新高考英语一轮复习练习考向21 阅读理解之细节理解题(原卷版)

考向21阅读理解之细节理解题细节理解题的题型细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。常见的命题方式通常有：1.特殊疑问句形式。以when,where,what,which,who,howmuch/many等疑问词开头引出的问题；2.以是非题的形式。true/false,nottrue/false或EXCEPT，近年这种题型较少；3.以Accordingto…开头提问方式；4.以填空题的形式，如：（1）Toavoidattractingmountainlions,peopleareadvised________.（2）Bythefirstsentenceofthepassageauthormeansthat________.（3）Itseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydependsmuchon________.（4）Ifyouareinterestedinknowingaboutwhatpeople’slifewillbe,youmayvisit________.（5）Thepolicemenweretold“tolooktheotherway”(theunderlinedpartinParagraph2)sothat________.（6）Thepolicemanwhosaid“Goodevening”toRollswantedto________.5.就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取“带着问题找答案”的方法．先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句．仔细品味，对照比较．确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法．将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点：（1）是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；（2）符合常识，但不是文章内容；（3）与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动；（4）在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正确，部分错误。有的细节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推断或结论的时候）能够准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断．此类试题在高考中占大多数。值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要我们在阅读中特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型：题型一描写类细节题描写类细节题，常常考查考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接，一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解，对于该类题，考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。【典例示例】【2019·全国卷I，B】ForCanaanElementary’ssecondgradeinPatchogue,N.Y.，todayisspeechday,andrightnowit’sChrisPalaez’sturn.The8-year-oldisthejokeroftheclass.Withshiningdarkeyes,heseemsliketheofkidwhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.Buthe’s,nervous.“I’mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould…should…”Christripsonthe“-ld,”a.pronunciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher,ThomasWhaley,isnexttohim,whisperingsupport.“…Votefor…me…”Exceptforsomestumbles,Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion,Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.Asonofimmigrants,ChrisstaredlearningEnglishalittleoverthreeyearsago.Whaleyrecalls(回想起)howatthebeginningoftheyear，whencalledupontoread，Chriswouldexcusehimselftogotothebathroom.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguagecanbeapainfulexperience.Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes.“Ittakesalotforanystudent，”Whaleyexplains，“especiallyforastudentwhoislearningEnglishastheirnewlanguage，tofeelconfidentenoughtosay，’Idon’tknow，butIwanttoknow.’”Whaleygottheideaofthissecond-gradepresidentialcampaignprojectwhenheaskedthechildrenonedaytoraisetheirhandsiftheythoughttheycouldneverbeapresident.Theanswerbrokehisheart.Whaleysaystheprojectisaboutmorethanjustlearningtoreadandspeakinpublic.Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboast(夸耀)aboutthemselves.