英语语法纲要

英语语法纲要(2010-02-2216:32:58)

标签：杂谈

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动词时态

一般现在时

表示特征或经常性动作，普遍真理

Mybossisinabadmoodtoday.

Wisdominmindisbetterthanmoneyinthehand.

一般过去时

Ihatedgoingtoschool.我以前不喜欢上学(不代表现在)。

u

在阅读中出现过去式不能代表现时的状态

一般将来时

Chinawillincreasedialogueandco-operationwiththeUnitedStatesandtheinternational

communitytocrackdownonallformsofterroristactivities,

u

新闻中常用一般将来时。背诵此句。

IamleavingShanghaitomorrow.

Myparentsarecomingherenextweek.

IamtakingmyCET4nextmonth,

u

以上三句用现在进行时表示将来时。记住此三句形式。

过去将来时

表示从过去某时看将来

Iwasgoingtocallyouwhenyoucamein.

Shesaidshewouldcome.

现在进行时

注意以下两句的的含义：

Youarealwayscomplaining.

That'sbecauseyouarealwaysleavingyourdirtysocksonthefloor!

过去进行时

Iwasworkingallweekend.

Iwasnottryingtoannoyyou.

将来进行时

说明未来某个时刻会发生的事情，中文里没有，英语中常用

1、A:IsMikefreethisafternoon?

B:No,heisn't.Hewillbeattendingameeting.[表示将来的下午在开会!]

2、A:Ifyouhaveanyquestions,!willbeworkinginthenextoffice.

BiGreat.

现在完成时

Shehasworkedhereforthreeyears.

TheUShasnotputasmuchimportanceondiplomacyasitshould.

SheisthemostbeautifulgirlIhaveevermet!［记住句型］

IhaveneverdreamedthatIcouldseeyouagain.

过去完成时

Bytheendoftheyear,wehadhelped5000homelesspeople.

Ihadneverusedchopsticks［筷子］beforeIcametoChina,

u

一般而言，过去完成时中有过去的时间或过去时态

现在完成进行时

过去某时一直延续到现在，特别强调事情尚要继续或刚刚停止

IhavebeenlearningEnglishfortenyears.［刚刚停止］

IhavebeendyingtoseeyousinceItalkedtoyouonthephonelastweek.［尚要继续］

Ihavebeenlookingforwardtomeetingyouforalongtime.

二、情态动词

can

表示能力、许可或请求

Shecanspeakthreedifferentlanguages.

Youcandoanythingifyoutry.

Icannotunderstandwhatyoumean.

could

表示具有的能力，可能发生的情况，也可表示一个可行的提议

Hecouldspeakebetter.他能说的更好。【注意与can比较】

Thatcouldbeagoodsolution.那可能是个不错的办法。

couldhave

表示过去能够或可能但没有发生的动作或事件

Icouldhavedonealotbetter.我本来能够做的更好。

Icouldhavebeenadoctor,!couldhavebeenalawyer,butIchoosetobeateacher.

我可以是个医生，可以是个律师，但我选择了做老师。

Icouldhavehelpedyou,butIdidnotknowyouwereintrouble.

may,might

表示可能发生的事（过去现在将来皆可）

ImighthavegottenstraightA'sthissemester.这学期我很可能得A。

Imayknowbythisafternoon.今天下午可能就知道了。

should

Youshouldtakecareofyourself.

Youshouldgoandseeadoctor.

Shouldhave

表示本应该做的没有做，主要用于责备他人或自责

Youshouldhavewornwarmerclothes.你应该穿暖和一点的衣服。

YoushouldhavetoldmeitwascoldbeforeIlefthome.那你在我离家前就告诉我。

haveto

英国人常用must美国人常用haveto,表示必须

Ihavetogonow.

Youdonothavetocome.你没必要来。【句型】

Youdonothavetotellher.你不必告诉她。

would

表示愿意

IwouldtryChinesemedicinetocureyourcold.

must

表示必须或揣测

Youmustfinishthejobbeforefive」必须］

Youmustbekidding.［揣测］

musthave

表示对过去的揣测

Imusthaveleftmykeysinthecar.

