。动词词组部分涉及动词的变化，包括时态（8个时态）、语态（主动和被动）、语气（情态助动词）。复合句（TheCompoundandComplexSentence）运用连接词结合两个以上的简单句就构成了复合句。并列连接词对等的简单句就构成了compoundsentence。简单句的成分是句子（从属连接词语连接）就构成了complexsentence。人称代词表格人称和数主格宾格所有格反身（格）（形容词）（名词）一单Imemyminemyself复weusouroursourselves二单youyouyouryoursyourself复youyouyouryoursyourselves三单he/she/ithim/her/ithis/her/itshis/hers/itshimself/herself/itself复theythemtheirtheirsthemselves主格就是主语的形式，宾格就是宾语的形式，所有格就是所有关系的形式。代词所有格辨析所有格（形容词），也称作形容词性物主代词，“谁的”所有格（名词），也称作名词性物主代词，相当所有格（形容词）+名词，“谁的……”Thisismydictionary.His(=Hisdictionary)isinthebag.Theblackoneisyourpenandtheblueoneismine(=mypen).反身代词固定搭配不定代词辨析G1用法含义一些肯定some否定、疑问anyG2范围含义全，都（∩）或者，任一（∪）全都不（┐∩）两者botheitherneither三者及以上allanynone注意：any有两种基本含义，一为“一些“，二为“任何“。G3数含义一个/一些另一个/另一些两者剩下的一个/两部分剩下的一些单数oneanothertheother复数someother，othersTheother,theothersothers=other+复数名词theothers=theother+复数名词G4限定对象含义许多少许（肯定）少许（否定）复数名词（cn.plural）manyafewfew不可数名词（un.）muchalittlelittleG5数用法泛指同类不同物指代同一事物特指同类不同物单数名词、不可数名词oneitthat复数名词onesthemthoseIlovetheredonebestofalltheclothesontheracks.Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Thereareallkindsofshoesintheshop.Ilovetheblackones.Thepriceofaphoneislowerthanthatofacomputer.ThechildrenbooksinChinaarenotasgoodasthoseinAmerica.基数词和序数词变化规则1,2,3,5,9特殊变化20,30,40…变y为ie-th其他-th基数词one,two,threefive,ninetwenty,thirty,thirtyfour序数词first,second,third,fifth,ninthtwentieth,thirtieth,fortiethfourth名词的分类专有名词人、地、物、团体、组织机构等的专用名称。如：Beijing,Tom,thePeople’sRepublicofChina,theGreatWall,theGreens。普通名词可数名词（有单复数，不可分割）如：boy，family不可数名词（无单复数，可以分割）如：milk，peace名词名词普通名词专有名词普通名词专有名词不可数名词可数名词不可数名词可数名词名词单复数变化I.规则变化例词1一般-smap-maps,girl-girls,day-days2（以s,x,ch,sh结尾）-esbus-buses,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3（以辅音字母加y结尾），变y为i-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities4（以-f或-fe结尾）变f/fe为v-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives其他-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs5（以o结尾）-esNegro-Negroes,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes”黑人英雄吃土豆和西红柿”其他-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos,volcano-volcanoes/volcanosII.不规则变化例词1改变元音字母man-men,woman-women,child-children,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchwoman-Frenchwomen2单复同形Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,Portuguese,fish,sheep,deer,series,means,species3单复数词义不同customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),sands(沙滩),papers(文件),manners(礼貌),brains(头脑),ruins(废墟)4集体名词只用作复数people,police,cattle,staff用作单数（整体）或复数（成员）class,family,audience,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party5合成名词主体名词变复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by（无主体名词时）后面部分变复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches两部分都变复数womensingers,menservants名词