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大学英语提高班1(2023-2024-1)学习通超星期末考试章节答案2024年中译英1.大桥将助推区域一体化,促进经济增长。大桥是中国发展自己的大湾区总体规划的关键。中国希望将大湾区建成在技术创新和经济繁荣上能与纽约、东京的湾区相媲美的地区。2.一项又一项的研究发现,食物和一些慢性病之间有密切关系。例如,某些慢性病(chronicdiseases)危险的降低与多吃以植物为基本成分的食物有关。因此,在过去的十年中,美国饮食协会(AmericanDieteticAssociation)敦促美国人减少动物脂肪的摄取(intake),增加水果、蔬菜和谷物的消费。
答案:Thisbridgewillboostregionalintegrationandeconomicgrowth.ItisthekeytoChina'soverallplanforthedevelopmentoftheGreatBayArea.ChinahopestomakeitcomparabletothoseofNewYorkandTokyointermsoftechnologicalinnovationandeconomicprosperity.;Studyafterstudyhasuncoveredthefactthatthereisaclosecorrelationbetweenfoodandanumberofchronicdiseases.Forexample,adecreasedriskofcertainchronicdiseasesisassociatedwithanincreasedconsumptionofplant-basedfoods.Therefore,inthepastdecade,theAmericanDieteticAssociationhasurgedAmericanstoreducetheirintakeofanimalfats,andtoboostconsumptionoffruits,vegetables,andgrains.16.Mr.Lewisregretsthathewon’tbeabletoattendthelectureowingtoaprevious_________.A.fragment
B.investment
C.engagement
D.experiment17.Inthemidstofloudapplause,thecandidate_______totheplatformandbegantodeliverhiswell-rehearsedspeech.A.stride
B.strike
C.strode
D.token18.------“You’renotfondofwork,areyou?”saidthefather.
------“No.I_________you,”repliedthesmartyetlazyboy.A.takeafter
B.lookafter
C.takeup
D.takedown
19.Infact,manyrecentdevelopmentshaveservedto__________
thegapbetweenNorthandSouth.A.magnify
B.warmth
C.widen
D.spread20.Shedidnothingintheofficebutreadnewspapers,digestingevery_____ofnews.
A.random
B.foresee
C.fragment
D.prominent
答案:C;C;A;C;C11.Thechiefexecutive___________Mr.Smithforputtingforthsomenewideasthathelpedraiseproductivityandcutcosts.A.commanded
B.commented
C.contacted
D.commended12.AfterBretsufferedseverebraindamageintheearlymorning,hespenttheentireweekendunderclose__________inhospital.A.examination
B.investigation
C.observation
D.consideration13.Attheendofeightmonths,itwasalmostwithreluctancethatIleftthesefriendsand_________insects.A.turnto
B.turnup
C.turnout
D.turnon14.------ShouldIaskmybossforapromotion?------Nothing_________,nothinggained.A.vended
B.ventured
C.wondered
D.chased15.AlbertEinsteinsaid,“Onlytwothingsare________:theuniverseandhumanstupidity;andI’mnotsureabouttheformer.”A.infinite
B.chronic
C.destructive
D.infectious
答案:D;C;A;B;A6.Many_______foodsaremadewithsaturatedfats,largeamountofsodiumandsugar.A.process
B.proceeded
C.processing
D.processed7.Disposeofthatnuclearwasteproperlyoritwill_______thegroundwater.A.polluted
B.contaminate
C.recommend
D.containment8.Wehavereallygotto_____thisbook______bytheendoftheyear.A.get......over
B.get......away
C.get......in
D.get......out9.Theinterestsofthecountry_______tonone.A.devote
B.refer
C.comesecond
D.bow10.Museumswillpaylargeamountsofmoneyforgooddinosaurfossil_______.A.specimens
B.species
C.spacemen
D.sample
答案:D;B;D;C;A1.Wemustdosomethingabout__________ournaturalresources.A.preserving
B.present
C.reserve
D.protect2.Wewantthegovernmenttotakeactionto__________theeconomy.
