第07讲 构词法（讲义）

第07讲构词法目录01考情透视·目标导航 102知识导图·思维引航 203考点突破·考法探究 4考点一派生法 5知识点1解题时派生词的判断依据 5知识点2前缀、否定前缀和否定后缀 6知识点3名词后缀 7知识点4形容词后缀 9知识点5副词后缀 10知识点6动词后缀 10考点二合成法 11知识点1合成名词 11知识点2合成形容词 11知识点3合成动词、副词及其他 12考点三转化法 1304真题练习·命题洞现真题实战 14阅读理解中对构词法的考查 14语法填空中对构词法的考查 14命题演练 15考点构词法考题统计考情分析派生法合成法转化法2024（浙江1月高考）：encounter邂逅；criticism；technician；receptionist；assistant；graveyard；presence；educational；wastepaper；threaten；safety；hailstorm；delivery；satisfaction；thoughtful；connectivity；mismatch；individual等。2023（新高考I卷）：competitor参赛者；economicaladj.经济的，实惠的;sustainableadj.可持续的;strategicadj.战略(性)的;combinationn.结合；minimalismn.(艺术)极简主义；availableadj.可用的，可得到的;foundationn.根基；基础intolerableadj.无法忍受的；minimalistn.最低限要求者statisticiann.统计学家estimationn.判断；估计additionaladj.附加的，另外的countlessadj.无数的;多得数不清的overestimatev.过高估计implicationn.牵连；含意；（新高考II卷）：arrival(arrive)；uneventful太平无事的；unavoidable不可避免的；occasionallyadv.偶尔；有时候；description描写；evaluationn.评价，评估；emotionaladj.感情的；情感的；情绪的initiatorn.发起人；创始人backcountry偏僻地区breathtaking令人叹为观止outnumber在数量上压倒，比...多representation代表,描述increasingly越来越多；（全国乙卷）wonder(wonders)；skyrocket；approximately；transform；combination2022（新高考I卷）：excitement兴奋；adventure冒险；honorable=honourableadj.光荣的；可敬的；高贵的；disqualificationn.不合格；取消资格；被罚下场disqualified不合格的；被取消资格的；willpower

n.意志力；毅力（新高考II卷）：asleepadj.睡着的；accidentallyadv.偶然地；symbolically象征性地；inexpensive廉价的；throwaway可随意丢弃的；interactive互动的；activate激活；springboard跳板；constructive建设性的；（全国乙卷）：responsible(responsibility)分析近年高考真题可知，高考对构词法的考查越来越多。2024、2023年的听力及阅读理解中都出现了大量的构词法的考查。通过构词法可以快速推断词义，提高阅读速度和正确率。完形填空中的选项页出现了很多通过构词法产生的新词。语法填空主要考查课标内的词形转换。因此，总结归类构词法知识非常必要。它能综合提高考生的核心素养。通过对近三年高考高考试题的分析，预测高考试题中构词法构成的新词，将会频繁出现。复习目标：、具备根据语境推断词性及意思的能力；掌握构词法的三大规则：派生、合成和转换；掌握构词法，提高阅读速度，提高核心素养；具备根据句法知识判断句子成分并判断其词性，然后准确写出正确形式的能力；考点概述：许多英语单词的构词都有一定的规律，这种规律被成为构词法。掌握构词法知识对考生更好的理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有重要意义。意义中的构词法主要有派生法(Derivation)、合成法（Composition）和转换法(Conversion)三大类。【高考导航】1.（2024年浙江1月高考阅读理解D片段）Wearetemptedbysugarytreatsbecauseourancestorslivedinacalorie-poorworld,andourbrainsdevelopedaresponsemechanismtothesetreatsthatreflectedtheirvalue

—afeelingofrewardandsatisfaction.2.(2023年新高考I卷)Xiaolongbao(soupdumplings),thoseamazingconstructionsofdelicatedumplingwrappers,encasinghot,___56___(taste)soupandsweet,freshmeat,arefarandawaymyfavoriteChinesestreetfood.考点一派生法知识点1派生词的判断依据冠词、物主代词等词类后一般跟名词。如果所给单词是其他词类，则将其改为名词，并注意名词数的变化。动词、介词后一般跟名词或动名词。所给单词为动词，则看该动词是否有名词形式。如果有名词形式，就用其名词形式。如果该动词没有名词形式，就用其动名词形式。如果所给动词有名词形式，还要看其后有无宾语。如果其后有宾语，用动名词形式；其后无宾语，则用名词形式。冠词、物主代词等词类后一般跟名词。如果所给单词是其他词类，则将其改为名词，并注意名词数的变化。动词、介词后一般跟名词或动名词。所给单词为动词，则看该动词是否有名词形式。如果有名词形式，就用其名词形式。如果该动词没有名词形式，就用其动名词形式。如果所给动词有名词形式，还要看其后有无宾语。