所有格’s构成所有格构成以s结尾加’Dickens’novels,Charles’job,theSmiths’house表示各自的所有关系Tom’sandJerry’smoms表示共有的所有关系TomandJerry’smom用法表示＂家＂＂店＂等场所thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s表示时间、地方、距离、重量、价值等的名词today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday,thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry，amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapplesof构成所有格1无生命的事物thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook2较长定语修饰的有生命的事物theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents3名词化的词thestruggleoftheoppressed双重所有格可以省略重复的名词我的几本/许多书some/manybooksofmine（=mybooks）我爸爸的一个朋友a/onefriendofmyfather’s(friends)形容词、副词形容词和副词可以看作一对孪生兄弟，跟随不同的老板，形容词辅佐名词，副词辅佐动词。形容名词作定语修饰名词，副词作状语修饰动词，即形名副动。限定修饰顺序限定词形容词代词冠词代词所有格序数基数评价性质状态大小长短形状年龄新旧温度颜色国家地区材料质地allbothsuchthea/anthisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulexcellentlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseParissilkstoneShehaslongstraightblackhair.形、副三级（原级-比较级-最高级）变化规则（5+6）（一）规则变化例词1一般-er,-esttall-taller-tallest,hard-harder-hardest2(以e结尾)-r,-stlarge-larger-largest,late-later-latest3(以重读闭音节且只有一个辅音字母结尾)双写-er,-estbig-bigger-biggest,slim-slimmer-slimmestfat-fatter-fattest,thin-thinner-thinnest4(以辅音字母加y结尾)变y为i-er,-esthappy-happier-happiest,busy-busier-busiesteasy-easier-easiest,early-earlier-earliest5（部分双音节及多音节词）前加more,mostpopular-morepopular-mostpopular,comfortably-morecomfortably-mostcomfortably（二）不规则变化例词好坏good/well-better-bestbad/badly-worse-worst多少many/much-more-mostlittle-less-least老old-older-oldest-elder-eldest(定语)远far-farther-farthest-further-furthest（抽象）1.as+原级+1.as+原级+as“和……一样”Ourroomisasbigastheirs.Sheworksashardaswe.2.notas/soas+原级+as“不如……”Ourroomisnotas/sobigastheirs.Shedoesnotworkas/sohardaswe.3.倍数+as+原级+as表示倍数Ourroomistwiceasbigastheirs.Sheworksseveraltimesashardaswe.1.比较级+than“1.比较级+than“比……更”Ourroomisbiggerthantheirs.Sheworksharderthanwe.2.The+比较级①…，the+比较级②…“越……就越……”Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.Themoretreesweplant,themorebeautifulourcitywillbecome.3.比较级and比较级“越来越……”Nowadaysourlifeisbecomingbetterandbetter.Fastfoodisgettingmoreandmorepopular.注意：注意：①比较级不能重叠，可用much,alot,far,alittle,倍数等修饰HeismoremuchtallerthanI.HeworksmorealittleharderthanI.②比较对象不能重叠Iamtallerthananyotherstudentinourclass.Heworksharderanyotherboyinhisclass.③比较对象要对等Ourroomisbiggerthanthey/themtheirs.Mary’stestscoreisbetterthanI/memine.1.最高级+范围1.最高级+范围Heisthetallestofus.Heworks(the)hardestinourclass.ThisisthebestnovelthatIhaveeverread.2.oneof+最高级+范围TabletennisisoneofthemostpopularsportsinChina.TheSpringFestivalisoneofthemostimportantfestivalsinChina.3.序数词+最高级+范围Chinaisthethirdlargestcountryintheworld.YellowRiveristhesecondlongestriverinChina.介词宾语介词，就是中介，表示词与词之间的关系。把介词比作鬼魂，没有躯体，只能依附于名词（包括动名词），构成介宾结构。