非谓语动词

不定式做主语

TobecomePresidentoftheUnitedStatesusedtobygoal.

过去我的梦想是成为美国总统。

Tobealeaderinyourowncityisalotmorerealistic.

不定式当表语

Mywishistobeateacher!

不定式当宾语

Iwanttobecomeamillionire.我想成为百万富翁。

Icannotaffordtobuyacar.

Wefinditimpossibletogeteverythingfinishedintime.

Shefeltitstupidforhimtotalklikethat.

不定式做宾语补足语

Jimwantsyoutocallhimback.

Myteacherencouragedmetotryagain.

Forceyourselftodomore.iM自己多做点。

不定式当状语

表示原因结果或目的

IwilldoeverythingIcantohelpyou.［目的］

WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoupset?［结果］

动名词当宾语

常用于以下动词之后：

enjoy,suggest,stop,delay,fancy,consider,admit,miss,involve,finish,postponeumagine

aviod,deny,risk,practise,giveup,putoff,goon,keepon,appreciate.

动名词与动词不定式区别

Remember,forget,reget接不定式表示未发生，接动名词表示已经发生

Irememberseeinghersomewhere,butIdonotknowhername.

Iregetnothavingacceptedyouradvice.

IregettotellyouIcannotgiveyouanyhelp.

独立主格

当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一样时，在分词前加上逻辑主语

Weatherpermitting,wewillleaveforBeijingtomorrow.

Alltheworkfinished,youcangohome.

句型

被动语句

Romewasnotbuiltinaday.［被动语过去时］

Idonnotlikebeingtoldwhattodo.［动名词被动语］

Itissaidthat...

Itisbclivedthat...

Iamsupposedtobemeetingthepresidentat10.

Youshouldgetyourhaircut.

Jimhadallhismoneystolenwhilehewasonvacation.

比较句

Youstilllookasyoungasyouusedto.你还是像以前那样年轻。

IguessIamnotasdumbasIusedtobe!

Icanworkalotmoreefficeintly.

Whatwasyourmostembarrassingmoment?你最窘迫的时候是什么情况？

疑问句

Youprefergoingbyplane,donnotyou?［肯定反意疑问］

Youwonnottellanyoneelse,willyou?［否定反意疑问］

Donnotbelateagain,willyou?［祈使句疑问］

间接引语

引用时注意时态转换

ThePresidentsaidthathewouldlaunchanattactontenorism.

HeaskedmeifIwouldgotodinnerwithhim.

Thedoctortoldmetostayinbedforanewdays.

主谓一致

临近原则

Neitherhenortheyaremistaken.

从句

That引导主语从句

Ilisgreatthatyougotascholarship.

Whether引导主语从句

Whetherhewillcomeornotisunknow.

疑问词引导主语从句

WhatItoldyouisbetweenyouandme.

That引导表语从句

TheproblemisthatnoonetherespeaksChinese.

Whether引导表语从句

Thequstioniswhetherwecanaffordahouse.

疑问词引导表语从句

Thequestioniswhocantakehisplace.

That引导宾语从句（that可省略）

Ithinkthatkimisagoodteacher,注意与引导表语句的区别］

Wether/if引导宾语从句

DoyouknowifJimwenttherelastnight?

疑问句引导宾语从句

IwonderthatKimhasplannedfortonight.

Shecantellyouwhatistonight'shomeworkassignment.

That引导同位语从句

Therumorthattherewillbeacompanymergerspreadquickly.

公司将要合并的谣言很快就传开了。

Wether引导同位语从句

Wehavenotdecidedthequestionwhetherheiscapableornot.

下面是状语从句部分，务必弄清其概念，状有状态的含义

时间状语从句

一般由when,while,as,since,after,befor,untill.弓|导

Donotcountyourchickensbeforetheyarehatched.在小鸡孵出来之前不要数鸡。

IwillcomewhenIhavetime.

Shealwayssingsasheworks.

IwilldoitafterIfinishhiswork.