“Boastingaboutyourself，andyourbestqualities,”Whaleysays，“isverydifficultforachildwhocameintotheclassroomnotfeelingconfident.”24.WhatmadeChrisnervous？A.Tellingastory. B.Makingaspeech.C.Takingatest. D.Answeringaquestion.【语篇解读】本文属于记叙文，讲述ThomasWhaley为了帮助学生学英语以及树立信心专门开展了一个演讲课程。24.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段todayisspeechday和本段最后一句withshiningdarkeyes,heseemslikethekindofkidswhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.以及第二段第一句Buthe’snervous.可知，Chris眼睛黑亮，似乎是那种喜欢公共演讲的孩子，但是他却很紧张，故可知Chris是因为做演讲紧张，故选B。题型二信息寻找题、广告阅读题信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见，体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求，但在高考试题中，常常是就某一方面提问，考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类题时，宜采用“题干定全法”。即：先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属快速寻找信息题。但是广告有着其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快，省略了大量的词语，达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同时具有语言精练，形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告阅读题多为细节理解题，关键在于正确理解广告内容。考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各种手段（如：补全、联想、推测等）正确解读广告的内容。通常运用“补全成分法”和“联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题方法同样采用“题干定向法”。（1）补全成分法省略名在广告体阅读材料中大量出现，可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句。我们应结合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解。如：Driverwanted.根据文义，可将该句补充为：Adriverwillbewanted.(招聘一名司机)。（2）联想推测法在些广告时间、日期、地点、电话、票价等用了缩略词，甚至一概没有提及，这就需要考生前后连贯，充分想象，整体理解。搜寻已知信息，推断语篇意义。为节省篇幅，特别是在商业广告中，常使用缩写词，尽管有些缩写不太规范，但却常用，常见的缩写词有：Tel.=telephonenumberPh.=phoneAdd(r).=addressco.=companyLtd=LimitedMax=maximumMin=minimumhr=hourt=timefig=figureft=footml=miledoz=dozenMt=MountainP=pageprof.=professorDr.=doctors=southn=northw=westSta=Stationpop=popularvs=versusXmas=Christmasinfo=informationVIP=veryimportantpersonshrs=hoursaft=afterad=advertisementp/t=parttimeexp=experiencedPC=personalcomputerMA=MasterofArtsBSdegree=bachelor’sdegree(学士学位)【典例示例】【2019·北京卷，A】Wanttoexplorenewcultures，meetnewpeopleanddosomethingworthwhileatthesametime?YoucandoallthethreewithGlobalDevelopmentAssociation(GDA).Whateverstageoflifeyou’reat，whereveryougoandwhateverprojectyoudoinGDA，you’llcreatepositivechangesinapoorandremotecommunity(社区).Weworkwithvolunteersofallagesandbackgrounds.Mostofourvolunteersareaged17-24.Nowweneedvolunteermanagersaged25-75.Theyareextremelyimportantinthesafeandeffectiverunningofourprogrammes.Wehavesuchrolesasprojectmanagers，mountainleaders，andcommunicationofficers.Dependingonwhichroleyouchoose，youcouldhelptoincreaseacommunity’saccesstosafedrinkingwater，orhelptoprotectvaluablelocalcultures.Youmightalsodesignanadventurechallengetotrainyoungvolunteers.Notonlywillyouhelpouryoungvolunteerstodeveloppersonally，you’llalsolearnnewskillsandincreaseyourculturalawareness.Youmayhavechancestomeetnewpeoplewho’llbecomeyourlifelongfriends.Thissummerwehaveboth4-weekand7-weekprogrammes:CountrySchedule4-weekprogrammes7-weekprogrammesAlgeria5Jul.—1Aug.20Jun.—7Aug.Egypt24Jul—20Aug.19Jun.