如果其后有宾语，用动名词形式；其后无宾语，则用名词形式。动词前后、形容词前后可有副词。如果所需词为副词，还要考虑副词级的变化。名词前一般可有形容词修饰。如果所需词为形容词时，还应考虑形容词级的变化。例1.（2023·新高考I卷）Shanghaimaybethe___59___(recognize)homeofthesoupdumplingsbutfoodhistorianswillactuallypointyoutotheneighboringcanaltownofNanxiangasXiaolongBao’sbirthplace.例2.（2024·湖南省长沙一中模拟）Whenitcomestosharing,oneofthe(great)giftsChinagavetotheworldthroughtheancientSilkRoadwasthetechnologyofmakingpaperonanindustrialscale,知识点2普通前缀、否定前缀与否定后缀词缀词缀意义示例前缀auto-自动；fore-之前的；post之后的；a⁃构成形容词；anti⁃反对;抵抗；co⁃共同；en⁃使；inter-互相；bi-双；sub⁃下面的;小;tele⁃强调距离；re⁃再;又,multi-多；semi-半的alone单独的；anti⁃gas防毒气的；automatic自动的； cooperate合作；enjoy使高兴； Internet互联网；forecast预报；foresee预见；bimonthly双月的；multi-culture多文化的；telegram电报；rewrite重写；semi-final半决赛；semiconductor半导体；否定前缀dis-不，非；il-不，非；im-不，非；in-不，非；ir-不，非；non-不，非；un-不，非；mis-错误；disappear消失;illegal非法的；impatient不耐烦的；impolite不礼貌的；incorrect不正确的;incomplete不完全的；irregular不规则的；irresponsible不负责任的；nonstop不停的,不间断的;nonexistent不存在的；mislead将……引入歧途,误导;unhappy不开心的；否定后缀名词+--less构词形容词hopeless无希望的；careless粗心大意的；名词+-free构词形容词carefree无忧无虑的；sugar-free无糖的；【易错提醒】个别前缀也可以引起词性的变化，如：1.en-可以和名词或形容词构成动词：enlarge扩大；enable使能够；encourage鼓励；2.a-可以和名词或动词构成形容词：asleep睡着的；alive活着的；3.out-可以和一些动词构成名词：outcome结果；outlet出口；outlook观点；例1.（2024·浙江卷1月阅读理解B篇）Thisunbeatableprice-pointencouragedmetoexperimentwithdozensoftitlesthatIwouldnevernormallyconsiderbuying.AndI’vediscoveredsomegreatbooks!例2.（2024·新高考II卷）Morerecently,asbookshavebecomeinexpensiveoreventhrowaway,artistshaveusedthemastherawmaterialforartworks—transformingcovers,pagesorevencompletevolumesintopaintingsandsculptures.【变式训练1】(2023全国甲卷)EricWeiner’sTheSocratesExpress:InSearchofLifeLessonsfromDeadPhilosophersreawakenedmyloveforphilosophy.【变式训练2】WhenI’mfacetofacewithapolarbear,Ilikeittobethroughacamerawithatelephotolens.Butsometimes,thatiseasiersaidthandone.Thiswasoneofthosetimes.知识点3名词后缀表示人或物的名词的常用后缀后缀意思例词­(i)an来自；专长于……的人musician音乐家；Egyptian埃及人;physician内科医生；­ant­ent人，物servant仆人；president总统；assistant助手；­ar人，物beggar乞讨者；murderer杀人犯；builder建设者；­er-orFarmer农民；doctor医生；recorder录音机­ee人，物employee受雇者；refugee难民；trainee受训人员；­ess表女性，雌性hostess女主人；actress女演员；­ist人，主义者novelist小说家；socialist社会主义者；physicist物理学家；例1.（2024·浙江卷1月)OnedoubteraboutthesafetyofcloudseedingisChuckDoswell,aresearchscientistwhojustretiredfromtheUniversityofOklahoma.例2.（2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatwordsforyourparticularcircumstances.表示行为、性质、状态等抽象名词的常用后缀后缀意思例词­al表示过程;或状态removal移动；arrival到达­ance表状态，行为appearance外表；acceptance接受；reliance依靠­(t)ion­ation表状态，动作过;程，行为suggestion建议；graduation毕业；liberation解放；­dom身份，领域freedom自由；wisdom智慧­ence性质，状态，行为difference区别；confidence自信；dependence依靠­ful充满basketful满篮；mouthful满嘴；houseful一屋子­hood性质，身份，状态，时期childhood儿童时代；neighbourhood附近­ism宗教，风格，主义heroism英雄气概；romanticism浪漫主义­ity性质，状态reality现实；ability能力；equality平等­ment行为，物，组织，运;动，结果disappointment失望；movement运动；agreement协议­ness性质，状态kindness仁慈；tiredness疲劳­ship性质，身份，资格hardship艰苦；leadership领导身份；friendship友谊­sion行为，状态conclusion结论；tension紧张­ure行为，状态exposure暴露；failure失败­th结果，过程，性质，状态truth真理；youth青春；growth生长；warmth温暖­age集合，地点，状态，结果storage储藏；village村庄；marriage婚姻例1.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Whenenoughoftheseerrors________（short）together,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.例2.(2024·浙江卷1月)wealsoneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption,resistingthetemptationofthemental“junkfood”inordertomanageourtimemosteffectively.【变式训练1】TangshancityhasprovedtoChinaandtherestoftheworldthatintimesofdisaster,peoplemustunifyandshowthe________（wise）tostaypositiveandrebuildforabrighterfuture.知识点4形容词后缀后缀意思例词­able/­(i)ble可……的，能……的acceptable可接受的；flexible能适应新环境的；­(u)al有……属性的；与有关的agricultural农业的；national国家的；chemical化学的­an……(地，人)的republican共和国的；European欧洲人的­ary……的imaginary想象的；revolutionary革命的­ative……的creative有创造性的；talkative爱说话的­ed(具)有……的(特征)determined坚定的；learned博学的；aged年老的­ent……的frequent经常的；silent沉默的；diligent勤奋的­ese(地，人)的Chinese中国(人)的；Japanese日本(人)的­ern表示方向eastern东方的；southern南方的­en……的golden金色的；wooden木制的；woolen羊毛的­ic与……有关的realistic现实的；energetic精力充足的­ish近乎……的，如……的childish孩子气的；foolish愚蠢的；selfish自私的­ive与……有关的，有……倾向的，有……特性的expensive昂贵的；effective有效的；decisive决定性的­ful满的；有……性质的，引起……的faithful信任的；powerful强大的；cheerful愉快的­ous多……的，有……特性的various各种各样的；humorous幽默的；dangerous危险的­ly……品质的，每……的friendly友好的；motherly母亲般的；weekly每周的­ward向……的backward向后的；forward向前的­y多……的；有……的；如……的cloudy多云的；funny有趣的；lucky运气好的­some引起(或易于)……的troublesome讨厌的例1.(2023·新高考II卷)Seekingandacceptingconstructivefeedback(反馈)iscrucialtogrowth.例2.（2021·新高考I卷）Ahistorybookwhichmaycontainthefactsinstoryformwillbeeasiertoreadthanonedealingwith(science)subjects.【变式训练1】Therefore,justasweneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourcaloricconsumption,wealsoneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption.【变式训练2】Whetheryou’recommunicatinginpersonoronthephone,beingagoodlistenerisanimportantpartofanyhealthyrelationship.知识点5副词后缀后缀意思例词­ly……地，状态，程度，方式extremely非常；slowly慢慢地；happily高兴地­s时间，地点，状态outdoors在户外；nowadays现今­ward(s)方向afterward(s)后来；outwards向外；downwards向下例1.(2024·浙江卷1月)Butglobalconnectivityhasgreatlychangedourinformationenvironment.Wearenowceaselesslybombarded(轰炸)withnewinformation.例2.(2020•全国卷III)Asthesmallboatmoved(gentle)alongtheriverhewasleftspeechlessbythemountainsbeingsilentlyreflectedinthewater.