湖南师范大学四六级考试备考英语语法复习十七：名词

语法复习十七：名词（一）考纲要求 名词应掌握以下内容：分清名词的可数性与不可数性；可数名词有单复数，有些名词只有复数；物质名词、抽象名词不可数但可以具体量化使用；名词所有格和of格的语言现象；名词直接作定语；国家名词的正确使用；名词词义的区分和搭配；单位名词的搭配；名词前的修饰语so,as,quite等；time及常考点。（二）命题导向 名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考命题的热点之一。不可数名词前不能与不定冠词连用，之后不能加-s。有些抽象名词却有复数形式，但意义与原来词不同。有些可数名词复数有两个意思，一个与单数意义相同，另一个和单数含义不同，高考中这些含义很可能成为考查的内容。词语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。（三）知识概要英语的名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词是指个人、团体、地方、机构或事物等所专有的名称，它的第一个字母必须大写。如：Einstein,Beijing,Asia等。普通名词是指一类人、一类事物、某种物质抽象概念的名称，可分为：个体名词（可数，如：worker,father,book,tree,school等）；集体名词（可数，如：people,family,class,team等）；物质名词（不可数，如：iron,paper,snow,water,chalk,gold等）；抽象名词（不可数，如：life,thought,idea,strength等）。

注意：可数、不可数是英文名词和中文名词的一个重要差异——即学习的重点。而很多英语名词具有双重性。即，名词的类别不是固定不变的，它们会根据词义的变化和场合的不同而相互转换，其名词类别的转换可归纳如下：1、个体名词转抽象名词或抽象名词转个体名词e.g.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.（个体）我们学校离我家不远。