—6Aug.Kenya20Jul.—16Aug.18Jun.—5Aug.SouthAfrica2Aug.—29Aug.15Jun.—2Aug.GDAensuresthatvolunteersworkwithcommunitymembersandlocalprojectpartnerswhereourhelpisneeded.Allourprojectsaimtopromotethedevelopmentofpoorandremotecommunities.ThereisnootherchancelikeaGDAprogramme.Joinusasavolunteermanagertodevelopyourownskillswhilebringingbenefitstothecommunities.FindoutmoreaboutjoiningaGDAprogramme:Website:Email:humanresources@31.Whatisthemainresponsibilityofvolunteermanagers?A.Toseeklocalpartners B.TotakeinyoungvolunteersC.Tocarryoutprogrammes D.Tofosterculturalawareness32.TheprogrammebeginninginAugustwilloperatein__________.A.Egypt B.Algeria C.Kenya D.SouthAfria33.ThesharedgoalofGDA’sprojectsto__________.A.explorenewcultures B.protecttheenvironmentC.gaincorporatebenefit D.helpcommunitiesinneed【语篇解读】这是一篇应用文，这是一篇招聘志愿者的广告。31.C【解析】细节理解题。题干问管理人员的主要职责是什么。根据第三段中Dependingonwhichroleyouchoose,youcouldhelptoincrease...,orhelptoprojectYoumightalsodesign...可知，根据岗位不同，管理人员可以帮助增加小区的饮用水，可以规划地方文化，可以设计挑战项目培训年轻的志愿者，从这些内容上可以判断出其主要职责是执行项目计划。故选C。32.D【解析】细节理解题。题干问八月份开始的这个项目将在哪里开展。根据这个表格中4-weekprogrammes中的最后一个，可知答案选D。33.D【解析】细节理解题。题干问GDA的所有项目的共同目的是什么。根据倒数第二段中Allourprojectsaimtopromotethedevelopmentofpoorandremotecommunities可知，其目标就是促进偏远贫穷区域的发展，即帮助有需要的小区。故选D。题型三数据计算题此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算，得出正确的结论。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。【典例示例】【2017·北京卷，B】Inspiringyoungminds! TOKNOWMagazineisabighitintheworldofchildren’spublishing,bringingauniquecombinationofchallengingideasandgoodfuntoyoungfanseverymonth.What’sinside?What’sinside?Everymonththemagazineintroducesafreshnewtopicwitharticles,experimentsandcreativethingstomake—themagazinealsoexploresphilosophyandwellbeingtomakesureyoungreadershaveabalancedtakeonlife.WhatissospecialaboutTOKNOWmagazine? Well,ithasnoadsorpromotionsinside—insteaditisjam-packedwithseriousideas.TOKNOWmakescomplexideasattractiveandaccessibletochildren,whocanbecomeinvolvedinadvancedconceptsandevenphilosophy（哲学）—andtheywillsoondiscoverthatTOKNOWfeelsmorelikeaclubthanjustamagazine.Soundstoogoodtobetrue? Takealookonline—evidenceshowsthatthousandsofteachersandparentsknowagoodthingwhentheyseeitandrecommendTOKNOWtotheirfriends.HappyBirthdayAllYear! Whatcouldbemorefunthanagiftthatkeepscomingthroughtheletterboxeverymonth?Thefirstmagazinewithyourgiftmessagewillarriveintimeforthespecialday.SUBSCRIBENOW□AnnualSubscriptionEurope£55RestofWorld£65□AnnualSubscriptionwithGiftPackIncludesaMammothMap,aPassportPuzzleBooklet,andSubscriptionEurope£60RestofWorld£70RefundPolicy—thesubscriptioncanbecancelledwithin28daysandyoucangetyourmoneyback.61.Howmuchshouldyoupayifyoumakea12-mouthsubscriptiontoTOKNOWwithgiftpackfromChina?A.£55. B.£60.C.£65.D.£70.【文章大意】文章介绍了一本杂志TOKNOWMagazine。61.D【解析】数字计算题。根据AnnualSubscriptionwithGiftPack中的IncludesaMammothMap,apassportPuzzleBooklet,andSubscriptionEurope£60RestofWorld£70，中国属于RestofWorld，故答案为D。题型四排序题这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。