光伏发电技术和系统设计

江苏常目目 ; 目前进行日照观测的基本气象站目前进行日照观测的基本气象站我国1953年开始测量太阳辐射，气象台站数量从解放初的70个发展到现在的2610个，其中气象站2300个（县级气象站），气象台310个。数据只有“日照时数”布格布格-朗伯定律:SD’=S0=余弦定律:ST’=SD’COSQpDNI*COS（G）Dpm=1/Sin×P/P0Sin=SinSin+CosCosDT’=Dp’(1+CosZ)/2RT’=ρQp’(1-CosZ)/2QTST+DT+RT（直散分离QT(I)=ST(I)+DT(I)+ SdS DTD RTRd(1cosZ)/注意：COS1卡=4.18焦耳，1=1ws6141.6106/3600/1000=1706kWh/m21706kWh/m2/3654.70kWh/147Kcal/cm21471034.1810000/3600/10001706.8kWh/m21706kWh/m2/3654.70kWh/(10年平均值 对于聚光太阳电池，要求DNI（DirectNormalInrradiation）的辐//≥≥≥5040–1400–3.8–3780–1050–2.9–<<<Fullrunninghrs(peakhrs)fordifferent独立光伏电站效率：60-65%；Eff.ofstand-along建筑并网光伏发电效率：70-75%；Eff.ofBIPV&大型并网光伏电站效率：75-80%。Eff.ofLS-BIPV&I:电流Isc:短路电流Im:V:电压Voc开路电压Vm: 光强 V(-2.5mV/I:I:电流Isc:短路电流Im:V:电压Voc开路电压Vm:光强与太阳电池组件的光电流成正比，在光强由100W/m21000W/m2范围内，的条件下，当光强在400W/m2-1000W/m2范围内变化，太阳电池组件的开路电 ηeuro=0.03η5%+0.06η10%+0.13η20%+0.10η30%+0.48η50%+TestingProcedure-IslandingPreventionMeasuresforPowerConditionersusedingridconnectedphotovoltaic(PV)generation术和信息，并开展国际间的交流和合作。。VLS-PV是指型号太阳电池最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）允许电网电压范围（三相尺寸（深×宽×高DeploymentofenvironmentallyfriendlyrammingtechnologiesLevelingoffgeologicalIdeallyfacilitatestheexactalignmentErectionofInstallationofangel-irondependingongeographicalInstallationofErectionofInstallationofmainInstallationofPreparingfinalinstallationDigoutearthcablechannelsLayingofStrings&StrappingElectrical-TechnicalConstructionandinstallationofdistributiontransformerandinverters大。当每个组串被遮挡时，不会由于热斑而损坏。注意：“光伏保险”的技术参数尚不存在。“缓升的短路电流”。=6组串的并联数：4RCA100%)3(=RCA72%)，maximumseriesfuseReversecurrentoverloadTestMST26Modulescontainelectricallyconductivematerial,containedinaninsulatingsystem.Underreversecurrentfaultconditions,thetabbingandcellsofthemoduleareforcedtodissipateenergyasheat,priortocircuitinterruptionbyanover-currentprotectorinstalledinthesystem.Thistestisintendedtodeterminetheacceptabilityoftheriskofignitionorfirefromthiscondition.AlaboratoryDCpowersupplyshallbeconnectedtothemodulewithpositiveoutputshallbeequalto135%ofthemodule’sovercurrentprotectionrating,asprovidedbythemanufacturer.ThetestsupplycurrentshouldbelimitedtothevalueofItest,andthemodule.Thetestshallbecontinuedfor2h,oruntilultimateresultsareknown,see12.2ofIEC61730-1.InstallationofModulesandSecuringofPlantSecuritySystems:安保系统fences,cameras&motion:美国美国Arizona州PhenixWBANNo.：23183气象站1961-1990的测试数据：纬度：33.43ºN，经度：112.02ºW，海拔：339米，气压：974毫巴 91011月(kWhm2当光伏安装成本为$6.2/Wp（44元/Wp时，固定安装的光伏电价为$0.2/kWh（1.4Sin=SinSin+CosCosSinβ=CosSin/CoscoscosZsinsinZcoscos(式中，为太阳电池方阵任一时刻方位角；为固定安装：Z’=Z，=0；跟踪：Z’=90-，=。