Ilookforwardtohearingfromyou.介词分类1简单介词about,across,against,among,at,below,beyond,during,in,on,with…2合成介词inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短语介词accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4双重介词fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween，acrossfrom5分词介词considering,including,concerning,regarding,given介词辨析1表示时间at,on,inat表示时刻，on表示天，in表示月、季、年2表示空间at,on,inat表示在一点或小地方,on表示在面上，in表示在空间里或大地方3on,above,overon表示在接触面上，above相对点以上（包括海拔、零度以上）(反义词below)，over在……正上（反义词under）4in,on,toin在范围内，on相邻，to在范围外5in(front)ofinfrontof“在……前面”，inthefrontof“在……前部”6through，acrossthrough表示从空间通过，across表示在表面通过7between，amongbetween表示在两者之间，among于三者或以上中间8besides,exceptbesides“除了……还有”,except指“除去……不算”(不放句首)10“用”in,withwith表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音固定搭配atatfirst,atlast,atleast,atmost,atonce,atthesametimeattheageof18ononvacation,ontime,ontheleft/right,onfoot,online,onsale,onthestreet,ontheway,ontheradioininall,inshort,insummary,inaword,intime,intheend,indanger八大时态（时态就是时间决定动词的形态）动词的形态要随着时间而变化，把握时间标志和动词的变化是掌握时态的关键。完成进行完成完成进行完成进行进行一般一般将来现在过去将来现在过去过去将来过去将来一般现在时态(SimplePresentTense)含义:表示现在或现阶段的发生的动作或存在的状态。结构：主语+do/doestoday,everytoday,everyday/week/month/year,never,hardly,sometimes,often,usually,always,once/twice/threetimes…aweek/month/year动词形式动词原形（用do表示）和动词三单（用does表示）变化动词三单形式does变化规则一般过去时态(SimplePastTense)含义：表示过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态。结构：主语+didyesterday,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastday/week/month/year,threedaysago,justnow,in2008动词形式：动词过去式(用did表示)动词过去式did变化规则（一）规则变化例词一般加-edplay-played,look-looked,start-started（以e结尾）加-dlive-lived,hope-hoped,like-liked(以重读闭音节且只有一个辅音字母结尾)双写加-edstop-stopped,plan-planned(以辅音字母加y结尾)变y为i加-edstudy-studied,carry-carried,try-tried（二）不规则变化（见下表）一般将来时态(SimpleFutureTense)含义：表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。由近及远结构：主语+will/shalldo由近及远begoingtodobetodobeabouttodobedoingtomorrow,tomorrow,thedayaftertomorrow,nextday/week/month/year,inaminute,inthreedays,intenyears,inthefuture,HowsoonMyfatherwillcomebackinthreedays.Therewillbeastormtomorrow.Thestudentsaregoingtopreparefortheexamnextweek.Thereisgoingtobeamatchtomorrowafternoon.现在进行时态(PresentProgressiveTense)含义：表示现在或当前一段时间正在进行的活动或发生的动作。结构：be(am,is,are)doingnow现在now现在rightnow此刻,现在atpresent目前，现在atthemoment此刻,现在提示语:Look!Listen!动词形式：动词现在分词（用doing表示）动词现在分词doing的变化规则规则例词一般加-ingdo-doing,look-looking（以e结尾）去e加-ingwrite-writing,make-making(以重读闭音节且只有一个辅音字母结尾)双写加-ingget-getting,begin-beginningThestudentsarelisteningtotheteachernow.Heiswritingastorythismonth/thesedays.过去进行时态(PastProgressiveTense)含义：过去某时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。结构：主语+be(was,were)doing过去将来时态现在完成时态(PresentPerfectTense)含义：表示过去发生的动作或状态对现在造成的影响、结果或者表示过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态。