做此类题目可采用＂首尾定位法＂，即先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，这样可以迅速缩小选择范围，从而迅速找到答案。阅读理解的文章如果是记叙文，排序题通常以事件发生的时间为线索；如果是说明文，排序题通常以说明的先后顺序为线索；如果是议论文，排序题通常以逻辑顺序为线索。从近几年高考试题来看，这类试题主要出现在记叙文和说明文中。题型五图文转换题此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字。可采用“文字锁定法”，即找出描述图形的句段，按“文”锁“图”，迅速锁定相关图形，或用“图形标示法”，在图形中标出相应的内容，以便做题。【典例示例】TheHomeofMyPeopleWhenLewisandClarksteppedontotheWeippePrairieinpresent-dayIdahoinSeptember1808,theymettheNezPerceIndians.Inthefollowingyears,thewhiteexplorers（探险者）begantofightwiththeIndiansfortheirland.SomeNezPercechiefssignedagreementswiththeU.S.government,sellingpartoftheirlands.Butthegovernmentalwaysbrokethoseagreementsanddemandedmoreland.Otherchiefsrefusedtogoalongwiththegovernment’splans.ThemostfamouswasChiefJoseph,whosepeoplelivedintheWallowaValley（present-dayOregon）.“Inordertohaveallpeopleunderstandhowmuchlandweowned,”heonceexplained,“myfatherplantedpolesarounditandsaid:‘Insideisthehomeofmypeople…Itcircledaroundthegraves（坟墓）ofourfathers,andwewillnevergiveupthesegravestoanyman.‘”Butin1874,theU.S.governmentdeclaredthevalleyopenforwhitesettlementandorderedtheNezPerceontoareservation（保留地）.Seeingthatresistancewasuseless,ChiefJosephagreedtomove.Later,fightingbrokeoutbetweentheNezPerceandU.S.soldiers.ChiefJosephtriedtoleadhispeopletoCanada,winningseveralbattlesagainstthesoldiersduringtheirflight.Butfinally,hewasforcedtogivein.1.Whichhistoricsite（onthemap）liesinthesouthoftoday’sNezPerceReservation?A.BuffaloEddy.B.DugBar.C.JosephCanyonViewpoint.D.ChiefLookingGlassCamp.2.WhatcanwelearnabouttheNezPercelandsfromthemap?A.TheywereinthestateofOregon.B.Theyhavebecomeahistoricsite.C.Theyhavebecomemuchsmaller.D.TheywerelimitedtotheWallowaValley.【答案与解析】1.D此题考查学生的图示理解能力。首先要找到并标出现在NezPerceReservation所在的位置，然后找到它以南的历史景点。可以看到ChiefLookingGlasscamp位于NezPerceReservation的南部。2.C从地图中我们可以看到，NezPerce原先所拥有的土地比现在NezPerce保留区的位置大多了。题型六代词指代题代词指代题要求考生一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义。此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。【典例示例】（2016·新课标卷III））OnoneofhertripstoNewYorkseveralyearsago,EudoraWeltydecidedtotakeacoupleofNewYorkfriendsouttodinner.TheysettledinatacomfortableEastSlidecafeandwithinminutes,anothercustomerwasapproachingtheirtable.＂Hey,aren’tyoufromMississippi?＂theelegant,white-hairedwriterrememberedbeingaskedbythestranger.＂I’mfromMississippitoo.＂Withoutasecondthought,thewomanjoinedtheWeltyparty.Whenherdinnerpartnershowedup,shealsopulledupachair.＂TheybegantellingmeallthenewsofMississippi,＂Weltysaid.＂Ididn’tknowwhatmyNewYorkfriendswerethinking.＂TaxisonarainyNewYorknightarerarerthansunshine.Bythetimethegroupgotuptoleave,itwaspouringoutside.Welty’snewfriendsimmediatelysentawaitertofindacab.Headingbackdowntowntowardherhotel,herbig-cityfriendswereamazedattheturnofeventsthathadchangedtheirBigAppledinnerintoaMississippistatereunion(团聚).＂Myfriendssaid:‘Nowwebelieveyourstories,’＂Weltyadded.＂AndIsaid:‘Nowyouknow.Thesearethepeoplethatmakemewritethem.’＂Sittingonasofainherroom,Welty,aslimfigureinasimplegraydress,lookedpleasedwiththisexplanation.