Schoolisoveratsix.（抽象）六点钟放学。2、物质名词转个体名词或个体名词转物质名词e.g.Hebrokeapieceofglass.（物质）他打破了一块玻璃。Hebrokeaglass.（个体）他打破了一个杯子。3、个体名词转专有名词e.g.Hisfatherisateacher.（个体）他父亲是个教师。“Whatareyoudoingthere?”Fatherasked.（专有）“你在那儿干什么？”父亲问道。（四）名词的数 名词分为可数（有单、复数形式）和不可数名词（只有单数形式）。1、可数名词单数变复数：①一般加s：lesson→lessons,pen→pens②以s,x,ss,ch,sh,o结尾的加es：buses,boxes,classes,watches,brushes,hero→heroes但有些以o结尾的名词，是加s构成复数：kilo→kilos,piano→pianos,radio→radios,photo→photos,zoo→zoos③以辅音字母+y结尾的改y为i，再加es：city→cities,story→stories④以f或fe结尾的，一般将f或fe改为v，再加es：knife→knives,leaf→leaves但有些以f结尾的名词，是在f后加s，构成复数形式：belief→beliefs,roof→roofs,safe（保险箱）→safes,proof（证据）→proofs,chief→chiefs,handkerchief→handkerchiefs2、有些名词，不按上述规则构成其复数形式，有以下几种情况：①单复数形式相同：Chinese,Japanese,deer,sheep②不规则变化：man→men,woman→women,goose→geese,foot→feet,tooth→teeth,child→children,mouse→mice,ox→oxen。但是，German→Germans③复合名词的复数形式：editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief,daughter-in-law→daughters-in-law,grown-up→grown-ups,womanteacher→womenteachers,mandriver→mendrivers3、注意以下几个名词单复数问题①物质名词一般不用复数形式,但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别,如：fishes各种鱼，fruits各种水果，steels各种钢材。②物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。如：acupoftea,threebagsofapples,fourpiecesofbread。③有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义。如：work（工作）→works（著作），arm（手臂）→arms（军火），glass（玻璃）→glasses（眼镜），cloth（布）→clothes（衣服）。④定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示全家人或夫妇二人；姓氏的复数形式前不加冠词，则表示若干个姓…的人。如：theWangs王家，threeWangs三个姓王的。⑤只用作单数的复数形式的名词。如：physics,mathematics,news,theUnitedStates⑥有些名词形似单数，但实为复数。如：police,people,cattle⑦有些名词如被看作整体时就作单数用，如被看作组成该集体的各个成员时就作复数用。如：class,family,couple,audience,government,public⑧有些抽象名词在具体化时，可以复数形式出现。表示特指时，可和定冠词连用；表示“某种”或“一次”意义时，可和不定冠词连用。如：Howdidyousmoothawaythedifficulties?（指各种具体困难）；Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.；Whatasurprise!（五）名词的所有格名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用。1、有生命名词的所有格一般在词尾加上“’”或“’s”。如：Tom’sbike,Engles’s(Engles’)works,aworks’school,Women’sDay,theeditor-in-chief’soffice2、如果一个事物为两个人所有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“’s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾都加上“’s”。如：TomandMike’sroom.（共有），Tom’sandMike’sbooks.（不共有）。3、表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”表示所有格，如：today’spapers,tenminutes’walk4、表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop,house,home。如：thetailor’s5、无生命名词的所在格通常用of短语来表示。如：thewindowoftheroom6、表示有生命的名词有时也可用of短语来表示所有关系，而且当该名词带有较长的定语时。如：theteachersoftheNo.1MiddleSchool.7、双重所有格结构前的被修饰名词通常指整体中的部分或一个，双重所有格只能用于有生命的名词，这个名词是确定的。被修饰名词前有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时，一般只能用双重所有格。如：anoldfriendofmyuncle’s,adaughterofMrsGreen’s,thehouseofoneofmyfriends（六）名词的普通格作定语表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语，一般用单数形式。e.g.stonefigures（石像）；papermoney（纸币）；countrymusic（乡村音乐）；tablecloth（桌布）；riverbank（河岸）；schoolgate（校门口）；bookstores（书店）；trafficlights（交通灯）；summerholidays（暑假）；eveningdress（晚礼服）。但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。e.g.sportsmeet（运动会）；theUnitedStatesgovernment（美国政府）；studentsreading-room（学生阅览室）；goodstrain（货车）；twomendoctors（两个男医生）。练习：名词1.The____oftheroomwerecoveredwith____.A.roofs,leafs C.rooves,leafs D.rooves,leaves2.Therearethree____inourfactory. A.womandoctors C.womandoctorD.womendoctor3.Whichdoyouprefer____or____? A.potatos,tomatos B.potatos,tomatoes C.potatoes,tomatos 4.Theyare____ofdifferentpresses(出版社).Nowtheyarehavingameetinginoneofthe____office.A.editor-in-chiefs,editors-in-chief’sB.editors-in-chief,editor-in-chief’sC.editors-in-chiefs,editor’s-in-chief’5.Theanthastwo____. A.stomaches B.stomacks C.stomach B.roofs,leavesB.womendoctorsD.potatoes,tomatoesD.editors-in-chief,editors-in-chief’sD.stomachs答案6.Hedoesn’tlike____forsupper. A.chick C.chickens D.chicks7.Itwas____hotweatherthatmanyofuswentswimming.A.so C.soasD.sucha8.____wonderfulspacetheysawontheroom!A.HowB.Howa D.Whata9.Weknow____travelsnotsofastaslight.B.soundsC.thesoundsD.asound10.Myfamilyraisealotof____,includingtwo____. B.cows,cattle C.cattles,cows D.cow,cattles答案B.chickenB.suchC.WhatA.soundA.cattle,cows 11.Anumberofsoldiers____athecampgate（军营门口）. B.hasgathered C.is D.was12.TheBrownshavespentalarge____ofmoneyontheirnewcar.A.deal C.number D.size13.____workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople’slivingstandard.A.Many B.Agreatmany D.Anumberof14.MrLishook____warmlywithafriend.A.hand B.ahand D.thehands15.Two____,please. A.coffee C.cupofcoffee D.cupscoffeeA.havegatheredB.amountC.AgreatdealofC.hands B.coffees答案16.Ican’tpayas____asheaskedfor.A.highpriceaB.highprice C.ahighprice 17.____knowledgeofspacedevelopsrapidly. B.Men’s C.Mens’ D.Person’s18.Istayedat____. B.Wang’shome C.theWangs D.homeofWang19.SisterCarrieworksina____factory. A.shoesB.shoses D.shoe’s20.Haveyoueverread____?A.todaynewspaper B.newspapertoday C.newspaperoftoday D.highapriceA.Man’sA.XiaoWang’sC.shoeD.today’snewspaper答案21.Two____walkdidn’tmademetired. A.hour B.hours C.hour’s 22.Themotheroverthereis____mother.A.JuliaandMary C.Julia’sandMary’s D.Julia’sandMary23.LiMing’shandwritingisbetterthan____intheclass.A.anyone’s B.anyoneelse C.anyone’selse’s 24.Thechildrenareplaying____onthe____.A.sand,sand B.sands,sands D.sands,sand25.Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmaller____. A.set B.one C.copy D.hours’B.JuliaandMary’sD.anyoneelse’sC.sand,sandsD.pair答案26.Tomusuallytakesa____inbusonrainydays. A.walk C.trip D.travel27.Wehaveno____aboutwhereshehasgone. B.news C.message D.flash28.Foodand____aredailynecessities（需要）forthepeople.A.cloth B.clothe C.clothes 29.My____ofhearingisnotsogoodasitusedtobe. A.strengthC.power D.skill30.The____causedbycarelessness____yesterday.Manyworkerswerekilled.A.incident,washappened B.matter,happened C.event,wastakenplace B.rideA.information D.clothingB.senseD.accident,tookplace答案31.Theroomwassoquietthatshecouldhearthe____ofherheart. B.ways C.knocking D.striking32.____hasbeentoldnottothrowwastethingsanywhere. B.People C.Women D.Man33.Hewasan____inthegovernment____.A.office,official C.officer,office D.official,officer34.Thereareseveral____inthisnovelwhoaredifferentin____.A.character,character B.characters,characters C.character,characters 35.Wevisitedhim____whenhewasinhospital.A.everyotherdays B.eachotherday D.everytwoday答案A.beatingA.Thepublic B.official,office D.characters,characterC.everyotherday36.Myfriendwillreturnin____.A.onedayortwo C.onedayortwo D.aortwodays37.____isalwaysdifficultforme. B.Translate C.Thetranslation D.Atranslation38.____ofthisnovelisexcellent,quitetomysurprise.A.Translation B.Translate D.Atranslation39.Thepolice____lookingintothematternow. A.be B.is D.aregoingto40.TheChineseare____braveandhardworkingpeople. A.the C./ D.oneB.adayortwoA.Translation C.ThetranslationC.areB.a答案41.Nonews____goodnews. B.are C.have D.has42.Mathsstill____verydifficultforme,thoughIhavedonemybest.A.looks C.is D.are43.“Where____mytrousers?”theboyasked. A.is B.was C.were 44.Howhappytheyare!Obviously,theyare____.A.innicespirits B.innicespirit D.inhighspirit45.Isawmany____seatedinthecornerreadingsomething. B.Japaneses C.ofJapanese D.ofJapanesesA.is B.seemsD.areC.inhighspiritsA.Japanese 答案46.Fatherwenttohisdoctorfor____abouthishearttrouble.A.anadvice C.advices D.theadvices47.Weare____andtheyare____. B.Englishmen,German C.Englishmans,Germans D.Englishmen,Germen48.____aremadeof____.A.Aglass,aglass C.Theglass,theglass D.Glasses,glasses49.I’llhavetobuy____trousers. A.a B.two D.acoupleof50.Therearetwo____inourclass. A.Liu C.Liu’s D.Lius’B.adviceA.Englishmen,GermansB.Glasses,glass C.apairofB.Lius 答案51.____isneededincoldcountries.A.Alotofclothes C.Manyacloth D.Lotsofclothes52.Theyare____. A.mathematicsstudent B.mathematicstudentsC.studentsinmathematics53.Thelaboratoryassistantrecordedthe____reactions（反应）.A.mouses’ B.mice C.mices’ 54.Thisletterwassentby____.A.myfatherfriend B.myfatherfriend’s D.afriendofmyfather55.Tenyearshadpassed.Ifoundshehad____. A.alittlewhitehair B.somewhitehair C.afewwhitehair B.Muchclothing D.mathematicsstudents D.mice’sC.afriendofmyfather’s D.afewwhitehairs答案56.Ihavemade____withBilly. B.friend C.afriend D.thefriend57.ThepopulationofBeijingis____thanthatofXi’an. A.moreC.fewer D.small58.Therearethirty-two____inourschool.A.womanteacher B.womenteacher D.womanteachers59.Hehadtriedeverythingbutitmadelittle______.