结构：主语+have/hasdone动词形式：have/hasdone过去分词done变化规则（规则变化同动词的过去式）不规则变化动词表（动词原形-动词过去式-过去分词）情况例词ABCdo-did-doneis-was-beenare-were-beenwrite-wrote-writtenforget-forgot-forgottenspeak-spoke-spokentake-took-takengive-gave-givenbegin-began-begungo-went-goneABBhave-had-hadmake-made-madekeep-kept-keptleave-left-leftspend-spent-spentbuild-built-builtbring-brought-broughtbuy-bought-boughtsay-said-saidsell-sold-soldABAcome-came-comerun-ran-runAAAcost-cost-costhurt-hurt-hurtput-put-put用法1影响already已经（肯）already已经（肯）yet已经；还没(疑、否句末)never从不ever曾经（疑）before从前just刚刚…times几次recently/lately最近sofar,bynow,uptonow到目前为止IhavealreadyseenthemovieMr.Donkey.(强调了解或者拒绝再看)Ihaven’tseenthemovieMr.Donkeyyet.（强调不了解或者想要去看）IhaveneverseenthemovieMr.Donkey.（强调十分不了解）HaveyoueverseenthemovieMr.Donkey（before）?HaveyouseenthemovieMr.Donkey（yet）?IhaveseenthemovieMr.Donkeyseveraltimes.（强调十分了解）IhaveseenthemovieMr.Donkeyrecently/lately.（强调有所了解）Ihaveseenmorethan100moviesuptonow.--Where’sMary?--She’sgonetoItaly.（人在B）--Hi,Mary.Longtimenosee.--Yes,I’vebeentoItaly.（人在A）用法2持续since+过去的时间since+过去的时间点“自从……”for+时间段“长达……”howlong“多久，多长时间”IhavelivedinQingdaoforthreeyears.IhavelivedinQingdaosincethreeyearsago./sinceIgraduatedfromtheuniversity.HowlonghaveyoulivedinQingdao?注意：非延续性动词延续性动词①become→be②buy→have③borrow→keep④join→bein⑤come/go/arrive/get→bein/at⑥leave→beaway(from…)⑦start/begin→beon⑧end/finish→beover⑨die→bedead⑩marry→bemarried过去完成时态（PastPerfectTense）（“过去的过去”）含义：表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。结构：主语+haddoneWhenIgottoschool,IrealizeditwasSunday.BythetimeIgottotheairport,myflighthadalreadytakenoff.ThemoviehadstartedbeforeIarrivedatthecinema.被动语态(PassiveVoice)含义：表示主语跟动词是被动关系。结构:be+done变化结构(对be下手)1一般现在am/is/are+done2一般过去was/were+done3一般将来willbe+done4现在进行am/is/arebeing+done5现在完成have/hasbeen+done6含情态动词can/may/must…+doneThephonewasinventedbyAlexanderGrahamBellin1876.ThesubwayinQingdaowillbefinishedinafewyears.Teenagersshouldbeallowedtomaketheirowndecisions.解题：一换主宾，二变动词，三加bySVOO的被动结构（两个宾语，两种被动）Myfatherboughtmeabook.Iwasboughtabookbymyfather.Abookwasboughtformebymyfather.SVOC的被动结构（一感二听三让四看半帮）Hemadeuslaugh.Weweremadetolaughbyhim.1.句子不出现主语，一般可用被动结构表示：Itisbelievedthat…Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…Itissaidthat…Itiswellknownthat…Itmustbepointedoutthat…Itissupposedthat…Itisreportedthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…Itishopedthat…2.主动形式表示被动意义：Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.Thebookisworthreadingtwice.Thedoorwon’tshut.Theclotheswasheswell.Thebooksellswell.3.没有被动态的词或词组：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,appear,happen,takeplace,occur,belongto,agreewith,consistof等情态助动词有哪些？