A.lift
B.boost
C.heighten
D.enhance3.Lackofchickenfeedmeansthatchickenfarmshaveto__________theirstock.A.slaughter
B.saturate
C.modernize
D.breed4.Lossof__________canbearesultofminorinfectionsorhealthconditionssuchascoughs,fever,orindigestion.A.appetite
B.appeal
C.apologize
D.apposite
5.Canyoutellthedifferencebetween__________andpoisonousmushroom?A.ideal
B.audible
C.edible
D.stable
答案:A;B;A;A;CA)
display
B)
cottage
C)
entrance
D)surprisingE)
building
F)through
G)informedH)spellI)overJ)oceanK)mindL)satisfactoryM)joylessN)consumeO)luggageImademywaydownPacificAvenue,oneofVirginiaBeach’smaindrags,andarrivedattheBeachSpaBed&Breakfast,whereownerDannySantos
(1)
methatIwouldbetheonlyguestthatevening.Theconverted1937beach
(2)
hadjustemptiedoutafterabusy
(3)
,andSanto’swife,Debble,toldmethenextmorningthatshedidn’t
(4)
thelull.Aftera
(5)
amountoftimefloppedonmybed,IrailedfordinneratAmmos,aGreekrestaurant.Thedinningroomwasjustasquietastherestoftheresortarea,nottotally
(6)
sinceitwastheMondayafterThanksgiving.Givenmychoiceoftables,Isettledintooneinfrontofthewindowswitha(n)
(7)
view.Carsslowlyrolledontheboardwalk,
(8)
theinkydarknessandpastthecity’sannualholidaylight
(9)
.AndonceI’dpolishedmygyro,itwasmyturntotakeinthefullextentofthefestive32-blockextravaganza.Oratleastitwouldbeeventually,Ispentawaytoomuchtimeconfusedbysignagetodisplay’s
(10)
,butmygrumpinessdissipatedwhenIsawheartilypeoplecheerfullywavingmeonwithwandsevenasrainfellharder.
答案:G;B;H;K;L;D;J;F;A;(10)CPartD
P.31ExerciseListentotherecordinganddecidewhetherthestatementsyouheararetrueorfalse.Write“T”fortrueand“F”forfalse.[音频]1.______
TheincidentoftheterroristattacksonSeptember11suggeststhatmutualunderstandingbetweennationsisimportant.
2._______
MoneyisthebiggestbarriertotheUSstudentsstudyingabroad.
3.______
StudyinginanAmericanuniversitycostsonaverage$12,000ayear,includinglivingexpenses.4._____
ApplicationessaysarerequiredifyouwanttobeadmittedtosometopschoolsintheUS.
5._____
SinceSeptember11,thenumberofUSstudentsstudyingabroadhasdecreasedby11%.6.______
SomecompaniesplayapartinhelpingUSstudentsstudyabroad.
7.______
Overseasstudyisbeneficialinthatitmayenhanceone’scareerandoutlookonlife.
8.______
Thereisnodoubtthatthemostimportantbenefitofstudyingabroadisabetterunderstandingoftheworldaroundus.
答案:T;F;F;T;F;T;T;FPartC
P.29
ExerciseListentotherecordingandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionyouhear.[音频]1.[音频]
a.Thelargenumberofforeignstudents.
b.BeingtheoldestuniversityintheUS.
c.Manyfamousscientistshavereceivedtrainingthere.
d.Itproducedmanyfamouspoliticians.2.[音频]
a.Becausetheuniversitytuitionisveryhigh.
b.Becausethecompetitionforadmissionisveryfierce.
c.BecauseMIThasmanyinternationalstudents.
d.Becausetheratiooftheundergraduatesandgraduatesisn’tbalanced.3.[音频]
a.Nearly400.
b.About180.
c.About300.
d.Closeto340.4.[音频]
a.Intheuniversitynewspaper.
b.Onthewebsite—.
c.Onthewebsite—.
d.Intheuniversity’sadmissionsoffice.5.[音频]
a.MITisoneoftheinternationallyprestigiousuniversities.
b.MITisfamousworldwidethoughithasashorthistory.
c.MIThasthelargestnumberofforeignstudentsintheUS.
d.MITwilladmitmorestudentsinthenearfuture.