IhavelivedheresinceIcametothiscity.

地点状语从句

一般由where>wherever引导

Wherethereisawill,thereisashadow.有志者事竟成。

Shefollowshimwhereverhegoes.

条件状语从句

一般由if,unless引导

Ifyouuseyourhead,youwillfindaway.

Youwillnotpasstheexaminationunlessyoustudyhard.

让步状语从句

一般由though,although,evenif,whether引导

Thoughhewasverytired,hedidnotgiveup.

Iwillkeepmybusinessgoingevenifhavetosellmyhouse.

Iamgoingwhetheryoulikeitornot.

原因状语从句

一般由because,since,as,for,now,that弓I导

Ididnotgobecauseitrained.

Asyouareevidentlyverybusy,Iwillnotwasteyourtime.既然你显然很忙，我还是不浪费你的

时间了。

Nowthatyouhavefinishedyourwork,youmaygo,

目的状语从句

一般由that,sothat,so..that,inorderthat弓|导

Iamgivingmyboyagoodeducationsothathecanmoreeasilycopewithlife'sdifficulties.我准

备让我儿子接受良好教育，这样他能更容易去处理人生的困难。

结果状语从句

一般由that,sothat,such..that,so等引导

IamsosleepythatIcannotkeepmyeyesopen.

ItissuchbeautifulweatherthatIdonotliketostayintheoffice.

方式状语从句

有as引导

WheninRome,doastheRomedo.入乡随俗。

Ididasyoutoldme.

定语从句是用来修饰的，注意与状语从句的区别

关系代词做主语的定语从句

一般由who,that,which引导，关系代词做主语

Everyonethatknowshimlikeshim。认识他的人个个都喜欢他。

Thebookisaboutagirlwhofallsinlovewithathief.

关系代词做宾语的定语从句

一般由whom,that,which引导，关系代词做宾语

ThefaxthatIreceviedfromhimyesterdayisveryimportant.

Whereisthebook(which)!boughtthismoring?［关系代词课省略］

Whose引导的定语从句

Themovieisaboutaspywhosewifebetrayshim.这个电影讲的是一个间谍的妻子背叛他的故

事。

Iwouldlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.

Whowhich.引导的非限制性定语从句

从句不直接限定主句，只对先行词或主句做附加说明

IprefertoaskJohn,whoisaverycleverguy,whatIshoulddo.

Hesaidhehadnomoney,whichwasnottrue.

As引导定语从句

Asweallknow,thereisnoshortcuttolearningEnglish.

ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpect.

When,where,why

引导的定语从句

ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.

IwillneverforgetthedaywhenImetyou.

ThereasonwhyIamcallingyouistoinviteyoutoaparty.

介词+which,whom,引导的定语从句

Therearetwoclassesfromwhichtochoose.

Thisistheauthorofwhomwehaveoftentalked.

倒装与虚拟语气

强调句倒装

IlisIwhotoldyourbossthetruth.

全句倒装

Never,seldom,little,nor,hardly,scarcely,nosooner,notonly等否定词在句首时倒装

NorcanI.

As引导的让步状语从句倒装

Studentasheis,hehasstartedteachinghisownEnglishclass.他虽然是个学生，已经开始教自

己的英语班了。

虚拟条件句省略If时倒装

WereIinyourshoes,Iwouldacceptedthejob.如果我是你，我就会接受这份工作。

虚拟语气是语法难点，须加强学习

与现在事实相反的虚拟语气

从句中使用一般过去式，主句中用wouki/shoukl+原型

IfIlovedyou,youwouldnotsaythat.

IfIcouldhelpyoujwouldhelpyou.

IfIwereyou,Iwouldbuyanewcar.

与过去事实相反的虚拟语气

从句中使用过去完成时，主句中用would/should+have+过去分词

Youwouldnothavemetherifithadnotbeenforme.如果不是我的话，你根本就不会认识她。

IcouldhavedonebetterifIhadbeenmorecareful.我要是细心电话，是可以做的更好。

IcouldhaveshownyouaroundthecityifIhadknow