词义原形过去式（语气委婉）同义词组能够；可能cancouldbeableto可以；也许maymight必须；一定musthaveto将要；应该shallshouldoughtto将要；愿意willwould需要need最好hadbetter宁愿wouldrather结构：情态助动词+动词原形用法：1.must1.must肯定推测“一定”（可能性大）Lookatthefamilyphoto.Yourparentsmustloveyouverymuch.2.can’t否定推测“不可能，一定不”（没有可能）JoehasgonetoGermany.Hecan’tbeatschool.3.may/might/could一般推测“可能”（可能性小）ItmaybeMary’sband,oritmightbelongtoLucy.Theybothhaveone.1.Must/Need…?1.Must/Need…?必须做……吗？-Must/NeedIfinishtheworkinaday?-Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t/don’thaveto.2.Can/May/Could…?可以做……吗？-Can/May/CouldIborrowyourmoney?-Yes,youcan./No,youcan’t.主谓一致语法一致原则谓语动词的形式取决于主语的数，要跟主语的单复数形式一致。（二）意义一致原则谓语动词的形式取决于主语所表达的内容是单数还是复数意义。①时间、距离、长度、价值等复数名词作主语，用单数形式Athousandpoundsisalargenumber.Fivehundredmilesisalongwalkforme.②书、报、地名或组织以复数形式出现作主语，用单数形式TheUnitedStatesismadeupof50states.TheArabiansNightsisaninterestingbook.③由and连接的两单数名词是指同一个人、事物或不可分的整体，用单数形式Theteacherandwriterisherfriend.Knifeandfoxisusedinthewest.④thenumberof“……的数量”/thevarietyof“……的种类”,限定名词作主语，用单数形式Thenumberofstudentsinourclassis30.⑤class,team,family,group,government，nation,world等集体名词做主语，强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式；强调成员，则用复数形式。单复数同形的词means,works,fish,sheep,Chinese,Japanese等作主语时，其谓语动词看语境。Ourfootballteamisplayingwell.Ourfootballteamarehavingbaths.Notallmeansareused.Noteverymeansisuseful.⑥定语从句oneof＋复数名词＋who(that，which)，从句的谓语动词用复数形式。one前有the（only）用单数形式。SheisoneoftheengineerswhoaregoodatEnglish.SheistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoisgoodatEnglish.（三）就近原则。谓语动词形式取决于最邻近的名词、代词。⑦并列主语由or,either….or,neither….nor,not…only…butalso…连接及therebe句型，就近原则。Eitherheortheyaretoblame.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherknowsaboutit.Thereisanapple,twoorangesandsomebananasontheplate.（四）就前原则。由介词连接前后名词，介词前面的名词为真正的主语。⑧有aswellas,ratherthan,like,but,except,besides,with,alongwith,togetherwith,including,inadditionto等介词连接名词。Nooneexceptyourparentsispresent.TheteacheraswellashisstudentsisgoingtovisittheGreatWall.其他特殊情况⑨pair/kind/type/sort…of+名词作主语，谓语形式取决于这些词。half/majority/therest/onethird/some/plenty/alot/lots/mostof+名词作主语，谓语形式取决于名词。Thisnewtypeofcarsisnowonshow.Allkindsofcarshavetobeovercome.Alotofstudentsarewaitinginline.Lotsofthemoneyhasbeenwasted.Morethan30percentoflandiscoveredbywater.⑩aquantityof接不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式；接复数名词，则用复数形式。quantitiesof后接复数名词、不可数名词，谓语动词都用复数形式。Alargequantityofwaterisneededeveryday.Aquantityofbooksareonsalenow.Greatquantitiesofwaterareneededeveryday.Quantitiesofbooksareonsalenow.肯定句和否定句结构：be、情态助动词、其他助动词肯定式否定式（直加not）Iamaboy.Iamnotaboy.Jackcanplaythepiano.Jackcannotplaythepiano.Hehasfinishedhishomework.Hehasnotfinishedhishomework.（2）实义动词肯定式否定式（借助do/does再加not）Iloveyou.Idonotloveyou.Jacklovesplayingthepiano.Jackdoesnotloveplayingthepiano.一般疑问句(Yes/NoQuestions)含义：以Yes/No回答的疑问句。