答案:c;b;d;c;aPartB
P.27
Exercise1Listentotherecordingandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionyouhear.[音频]1.[音频]a.Byplane.
b.Bytrain.c.Bytaxi.
d.Bytheabovethreemeansoftransport.2.[音频]a.Acorrespondent.
b.Alawyer.c.Asecretary.
d.Adoctor.3.[音频]a.LocalpeopleinSunderlandhaveaccentsowingtoScottishinfluences.b.It’seasytotravelinEngland.c.“Getinthequeue”hasadifferentmeaningfrom“getinline”.d.TherearesomeculturaldifferencesbetweentheUSandtheUK.4.[音频]a.Theuniversityofferedtheprogramshewantedtotake.b.HerparentswantedhertostudyinSunderland.c.Herfatheroncestudiedthere.d.ShewasfascinatedbyBritishculture.5.[音频]a.Shefeltexcitedtohaveachancetostudyabroad.b.Shewaseagerfortheclassestobegin.c.Shewasgladtobefullypreparedforthesemesterahead.d.Shethoughtshemighttakeatripawaybeforethesemesterbegan.
答案:d;a;c;a;bPassageTwoPhonics,whichinvolvessoundingoutwordssyllable(音节)bysyllable,isthebestwaytoteachchildrentoread.Butinmanyclassrooms,thiscanbeadirtyword.Somuchsothatsometeachershavehadtosneakphonicsteachingmaterialsintotheclassroom.MostAmericanchildrenaretaughttoreadinawaythatstudyafterstudyhasfoundtobewrong.Theconsequencesofthisarestriking.LessthanhalfofallAmericanadultswereproficientreadersin2017.Americanfourthgradersrank15thontheProgressinInternationalLiteracyStudy,aninternationalexam.Americaisstuckinadebateaboutteachingchildrentoreadthathasbeengoingonfordecades.Someadvocateteachingsymbol-soundrelationships(thesoundkcanbespelledasc,k,ck,orch),knownasphonics.Otherssupportanimmersiveapproach(usingpicturesofacattolearnthewordcat),knownas"wholelanguage".Mostteacherstoday,almostthreeoutoffouraccordingtoasurveybytheEdWeekResearchCentrein2019,useamixcalled"balancedliteracy".Thiscombinationofmethodsisineffective."Youcan'tsprinkleinalittlephonics,"saysTenetteSmith,executivedirectorofelementaryeducationandreadingatMississippi'seducationdepartment."Ithastobesystematicandexplicitlytaught."Mississippi,oftenbehindinsocialpolicy,hassetanexamplehere.Inastateoncenotoriousforitslowreadingscores,theMississippistatelegislaturepassednewliteracystandardsin2013.SincethenMississippihasseenremarkablegains.Itsfourthgradershavemovedfrom49th(outof50states)to29thontheNationalAssessmentofEducationalProgress,anationwideexam.In2019itwastheonlystatetoimproveitsscores.Forthefirsttimesincemeasurementbegan,Mississippi'spupilsarenowaveragereaders,aremarkableachievementinsuchapoorstate.Mississippi'ssuccessisattributedtoimplementingreadingmethodssupportedbyabodyofresearchknownasthescienceofreading.In1997CongressrequestedtheNationalInstituteofChildHealthandHumanDevelopmentandtheDepartmentofEducationtoconveneaNationalReadingPaneltoendthe"readingwars"andsynthesizetheevidence.Thepanelfoundthatphonics,alongwithexplicitinstructioninphonemic(音位的)awareness,fluencyandcomprehension,workedbest.Yetovertwodecadeson,"balancedliteracy"isstillbeingtaughtinclassrooms.Butadvancesinstatisticsandbrainimaginghavedisprovedthewhole-languagemethod.Totheteacherwhoisaproficientreader,literacyseemslikeanaturalprocessthatrequireseducatedguessing,ratherthanthedeliberateprocessemphasizedbyphonics.Teacherscanimaginethattheylearnedtoreadthroughosmosis(潜移默化)whentheywerechildren.Withoutpropertraining,theybringthistoclassrooms.1.WhatdowelearnaboutphonicsinmanyAmericanclassrooms?A)Itisillreputed.