＂Idon’tmakethemup,＂shesaidofthecharactersinherfictiontheselast50orsoyears.＂Idon’thaveto.＂Beauticians,bartenders,pianoplayersandpeoplewithpurplehats,Welty’speoplecomefromafternoonsspentvisitingwitholdfriends,fromwalksthroughthestreetsofhernativeJackson,Miss.,fromconversationsoverheardonabus.ItannoysWeltythat,at78,herleftearhasnowgivenout.Sometimes,sittingonabusoratrain,shehearsonlyafragment(片段)ofaparticularlyinterestingstory.26.Theunderlinedword＂them＂inParagraph6referstoWelty’s_______.A.readersB.partiesC.friendsD.stories【文章大意】文章介绍了一位女作家请纽约的朋友吃饭时发生的故事。Welty是一位年纪比较大的作家，她来自密西西比。Welty的作品都是来自于现实的生活。26.D【解析】画线的them指代前面提到的人或物，根据＂Nowwebelieveyourstories＂可知，them指代的是Welty写的小说里面的故事，听了Welty和两个陌生人的有关密西西比的谈话之后，Welty的朋友相信了Welty小说里的故事都是来源于生活，故选D。细节理解解题方法1.把握解题的顺序原则一般来说隐含题目答案的位置与题目的顺序是一致的，这能帮助我们缩小寻找范围，大大提高效率。我们做题时可以采用采用步步为营法，看一题做一题。2.通过定位词寻找出题点 定位词和主题句是英语阅读理解解题方法的最重要的两个要素，前者适用于解答细节理解题，后者用于解答主旨大意题。通过定位词解题，就是说我们在阅读题干的时候迅速的把题干中有标记意义的词或词组划记出来，然后用这个词回到原文当中定位。我们首先要关注的是表示人名、地名等的专有名词和表示年份、数字、百分数等的数词，以及题干中出现的大写的名词。如 在找定位词的时候，请同学们注意以下几点： （1）文章中反复出现的专有名词是全文描述对象的中心，没有唯一出处，所以不能算是定位词。我们如果发现大部分题干中都有这个专有名词的，就应该排除它作为定位词的可能。 （2）大多数时候我们选择的定位词都是名词，因为名词的可替代性相对较低，容易找到唯一出处。但是我们所找的名词要尽量是实体名词，也就是能指代一件具体事物的名词。一般来说，下面两类名词都不可取。 a.抽象词。如opinion,idea,result,information,role,effect,trend,theory等等。 b.言语词。如statement,argument,comment,response,reaction,enquiry,answer，reason等等。 （3）并不是所有的我们在题干中找到的定位词在原文中都会对应出现，有些情况下，原文中出现的只是题干定位词的转换形式。在这种情况下，划出定位词并在脑中留下印象也有利于我们在浏览文章是迅速发现文中定位词的对应形式，从而找到题目答案的位置。3.排除法排除法是解答阅读理解题的另一个重要的方法。因为有的时候如果是给填空题让我们做，我们也许不能填出正确答案，但是如果给出四个选项让我们选的话，我们可以通过对比排除错误选项。那么怎样通过排除法做题呢（1）正确选项的特征正确选项虽然一般不是原文照搬，但是一般是原文的改写，意思不变。如换一个同义词，把否定改为肯定，把肯定改为否定等。 （2）错误选项的特征a．张冠李戴：把A事物的特点说成是B事物的，企图混淆视听。 b.断章取义：抓住一个字眼或细节做文章，对作者本意歪曲的理解。 c.过度猜测：文中并没有出现和选项一致的直接信息，选项对文意进行了不切实际的过度猜测。d.把已然说成未然（或把未然说成已然）：本来文中还没有发生的事在选项中变成了已经发生的事，或者反之。e.选项与原文事实相反：选项所叙述的内容与原文所提到的完全相反【检测训练】1Independentlivingathomeistheidealforeveryagingperson.Butafallorotherhealth-threateningincidentscanchangeeverythingrapidly.Thewearable“panicbuttons”introducedinthelate1980swereagreatadvance.Buttheyonlyworkifpeopleactuallywearthemandcanreachthebuttoninanemergency.Todaytherearepassivewearablesthatautomaticallydetectfalls,andcamera-basedsystemstomonitoreldersafety.Comingfroma40-yearcareerinthesemiconductorandwirelesscommunicationfield,RafiZackdecidedtofindabetteralternative.“Peoplearen’tdevotedtowearingsmalldevices24/7,andcamera-basedsystemsareaninvasion（侵犯）ofprivacy,”hepointsout,“Themostchallengingaspectisafall.Howfastwecandetectafallmattersbecausethemedicalsituationworsensquickly.Sometimespeoplestayonthefloorforalongtime.Wehavetofindouthowtosolvethatproblem.”Zackisaco-founder,CEOandvicepresidentofR&DatEchoCareTechnologieswhichhasdevelopedECHO(ElderlyCareHomeObserver),acloud-connectedmonitorbasedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.Becauseradarseesthroughwalls,oneECHOunitfixedontheceilingorwallcanmonitoroneperson(ortwopersons,inafutureversion)inastandard-sizedapartmentinaseniorlivingfacility.Thedevicedetectsfalls,breathingdifficulties,drowninginabathtubandotherdangerousevents.Itgivesoutwarningstopotentialhealthworseningconditionsbycontinuouslymonitoringandanalyzingtheperson’slocation,posture（姿势）,motionandbreath.EchoCaretestedthedeviceintheUnitedStates,Japan,AustraliaandIsrael.ECHOwascertified（认证）in2019inJapanwiththemostagingpopulationintheworld.