COS23.50.917,仅有8.3%，全年平均误差：4%250250400500Springevell5.0MWon inaoninainfrontcold/sloped flattheRequiredareaforPVgeneratorswithdifferentcelltypesFacadeintegration,noventilationRoofintegration,noOn/infacade,poorventil.On/infacade,goodOn/inroof,poorventilationOn/inroof,goodOnwithlarge8,9555,4434,8393,6352,6322,1291,8280,022 电电压：交流220V单相频率：50Hz0.5VA灵敏度：“逆向”“上网电价”（Feed-inTariff）政策和并网方1、NospecialFITforPV；2、ReducepowerconsumptionfromgridbyPV；3、PVconnectgridatloadside。用户侧并网的光伏发电项目所发电量，富余于“富余电量”“富余电量”？注图中黄色屋顶上的光伏注图中黄色屋顶上的光伏TheUnitedStatesdoesnothaveuniformregulationsforinterconnectionacrossinterconnectionruleshavethefollowingcharacteristics:distributioncircuithasnomorethan15percentofitscapacityasdistributedAninverterthatcompliedwithUL/IEEE1574standards,whichensures"anti-AlockableACdisconnecttoallowutilitypersonneltolockoutthegeneration.ThesesimpleruleshaveworkedwellfortheUStodate,withalmostnodocumentedproblemsduetodistributedgeneration.The15percentrulehasbeenadoptedatthefederallevel,andaleadingutility(SouthernCaliforniaEdison)isusingthisrulewhenHighvoltageduetoDG:Highvoltagesmaybecausedbyreversepowerflow.Underlightloadforalocationwheretheprimaryvoltageisalreadyhigh,thevoltagerisecanbeenoughtopushthevoltageabovenominallimits.ThiscanevenhappenforasmallDGlocatedonthesecondarybecauseofthevoltagedropalongtheservicedrop,thesecondarywiring,andthedistributiontransformer.（IEEE1547）2009747号“国家电网公司光伏电站接入电网技术规定等都型荒漠光伏电站和风电场的光伏发电站。光伏发电站的功德国已经公布了BDEW“发电站接入中压电网的技术规定”（Generatingplantsconnectedtothemedium-voltagenetwork），对于接入中压电网（1kV-60kV）的TechnicalGuideline:GeneratingPlantsConnectedTechnicalGuideline:GeneratingPlantsConnectedtotheMedium-VoltageNetworkJune2008issue,BDEW,3rdVersionofVDEThisguidelineshallapplytotheplanning,construction,operationandmodificationofgeneratingplantswhichareconnectedtoanetworkoperator’smedium-voltagenetworkandoperatedinparallelwiththisnetwork.本标准适用于与中压电网（1kV-60kV)连接且并联运行的发电站。tloplyfetokonptfengptdinelo-aeto,hleenptthebtkscadneigeto.Tss.rgpasdtoao-otetokchsdthtkptsiventkhaeae,ndhhnostrsficlyeod.本标准也适用于连接在低压（4）电网的发电站，这些电站通过变压器与中压电网相连，而在低压侧没有连接用电负荷。（即适合于低负荷、高渗透率时的情况）AGermangridcodeforthelow-voltagelevelisunderway.Thefirstdraftisverysimilartothedirectiveforthemedium-voltagelevelwhichhighlycontroversial,duetothecomparablyhighcostsforsmallroofPVsystems.德国低压并网标准正在制定，电站必须能够以10%的步长限制其有60%,30%,和0%）频率高于50.2Hz时，功率必须以40%仅当频率恢复到50.05Hz以下时，才频率高于51.5Hz或低于47.5Hz时必须有功功率调节有功功率调节（ActivePower60%,30%,和0%）无功功率调节无功功率调节（ReactivePower低电压穿越能力低电压穿越能力（Low-voltageRide（Max.AdmissibleShort-Circuit太阳高度角的公式：sin=sinsin+coscos太阳方位角的公式：sinβ=cosD=cosβ×L，L=H/tan，=arcsin(sinsin+coscos弯曲力矩M：MWL28W弯曲应力PPM/Z弯曲度A：A（5WtL3）/（384EL（m）ImB（N/cm2）:B=W/APk=n2（EIm）/L2Im：截面轴向二次力矩(cm4)；E：材料的纵向弹性系数（N/cm2）L（cm）1/2WA（N/cm2）W（N）A（cm2）总荷重（W+G）/2应小于PkW=CwQAw