A.use B.good D.result

60.Youmustgettherewithinhalfanhour.Thereshouldbeno______insendingthebloodtothedyingman.

A.wait C.time D.hurry

A.friendsB.larger C.womenteachersC.differenceB.delay答案61.Enoughofit!Nobodyherethinkswhatyouaresayingshouldmakeany______.

A.excuseC.useD.value

62.-Howdareyouplayonsuchthinice? -Playingoniceisnotmy______ofsparetime.

B.thoughtC.mindD.intention

63.HelensaidshewouldliketogotoAtlantabyair,butIwonderifshehasenoughmoneytopayforthe______.

A.travel B.tourism D.course

64.Onesplendidmountain______followedanotherduringourjourneyfromMieheelmoretoRurunz.

B.glance C.screen D.scene

65.Thenewlawwillcomeinto___onthedayitispassed.(1999上海) B.use C.service D.existenceB.senseA.ideaC.journeyA.viewA.effect答案66.Whenyouplay‘football,what______doyouplay?

A.situation B.placeC.part

67.It‘simportantforustoemployawordoraphraseaccordingtothe______inlanguagestudies.

B.expressionC.conditionD.translation

68.Iwrotehimalettertoshowmy______ofhisthoughtfulness.

A.achievement B.agreement C.view69.Oneoftheadvantagesoflivingonthetopfloorofahigh-riseisthatyoucangetagood______.

A.sight B.scene D.look

70.Nowadaysnaturalgas,windandotherformsof______arewidelyusedinthecountry.

B.forceC.powerD.materials

D.positionA.situationD.appreciation

C.viewA.energy答案答案71.______withforeigncountriescanbringusmuchinformationabouttheworld.

A.Contrast B.Competition D.Combination

72.Weallknowthat______speaklouderthanwords.A.movements B.performances C.operations 73.Wehaveworkedouttheplanandnowwemustputitinto___.(NMET199738)

A.fact B.reality D.deed

74.We‘vemissedthelastbus.I’mafraidwehaveno____buttotakeataxi.(Met199