“Bathroomswerethemaintestingareawhereabout17,000deadlyaccidentshappenannually.”saidSMKDirectorandExecutiveVicePresidentTetsuoHara.“Bathroommakers,homesecurityserviceprovidersandnursinghomesarehighlyinterestedinEchoCare’ssolution.”Zacknoted,“Asmoreandmoreelderpeoplelivealoneasaresultofsocialdistancing,thereisanincreasedneedtomonitorthemwithouttheburdenofwearablesorprivacy-invadingcameras.”1.What’stheadvantageofECHOover“panicbuttons”?A.Ithascamera-basedsystems. B.Ithasbeenwidelyaccepted.C.Itcanfunctionwithoutcameras. D.Itsbuttonscanbeeasilyreached.2.WhatcanweknowaboutECHOfromparagraph5?A.Itisdesignedtosendoutwarningsregularly.B.Itmonitorsdangeroushealth-relatedevents.C.Itwascertifiedinmanydevelopedcountries.D.Itdetectsmorethanonepersonatthesametime.3.WhatcanweinferaboutthefutureofECHO?A.It’llbecomemorepopularwiththeelderly.B.It’llstop17,000deathshappeningannually.C.It’llbeusedinnursinghomesandhospitals.D.It’llhelpelderlypeopletoliveanactivelife.4.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.AnAdvancedMedicalInstrumentB.AHigh-techMonitorfortheElderlyC.TheInventionofaHealthcareDeviceD.TheImprovementofaMedicalFacility2AyoungwomanwaswalkinginSantaAna,California,whenshecameuponanelderlystreetvendor(小贩)sellingtamales(玉米粉蒸肉).Seeinghowtiredhelookedinhiswheelchair,shedecidedtogivehimafewbucksandasandwich—andshealsogavehimasympatheticeartolistentohisstory.WhenKeniaBarraganfirstsawJoseVillaOchoa,shethoughtofherownparents.“Ifeltforhim,”shetoldKTTVNews,“Myparentsarebotholder,andIwouldhatetoseemydadoutsellingtamalesforsomebodyandbarelymakingendsmeet.”Knownas“DonJoel”,heexplainedthatalthoughhewantedajob,nocompanywouldhirehimbecauseofhisage.Inordertokeephimselfoutofdebt,hestartedtoselltamalescookedbyalocalwoman.Attheendofeachhardday,shewouldgivehimacutoftheearnings.Thisallowedhimtobuyfood,butwasnotenoughforhimtoaffordhismedicaltreatmentoraphone.The28-year-oldwomanwashappytolistentoDonJoel’sstory,butshewantedtodomore.ShemadeanappealtoherfollowersonInstagramforsomeassistance.Withinaweek,friendsandstrangersfloodedherwithmorethan$84000indonations.InadditiontothemoneyraisedforDonJoel’sretirement,Keniapurchasedhimanewwheelchairandashinynewpairofshoes.Eventhoughhe’s94,hesayshefeelslikehe’s40now,becausethekindnesshasmadehimfeelsoalive.Hedescribesthegenerosityas“life-changing”.Keniafeelsexactlythesameway.Shesaysshe’salwayslookingforapurposethathelpspeopleandthatshe’sbeenlivinginlinewiththosevaluesinhercurrentjob,workingwithpeoplewhohavedisabilitiestogetthemtransportation.Hergoalinlifeistoestablishahomelessshelter.5.WhydidDonJoelselltamales?A.Tobuyanewwheelchair. B.Tostruggleforaliving.C.Topayoffhismedicaldebt. D.Tohelpalocalwoman.6.HowdidKeniachangeDonJoel’slife?A.Byestablishingahomelessshelter. B.Bygivinghimmoneyandsandwiches.C.BycollectingdonationsonInstagram. D.Bylisteningtohisstoryattentively.7.WhatcanweinferaboutKeniainthetext?A.Shedislikedherfatherbecauseofhisjob.B.Sheisawealthywomanreadytohelpothers.C.ShehelpedDonJoelwhenshewas40yearsold.D.Sheisakindwomanaimingtodomorecharity.8.