【变式训练1】“Ifwecarryourburdensallthetime,soonerorlater,wewillnotbeabletocarryon,theburdenbecoming(increase)heavier.【变式训练2】Thehelicoptermadeitsfinalapproachand,guidedbytheheadlights,landedsafely.知识点6动词后缀后缀意思例词­en使变成sharpen削尖；broaden加宽；strengthen加强；deepen加深­fy使……化clarify阐明;simplify简化；beautify美化；purify净化；qualify使具备资格；­ize使……化modernize使现代化；realize实现；mechanize使机械化例1.(2023·全国甲卷)He______（emphasis）theimportanceofeducationandself-improvement,whichhebelievedwouldleadtoaharmonioussociety.例2.(2022·江苏卷)Therewillstillbelotsofchallengesifwearetoclassifygarbageinashorttime.【变式训练1】To_______（justification）yourselfwithrelevantexamplesfromyourpersonalexperienceandbespecificaboutyourachievements.【变式训练2】ThepublicationofGreatExpectations,whichwasbothwidelyreviewedandhighlypraised,strengthenedDickens’statusasaleadingnovelist.考点二合成法考点概述：许多把两个或两个以上的词素放到一起，这种构词法称为合成法。合成词通常由两个或两个以上的自由词素构成不同词性，最常见的包括：名词合成词，形容词合成词，动词合成词。知识点1合成名词构成方法例词名词＋名词classroom,schoolgirl,weekend,bookshop形容词＋名词highway,blackboard,hotdog,greenhouse动词＋副词get­together,break­down名词＋动名词handwriting,storytelling副词＋名词outbreak,overcoat动名词＋名词dining­room,sleeping­car,reading­room知识点2合成形容词构成方法例词形容词＋名词＋­edwhite­haired,warm­hearted,kind­hearted形容词＋现在分词good­looking,easy­going形容词＋过去分词ready­made,new­born副词＋现在分词hard­working,well­meaning副词＋过去分词well­known,newly­built名词＋现在分词English­speaking,south­facing名词＋过去分词man­made,water­covered名词＋形容词snow­white,homesick副词/形容词＋名词right­hand,full­time数词＋名词100­meter,17­year­old数词＋名词＋形容词180­foot­high,10­year­old数词＋名词＋­edfour­legged,one­eyed知识点3合成动词、副词及其他构成方法例词副词＋动词overcome,understand副词+名词indoors,outdoors,overhead,upstairs;形容词＋动词dry­clean,white­wash名词＋动词typewrite,sleepwalk,daybreak,toothpick,sunrise,haircut;名词+名词girlfriend,cowboy,countryside,seafood,sunlight;名词+形容词worldwide,snow-white,ice-cool形容词+名词full-time,part-time形容词+vinggood-looking,ordinary-looking,easy-going;代词+代词everybody,anyone,somebody,nothing,介词+其他outside,inside,throughout;例1.（2024·浙江卷1月）Youcanalsofindstudentsontheclassdiscussionboardtoorganizeastudygroup,orschedulein-personmeetingswithyourprofessortodiscusscourseconcepts.例2.(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofeaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.【变式训练1】Herememberedlandmarks,butsincehedidn’tknowhistown’sname,findingasmallneighbourhoodinavastcountryprovedtobeimpossible.【变式训练2】Andincontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,aprintedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,“off-line”activity.考点三转化法考点概述：在词形不变的情况下，一个单词没有加任何词缀，词性变为另一种词性，这种构词法成为转换法。考查热点是名词转化为动词、动词转化为名词两大类。其他还有名词转化为形容词、动词转化为形容词等。转化后的词义与之前的词义通常有密切的联系。转化方式例词名词-动词handn.手-v.递；上交；chairn.椅子-v.主持；watern.水-v.浇水；namen.名字-v.取名动词-名词readv.阅读-n.