封闭式问题。结构：（1）be、情态助动词、其他助动词肯定式疑问式（提前）及回答Iamaboy.--Areyouaboy?--Yes，Iam./No,I’mnot.Jackcanplaythepiano.--CanJackplaythepiano?--Yes,hecan./Nohecan’t.Hehasfinishedhishomework.--Hashefinishedhishomework?--Yes,hehas./No,hehasnot.（2）实义动词肯定式疑问式（借助do/does提前）及回答Iloveyou.--Doyouloveme?--Yes,Ido./No,Idon’t.Jacklovesplayingthepiano.--DoesJackloveplayingthepiano?--Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn’t.特殊疑问句(Wh-Questions)含义：以疑问词提问信息回答的疑问句。开放式问题。结构：疑问词+一般疑问句（不完全）疑问词意义信息示例问答what什么事物-What’syourname?–MynameisAlice.who谁人-Whoishe?–HeisourP.E.teacher.when何时时间-Whenisyourbirthday?–ItisonMay1st.where何地地点-Wherewereyouborn?–IwasborninQingdao.why为什么原因-Whydoyoulikesoccer?–Becauseitisfun.how如何方式-Howisyourjobgoing?–Itisgreat.反义疑问句（TagSentences）含义：表示提问人的看法，向对方证实。

结构：陈述部分，A+B？解题：找动词—看肯否（前肯后否，前否后肯）—变主语回答：“实话实说”--Weallloveourparents,don’twe?--Yes,wedo.--2012wasnottheendoftheworld,wasit?--No,itwasn’t.易错点：（1）陈述部分是祈使句，问句willyou?(例外Let’s开头的祈使句，问句shallwe?)（2）陈述部分是Therebe句型，问句be(not)there?（3）陈述部分含no,none,nothing,nobody,little,few,never,seldom,hardly,rarely等否定意义的词时,问句用肯定式。LuXunwasneverlateforschool,washe?Ithardlyrainshere,doesit?（4）陈述部分主语是everything,anything,nothing,none,this,that等，问句主语用it；陈述部分主语是everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,noone等，问句主语常用they，有时也用he。Everyoneknowstheanswer,don'tthey?(doesn'the?)感叹句Exclamatorysentencesa/an+()+cn.单数a/an+()+cn.单数()+cn.复数()+un.结构：What+名词词组+（S+V）！How+形容词/副词+（S+V）！如何选择引导词？一去主谓，二看词类。Whataninterestingmanheis!Howinterestingthemanis!Howlovelytheweatheris!Whatlovelyweatheritis!Whatexcellentstudents!Howexcellentthestudentsare!祈使句含义：祈使句用来表达命令、请求、建议、劝告、禁止等。（省略主语you）结构：肯定式以动词原形开头，否定式为Don’t+肯定式。PleasecallmeaComein,please.Bequiet.Don’tbringthemobilephoneatschool.Don’tbelateforclass.Letusgoforawalk.(你让我们去散步吧。)Let’sgoforawalk.（咱们去散步吧。）表建议经典句型三大从句主从复合句，主要包括宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句，就是连接词引导从句在主句中充当成分。送给大家一个生动的比喻，把复合句比作怀胎的母亲，主句比作母体，从句比作胎儿，连接词就比作脐带。宾语从句含义：在复合句中，一个句子充当宾语，这个句子就是宾语从句。结构：动词+宾语从句（SVO、SVOO）宾语从句三要素（that）+陈述句连接词if/whether“是否”+一般疑问句wh-/how~（15个）疑问词+特殊疑问句Ibelieve…Icanfly.Ibelieve…Icanfly.Ibelieve(that)Icanfly.Iask…Willhecometomorrow?Iaskwhether/ifhewillcometomorrow.Ibelieve…Icanfly.Ibelieve(that)Icanfly.Canyoutellme…?Canyoutellme…?Whichbookdoyouprefer?Canyoutellmewhichbookyouprefer?(2)语序陈述语序，即主语+动词疑问句作宾语从句一般要调整为陈述语序，以下几种特殊疑问句，语序不变。①①What’swrong?/What’sthematter?/What’syourtrouble?②Whichisthewayto…?③Who引导的特殊疑问句且who做主语。Whotoldthesecret?(3)时态主现从变Weknow(that)JackoftenpracticesspeakingEnglish.Jackmetrosetenyearsago.Jackwillcomebacktomorrow.Jackisdrawingapicturenow.JackhaslivedinQingdaofortenyears.主过从过Wedidn’tknow(that)JackoftenpracticedspeakingEnglish.Jackhadmetrosetenyearsago.(过去的过去是过去完成)Jackwouldcomebacktomorrow.Jackwasdrawingapicturenow.Jackhad