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellus?A.Rosegiven,fragrantinhand. B.Thebestheartsarealwaysthebravest.C.Nopain,nogain. D.Sharptoolsmakegoodwork.3Thefirstwaveofanewclassofanti-agingdrugshavebegunhumantesting.Thesedrugswon'tletyoulivelongerbutaimtotreatspecificillnessesbyslowingafundamentalprocessofaging.Thedrugsarecalledsenolytics—theyworkbyremovingcertaincellsthataccumulateasweage.Knownas“senescent”cells,theycancreatelow-levelinflammation(炎症)thatpreventsnormalsystemsoflivingcellsrepairandcreatesapoisonousenvironmentforneighboringcells.InJune,SanFrancisco-basedUnityBiotechnologyreportedinitialresultsinpatientswithmildtosevereosteoarthritis(关节炎)oftheknee.Resultsfromalargerclinicaltrialareexpectedinthesecondhalfofthisyear.Thecompanyisalsodevelopingsimilardrugstotreatage-relateddiseasesoftheeyesandlungs,amongotherconditions.Senolyticsarenowinhumantests,alongwithanumberofotherpromisingapproachestargetingthebiologicalprocessesthatlieattherootofagingandvariousdiseases.AcompanycalledAlkahestinjectspatientswithcomponentsfoundinyoungpeople'sbloodandsaysithopestostopconsciousandfunctionaldeclineinpatientssufferingfrommildtomoderateAlzheimer'sdisease.ThecompanyalsohasdrugsforParkinson'sanddementiainhumantesting.AndinDecember,researchersatDrexelUniversityCollegeofMedicineeventriedtoseeifacreamincludingtheimmune-suppressingdrugcouldslowaginginhumanskin.Thetestsreflectresearchers'expandingeffortstolearnifthemanydiseasesassociatedwithgettingolder-suchasheartdiseases,arthritis,cancer,anddementia-canbedealtwithtodelaytheiroutbreak.9.Whydotheresearchersdevelopthedrugs?A.Toridinflammation. B.Tolengthenpeople'slife.C.Totreatage-relateddiseases. D.Toremovecancercells.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“senescent”inparagraph2probablymean?A.Repairing. B.Cycling. C.Aging. D.Dividing.11.Howdoesthetextmainlydevelop?A.Bylistingdata. B.Byprovidingdetails.C.Bymakingcomparisons. D.Byanalyzingcauses.12.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Adiary. B.Aguidebook. C.Anovel. D.Amagazine.4DuringtheCOVID-19pandemic,Juliabeganhersecondyearasafirstgradeteacherinanonlineclassroom.OneSeptemberafternoon,shereceivedacallfromandCynthia,whowashavingtechnicaldifficultieswithhergranddaughter'stoolsforonlinelearning.JuliaimmediatelyknewsomethingwaswrongwithCynthia.Thetwowomenhadspokenmanytimesbefore,butJuliahadneverheardshesoundedlikethis.HerwordsweresojumbledthatJuliacouldbarelyunderstandher.Juliacalledherheadmaster,Charlie,whoconvincedherthathewouldcallandcheckonCynthiahimself.JustlikeJulia,CharliecouldbarelyunderstandCynthia.Hesuspectedshemightbehavingastroke(中风)—herecognizedthesignsfromwhenhisownfatherhadsufferedone.CharlieimmediatelybecameconcernedthatCynthia'stwograndchildren,agessixandeight,wereprobablyhomealonewithherandscared.Charlieaskedhisofficemanagertosendanambulancetothegrandmother'shome.ThequickresponsefromJuliaandCharliesavedCynthia'slife.Shearrivedatthehospitalintimetogettreatmentbeforelong-termdamageoccurred.Thankstoanextendedstayinthehospital,shehasregainedmostofthemovementthroughoutherbodyexceptforonehandandaregionofhermouth.“I'mproudofthepeopleIworkwith,thattheyrespondedsoquicklyandthatitdidmakeadifferencetoCynthia,”saysJulia.“Iamsopleasedtobepartofsuchacaringcommunity.”Buttheschool'scrisisresponseisonlyonepieceofthecommunity'sextraordinaryeffortstohelpCynthiaandhergranddaughters.Anotherfamilywithyoungchildrentookinthetwogirls.Virtuallearninghasbeenachallengeacrossthecountry,butit'sfairtosaythatithashelpedthecommunitygrowcloser.Manyteacherstheregavetheirpersonalphonenumberstostudentsandfamiliesincasetheyneededextrahelp.Inthiscase,theexchangewasliterallylife-altering.13.CynthiacalledJuliainorderto.A.complainaboutthepoorcontentsofonlinelearningB.consultabouthergranddaughter'sacademicperformanceC.seeksomehelpforlackofcertaintechnicalknowledgeD.volunteerherservicesasateacherinanonlineclassroom14.Theunderlinedword“jumbled”inParagraph2isclosestinmeaningto.A.briefB.unclearC.gentleD.impolite15.HowdidCharliedecidethatCynthiamighthavesufferedastroke?A.Byrecallinghisownprevioussufferingsfromthedisease.B.Byusinghisprofessionalknowledgetoformthejudgment.C.BycombiningJulia'scallwiththegranddaughters'description.D.Byidentifyingthesymptomsthatastrokepatientmayhave.16.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvirtualleaning?A.Ithascausedmuchinconveniencetoparents.B.Itwillbringaboutunavoidableleakofprivacy.C.Ithasprovidedmorebenefitsthanchallenges.D.Itneedstechnicalguidancetobehighlyeffective.5Youngchildrenwhohaveexperiencedcompassionate(有同情心的)loveandempathy(认同感)fromtheirmothersmaybemorewillingtoturnthoughtsintoactionbybeinggeneroustoothers,aUniversityofCalifornia,Davis’studysuggests.Inlabstudies,childrentestedatages4and6showedmorewillingnesstogiveupthetokens(代金券)theyhadearnedtofictionalchildreninneedwhentwoconditionswerepresent—iftheyshowedbodilychangeswhengiventheopportunitytoshareandhadexperiencedpositiveparentingthatmodeledsuchkindness.Thestudyinitiallyincluded74preschool-agechildrenandtheirmothers.Theywereinvitedbacktwoyearslater,resultingin54mother-childpairswhosebehaviorsandreactionswereanalyzedwhenthechildrenwere6.“Atbothages,childrenwithbetterphysiologicalregulationandwithmotherswhoexpressedstrongercompassionatelovewerelikelytodonatemoreoftheirearnings,”saidPaulHastings,UCDavisprofessorofpsychology.“Compassionatemotherslikelydevelopemotionallycloserelationshipswiththeirchildrenwhilealsoprovidinganearlyexampleofsatisfyingtheneedsofothers,”researcherssaidinthestudy,publish