C)Itisarbitrarilyexcluded.B)Itismostlymisapplied.
D)Itismisrepresented.2.WhathasAmericabeenwitnessingfordecades?A)Anobsessionwithinnovatingteachingmethodologiesofreading.B)Anenduringdebateovertheapproachtoteachingchildrentoread.C)Anincreasingconcernwithmanychildren'sinadequacyinliteracy.D)Anever-forcefuladvocacyofacombinedmethodforteachingreading.3.WhydoesTenetteSmiththinkacombinationofteachingmethodsisineffective?A)Elementaryschoolchildrenwillbefrustratedwhentaughtwithseveralmethodscombined.B)Phonicshastobesystematicallyappliedandclearlytaughttoachievethedesiredeffect.C)Sprinklinginalittlephonicsdeterstheprogressofevenadequatelymotivatedchildren.D)Balancedliteracyfailstosustainchildren'sinterestindevelopingagoodreadinghabit.4.WhatdoestheauthorsayMississippi'ssuccessisattributedto?A)ConveningaNationalReadingPaneltosynthesizeresearchevidence.B)Placingsufficientemphasisuponbothfluencyandcomprehension.C)Adoptingscientificallygroundedapproachestoteachingreading.D)ObtainingsupportfromCongresstoupgradeteachingmethods.5.Whathaveadvancesinstatisticsandbrainimagingprovedineffective?A)Theteachingofsymbol-soundrelationships.
C)Effortstoendthereadingwars.B)Explicitinstructioninphonemicawareness.
D)Theimmersiveapproach.
答案:A;B;B;C;DPassageOneTechnologyisneveraneutraltoolforachievinghumanends.Technologicalinnovationsreshapepeopleastheyusetheseinnovationstocontroltheirenvironment.Artificialintelligence,forexample,isalteringhumanity.WhilethetermAIconjuresupanxietiesaboutkillerrobotsorcatastrophiclevelsofunemployment,thereareother,deeperimplications.AsAIincreasinglyshapesthehumanexperience,howdoesthischangewhatitmeanstobehuman?Centraltotheproblemisaperson'scapacitytomakechoices,particularlyjudgmentsthathavemoralimplications.Aristotlearguedthatthecapacityformakingpracticaljudgmentsdependsonregularlymakingthem—onhabitandpractice.Weseetheemergenceofmachinesassubstitutejudgesinavarietyofeverydaycontextsasapotentialthreattopeoplelearninghowtoeffectivelyexercisejudgmentthemselves.Intheworkplace,managersroutinelymakedecisionsaboutwhotohireorfireandwhichloantoapprove,tonameafew.Theseareareaswherealgorithmic(算法的)prescriptionisreplacinghumanjudgment,andsopeoplewhomighthavehadthechancetodeveloppracticaljudgmentintheseareasnolongerwill.Recommendationengines,whichareincreasinglyprevalentintermediariesinpeople'sconsumptionofculture,mayservetoconstrainchoiceandminimizeluck.Bypresentingconsumerswithalgorithmicallyselectedchoicesofwhattowatch,read,streamandvisitnext,companiesarereplacinghumantastewithmachinetaste.Inonesense,thisishelpful.Afterall,machinescansurveyawiderrangeofchoicesthananyindividualislikelytohavethetimeorenergytodoontheirown.Atthesametime,though,thisselectionisoptimizingforwhatpeoplearelikelytopreferbasedonwhatthey'vepreferredinthepast.Wethinkthereissomeriskthatpeople'soptionswillbeconstrainedbytheirpastinanewandunanticipatedway.Asmachinelearningalgorithmsimproveandastheytrainonmoreextensivedatasets,largerpartsofeverydaylifearelikelytobecomeutterlypredictable.Thepredictionsaregoingtogetbetterandbetter,andtheywillultimatelymakecommonexperiencesmoreefficientandpleasant.Algorithmscouldsoon—iftheydon'talready—haveabetterideaaboutwhichshowyou'dliketowatchnextandwhichjobcandidateyoushouldhirethanyoudo.Oneday,humansmayevenfindawayformachinestomakethesedecisionswithoutsomeofthebiasesthathumanstypicallydisplay.Buttotheextentthatunpredictabilityispartofhowpeopleunderstandthemselvesandpartofwhatpeoplelikeaboutthemselves,humanityisintheprocessoflosingsomethingsignificant.Astheybecomemoreandmorepredictable,thecreaturesinhabitingtheincreasinglyAI-mediatedworldwillbecomelessandlesslikeus.1.WhatdowelearnaboutthedeeperimplicationsofAI?A)Itiscausingcatastrophiclevelsofunemployment.
C)Itisalteringmoraljudgments.
B)Itisdoingphysicalharmtohumanoperators.
D)Itisreshapinghumanity.
2.Whatistheconsequenceofalgorithmicprescriptionreplacinghumanjudgment?A)Peoplelosethechancetocultivatetheabilitytomakepracticaljudgments.B)Peoplearepreventedfromparticipatinginmakingmajordecisionsintheworkplace.C)Managersnolongerhavethechancetodecidewhichloantoapprove.D)Managersdonotneedtotakethetroubletodeterminewhotohireorfire.3.Whatmayresultfromincreasingapplicationofrecommendationenginesinourconsumptionofculture?A)Consumerswillhavemuchlimitedchoice.
C)Itwillbeeasiertodecideonwhattoenjoy.B)Consumerswillactuallyenjoybetterluck.
D)Humanswilldeveloptastessimilartomachines'.4.Whatislikelytohappentolargerpartsofourdailylifeasmachinelearningalgorithmsimprove?A)Theywillturnouttobemorepleasant.
C)Theycanbecompletelyanticipated.B)Theywillrepeatourpastexperience.
D)Theymaybecomebetterandbetter.5.WhydoestheauthorsaythecreatureslivinginthemoreandmoreAI-mediatedworldwillbecomeincreasinglyunlikeus?A)Theywillhavelostthemostsignificanthumanelementofbeingintelligent.B)Theywillnolongerpossessthehumancharacteristicofbeingunpredictable.C)Theywillnotbeabletounderstandthemselvesaswecandotoday.D)Theywillbedeprivedofwhattheirpredecessorswereproudofaboutthemselves.
答案:D;A;A;C;BInthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphformwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.
答案:A、UniversitiesBranchOutAsneverbeforeintheirlonghistory,
universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnational
competitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.
Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveries
thatmoveeconomiesforward,
andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredto
obtainandmaintaincompetitiveadvantage.