阅读；shoutv.呼喊-n.呼喊；cryv.哭-n.哭；tryv.尝试-n.尝试形容词-动词bettera.更好的-v.改善；lasta.最后的-v.持续；slowa.慢的-v.减慢；owna.自己的-v.拥有；形容词-副词enough足够的-足够地；late晚的-迟于；hard艰苦的-努力地；例1.（2021北京卷）Bydistractingthemindfromthepain,music,peoplesay,canlowerstressandanxietylevels.例2.（2021·全国乙卷写作）Ialsowatertheflowersintheyardandtidyupmyownbedroomwhenevernecessary.【变式训练】Ifyouhelpmesortoutthethingsupstairs,I'llbreakfastyoutomorrow.一、真题实战根据构词法猜词词义1.（2024·浙江卷1月）Ifyoutakeanonlinecourse,whatcanyoudotoensurethebestpossiblegrade?2.（2023·新高考II卷）Theflightwasuneventful,andTiffywasagreatpassenger.3.（2023·全国甲卷）Obviously,ifprecautions(预防)aren’ttaken,grizzliescanbecometroublesome,sometimeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.4.（2023年型高考I卷）AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.5.（2023·型高考I卷）Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.6.（2022·新高考全国I卷）Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution.7.(2022·新高考卷Ⅰ)Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300，000yearsago.“Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings，butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution，”saidStevenMoran，amemberoftheresearchteam.8.（2023·上海春招）Teachersandscholarsmustlookbeyondtoday'scareer-mindednessintalkingaboutchallengestothehumanities.9.（2020•全国新高考I卷）Followallrulescarefullytopreventdisqualification.10.（2020•天津卷）Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowakenourcuriosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.用括号内所给词的适当形式填空1.（2024·浙江卷1月）Manysupermarketsarenolongerdoing“buyonegetonefree”promotionsbecauseofthe_______(criticize)thattheyleadtowaste.2.（2024·1月九省联考）Heishappywiththe______(improve)heseesinhisstudents’writingandinhisownwriting.3.(2023·新高考II卷)SinceJune2017,rightbeforethe______(arrive)ofthetwonewpandas,MengMengandJiaoQing,IhavebeenhelpingthepandakeepersatthezootofeelmorecomfortableandconfidentspeakingEnglish.4.（2023·全国乙卷）The________(remark)developmentofthiscity,whichisconsciouslydesignedtoprotectthepastwhilesteppingintothemodernworld5.（2022·1月浙江卷）Whentheanswerwasno,shedeclinedthe________(invite).6.（2022·6月浙江卷）JohnOlson,aformer(photograph)andhisteamturnpaintingsintofullytextured3Dmodels.7.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)Xiaolongbao(soupdumplings),thoseamazingconstructionsofdelicatedumplingwrappers,encasinghot,(taste)soupandsweet,freshmeat,arefarandawaymyfavouriteChinesestreetfood.8.(2022·新高考II卷)WheneverItellpeoplethatIteachEnglishattheBerlinZoo,Ialmostalwaysgetaquestioninglook.Behindit,thepersonistryingtofigureoutwhoexactlyIteach…theanimals?SinceJune2017,rightbeforethearrivalofthetwonewpandas,MengMengandJiaoQing,Ihavebeenhelpingthepa