Butatthesametime,
theopeningofnational
borderstotheflowofgoods,
services,
informationandespeciallypeoplehasmade
universitiesapowerfulforceforglobalintegration,
mutualunderstandingandgeopolitical
stability.;C、Oftheforcesshapinghighereducation,noneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrate,of3.9percent,from800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.Mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesisgrowingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,isontherise,too.Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,to8percentoftheundergraduatesatAmerica'sbestinstitutionsand10percentofallundergraduatesintheU.K.IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andin-Chinamanynewlyhiredfacultymembersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.;D、Universitiesarealsoencouragingstudentstospendsomeoftheirundergraduateyearsinanothercountry.InEurope,morethan140,000studentsparticipateintheErasmusprogrameachyear,takingcoursesforcreditinoneof2,200participatinginstitutionsacrossthecontinent.AndintheUnitedStates,institutionsarehelpingplacestudentsinsummerinternshipsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers.YaleandHarvardhaveledtheway,offeringeveryundergraduateatleastoneinternationalstudyorinternshipopportunity,andprovidingthefinancialresourcestomakeitpossible.;E、Globalizationisalsoreshapingthewayresearchisdone.Onenewtrendinvolvessourcingportionsofaresearchprogramtoanothercountry.YaleprofessorandHowardHughesMedicalInstituteinvestigatorTianXudirectsaresearchcenterfocusedonthegeneticsofhumandiseaseatShanghai’sFudanUniversity,incollaborationwithfacultycolleaguesfrombothschools.TheShanghaicenterhas95employeesandgraduatestudentsworkingina4,300-square-meterlaboratoryfacility.Yalefaculty,postdoctorsandgraduatestudentsvisitregularlyandattendvideoconferenceseminarswithscientistsfrombothcampuses.Thearrangementbenefitsbothcountries;Ox’sYalelabismoreproductive,thankstothelowercostsofconductingresearchinChina,andChinesegraduatestudents,postdoctorsandfacultygeton-the-jobtrainingfromaworld-classscientistandhisU.S.team.;F、Asaresultofitsstrengthinscience,theUnitedStateshasconsistentlyledtheworldinthecommercializationofmajornewtechnologies,fromthemainframecomputerandtheintegratedcircuitofthe1960stotheInternetinfrastructureandapplicationssoftwareofthe1990s.Thelinkbetweenuniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplicationisoftenindirectbutsometimeshighlyvisible:SiliconValleywasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity,andRoute128outsideBostonhaslonghousedcompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.Aroundtheworld,governmentshaveencouragedcopyingofthismodel,perhapsmostsuccessfullyinCambridge,England,whereMicrosoftandscoresofotherleadingsoftwareandbiotechnologycompanieshavesetupshoparoundtheuniversity.;G、Forallitssuccess,theUnitedStatesremainsdeeplyhesitantaboutsustainingtheresearch-universitymodel.Mostpoliticiansrecognizethelinkbetweeninvestmentinscienceandnationaleconomicstrength,butsupportforresearchfundinghasbeenunsteady.ThebudgetoftheNationalInstitutesofHealthdoubledbetween1998and2003,buthasrisenmoreslowlythaninflationsincethen.Supportforthephysicalsciencesandengineeringbarelykeptpacewithinflationduringthatsameperiod.Theattempttomakeuplostgroundiswelcome,butthenationwouldbebetterservedbysteady,predictableincreasesinsciencefundingtherateoflong-termGDPgrowth,whichisontheorderofinflationplus3percentperyear.;H、Americanpoliticianshavegreatdifficultyrecognizingthatadmittingmoreforeignstudentscangreatlypromotethenationalinterestbyincreasinginternationalunderstanding.Adjustedforinflation,publicfundingforinternationalexchangesandforeign-languagestudyiswellbelowthelevelsof40yearsago.InthewakeofSeptember11,changesinthevisaprocesscausedadramaticdeclineinthenumberofforeignstudentsseekingadmissiontoU.S.universities,andacorrespondingsurgeinenrollmentsinAustralia,SingaporeandtheU.K.ObjectionsfromAmericanuniversityandbusinessleadersledtoimprovementsintheprocessandreversalofthedecline,buttheUnitedStatesisstillseenbymanyasunwelcomingtointernationalstudents.;I、MostAmericansrecognizethatuniversitiescontributetothenation’swell-beingthroughtheirscientificresearch,butmanyfearthatforeignstudentsthreatenAmericancompetitivenessbytakingtheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome.TheyfailtograspthatwelcomingforeignstudentstotheUnitedStateshastwoimportantpositiveeffects:first,theverybestofthemstayintheStatesand-likeimmigrantsthroughouthistory-strengthenthenation;andsecond,foreignstudentswhostudyintheUnitedStatesbecomeambassadorsformanyofitsmostcherishedvalueswhentheyreturnhome.Oratleasttheyunderstandthembetter.InAmericaaselsewhere,fewinstrumentsofforeignpolicyareaseffectiveinpromotingpeaceandstabilityaswelcominginternationaluniversitystudents.Findingourhistory:African-Americannames
答案:A、"Agoodname,"wroteSpanishauthorMiqueldeCervantes,“isbetterthanriches.”Mostofusneverfacethepossibilityofhavingsomethingsoprecioustakenfromus,buthowwouldyoufeelifitweretohappen?Itwouldleaveyouwithoutanidentity,and,perhapsevenworse,robyouofavitallinktoyourheritage(遗产)andancestry.;B、Thismaysoundlikeawrittenoutlineofasciencefictionmovie,butitactuallyhappenedtothousandsofAfricanslaveswhowererippedfromtheirhomesandbroughttotheUnitedStatesseveralhundredyearsago,primarilyascheaplabortoworkthefieldsofslaveowners.Fortunately,theverybasicrighttobearnamesoftheirownchoosingthatreflectedtheirancestryandheritagewasrestoredtothesepeoplefollowingtheCivilWar.;C、TheslavesbroughttotheUSfromAfricahadtoendureanumberofviolentcrimesagainstthem,notdieleastofwhichwasbeingstrippedofthenamestheyweregivenintheirnativecountries.Thesenamesheldgreatimportance,astheywereoftenpresentedduringspecialceremoniesheldtocelebratethegivingofanewname.Thisforcedabandonmentofsomethingsopreciousdestroyedavitallinktotheircountriesoforiginandtookawayaheritagethatdatedbackmuchfurtherthanthatoftheirenslavers.;E、Thesenewslavenameswereoftenbasedonthepopularnamesofthetime,buttheywereusuallygivenintheirpetorshortenedforms.Iftherewasmorethanoneslavewiththesamenameinanygivengroup,theywereassignedvariousidentifierssuchas“little”or“big”,soeachwouldknowwhowasbeingcalledfor.Typicalnamesfromthisperiodincluded:•BiblicalnameslikeAdamandEve(thenamesoftengiventothefirstmanandwomanbroughtaboardeachslaveship);•ShortandsimplenameslikeTom,Jack,orBill;•ClassicalnamessuchasCato,Nero,Caesar,Pompey,Phoebe,andVenus,whichcamefromsuchliterarysourcesastheplaysofShakespeareandpopularnovelsofthetime;•NicknameslikeCurly,Tomboy,Prince,andDuke.;F、IntheyearsjustpriortotheCivilWar,italsobecamefashionableamongslavefamilies,asitwasamongtheirowners,tousethesurnamesofAmericanleadersasfirstnames.Washingtonwasthenamemostoftenused;MadisonandJeffersonalsowerepopular.;G、AftertheconclusionoftheCivilWar,oneofthefirstthingsthatmanyfreedslavesdidwastocastasidethenamesthathadbeenforceduponthembytheirformermastersandadoptnewnamesthatreflectedtheirfreedom.Somecelebratedtheirnewstatusbyadoptingthefullformsoftheirshortenednames.Otherstooktheirnewnamingfreedomonestepfurtherandembellished(装饰)thesenamesbyaddingprefixesorsuffixes(suchasMedgar,thevariationofEdgargiventocivilrightsleaderMedgarEvers).Stillotherschangedthespellingoftheir
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