高中英语译林版选修一：Unit 4 Period 3　Grammar and usage-Overview of to-infinitivesverb-ing and verb-ed forms

Period3Grammarandusage—Overviewofto-infinitives，verb-ingandverb-edforms认真阅读下列句子，感悟加黑部分在句中所作的成分并完成方框下面的小题。1．So，howtorevealthishiddendimension?2．Sometimesreadingapoemcanbealifelongjob.3．...youneedtogoonajourneytoaremoteandunknowndestination.4．Finally，rememberthatyoudonothavetofullyunderstandapoemtoappreciateit.5．Poetry’scombinationof“sound”and“sense”makesyouseetheworldinanewwayandallowsyoutogobeyondnormalrealityfortheeverlastingbeauty.(1)句1中非谓语动词hidden在句中作定语；(2)句2中非谓语动词短语readingapoem在句中作主语；(3)句3中非谓语动词短语togoonajourney在句中作宾语；(4)句4中非谓语动词短语toappreciateit在句中作状语；(5)句5中非谓语动词短语togobeyondnormalreality在句中作宾语补足语。非谓语动词通常指动词不定式、动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式，它们在句中可作的成分见下表：功能形式主语宾语表语定语状语补语动词不定式√√√√√√动词-ing形式√√√√√√动词-ed形式√√√√一、非谓语动词作主语：动词不定式与动词-ing形式1．动词不定式和动词-ing形式都可以在句中作主语。不定式作主语时常常用形式主语it代替，不定式置于句末。如：Collectingstampsismyhobby.集邮是我的爱好。Itisimportanttodetecttheimplieddimensionofapoem.发现一首诗隐含的方面是很重要的。2．动词-ing形式有时也用形式主语it代替，动词-ing形式置于句末。常见的句型有：Itis/was＋eq\b\lc\{\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(nouse/good,notanyuse/good,oflittleuse/good,worth))＋doingsth注意：不定式表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作；动名词多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的经常性的行为。二、非谓语动词作宾语：动词不定式与动词-ing形式1．动词不定式作宾语在afford，agree，arrange，choose，claim，desire，expect，fail，hope，intend，offer，pretend，promise，refuse，wish，determine等动词后常接动词不定式作宾语。如：Tomygreatdisappointment，herefusedtoacceptmyinvitation.令我大失所望的是，他拒绝接受我的邀请。Thenovelistdecidedtobreakwiththerigidrulesandadvocateinnovation.这位小说家决定打破陈规，提倡创新。2．动词-ing形式作宾语在advise，admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，deny，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，risk，resist，suggest，quit等动词后常接动词-ing形式作宾语。如：Hecouldn’tresistshowingoffhisnewcar.他忍不住炫耀起了他的新车。3．介词(短语)后要接动词-ing形式作宾语，如whatabout，havedifficulty/trouble(in)，befondof，begoodat等后接动词-ing形式。如：ThereisnodoubtthatIhavelittledifficultycommunicatingwithforeigners.毫无疑问，我和外国人交流没有什么困难。4．在remember，forget，regret，try，mean等动词后，既可以接动词不定式作宾语也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语，但二者意义不同。如：eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(forgettodosth忘记去做某事,forgetdoingsth忘记已经做过某事))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(remembertodosth记得去做某事,rememberdoingsth记得曾经做过某事))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(regrettodosth很遗憾地去做某事,regretdoingsth后悔做了某事))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(stoptodosth停下来去做另一件事,stopdoingsth停止做某事))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(meantodosth意欲/打算做某事,meandoingsth意味着做某事))eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(trytodosth尽力去做某事,trydoingsth试着去做某事))HowIregrettedarguingwithheraboutthequestion，whichmadeusbothunhappy.我多么后悔和她争论那个问题，那使我们俩都不高兴。IregrettotellyouthatIcan’ttraveltoBeijingtogetherwithyouattheappointedtime.我很遗憾地告诉你我不能在约定的时间和你一起去北京了。三、非谓语动词作表语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式1．动词不定式作表语说明主语所指的内容，动词不定式还可以带逻辑主语。动词不定式作表语，有的情况下to可以省略。如：Myjobthiseveningistolookafterthebabyforher.我今晚的工作是替她照看婴儿。Myhopeisforallmemberstocometogetheronceayear.我希望所有成员每年聚会一次。AllIdidwas(to)givehimalittlepush.我只是推了他一下。2．动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作表语动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式可以在句中作表语，说明主语的特征或者状态，动词-ing形式还可以表示主语所指的内容。如：Shefeltverydepressedaboutthefuture.她感到前途无望。Thebookwassointerestingthathealmostforgotthetime.这本书太有趣了，他几乎忘记了时间。Herpart-timejobisteachingyogainaschool.她的兼职工作是在一所学校教瑜伽。四、非谓语动词作定语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式1．动词不定式作定语常表示将要发生的事，动词-ing形式作定语常表示正在发生的事，动词-ed形式作定语常表示已经发生的事或表示被动意义。如：Ihavesomethingunusualtodobeforegoingback.回去之前我有些不寻常的事要做。Thestudentmajoringinlawmadeacommentonthematter.这名法律专业的学生对此事发表了评论。Jackclearedthefallenleavesonthegroundbeforeclass.上课前杰克清理了地上的落叶。Hisfirstbookpublishedlastmonthisbasedonatruestory.他上个月出版的第一本书是根据一个真实故事写成的。2．动词不定式和动词-ing形式作定语时可以有被动形式。如：Hisfirstbooktobepublishednextmonthisbasedonatruestory.他的第一本书将于下月出版，这本书是根据一个真实故事写成的。Doyouseethegallerybeingbuiltoverthere?你看到那边正在建的美术馆了吗？五、非谓语动词作状语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式1．动词不定式作状语(1)动词不定式作状语可以表示目的或者出乎意料的结果，表示结果时，不定式前常加only。Todigupmoreclues，hecollectedandstudiedalotofinformation.为了挖掘更多的线索，他收集和研究了大量的信息。Hehurriedtothetrainstation，onlytofindthetrainhadleft.他匆忙赶到火车站，结果却发现火车已经开走了。(2)不定式作原因状语，常用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后。I’mdisappointedtohearyoulackthepatience.听到你缺乏耐心我很失望。2．动词-ing形式具有主动意义，动词-ed形式具有被动意义；动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、伴随等意义。Shewasinthekitchenpreparingdinner.她正在厨房里准备晚饭。Comparedwithotheropponents，wehaveaslightadvantage.与其他对手相比，我们略有优势。注意：动词-ing形式作状语可用完成式(当分词的动作先于谓语动词时)。Havingfinishedhishomework，Tomwentouttoplay.完成了他的作业，汤姆出去玩了。六、非谓语动词作补语：动词不定式、动词-ing形式与动词-ed形式1．在expect，forbid，force，order，permit，request，warn，invite等动词后，常接“名词/代词＋动词不定式”结构，动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：Wecanalwaysexpecthimtohelpuswheneverweareintrouble.每当我们遇到困难的时候，我们总是可以指望他帮助我们。Isincerelyinviteyoutoparticipateintheactivitytobeheldbyourschool.我真诚地邀请你参加我们学校举办的活动。2．在see，hear，notice，watch，feel等动词后，可以接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，表示动作的整个过程；这些动词也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行。如：Isawhimcrossthestreetandenterashop.我看见他穿过马路然后进了一家商店。Isawhimcrossingthestreet.我看见他正在过马路。3．动词-ed形式作补语常表示被动或完成意义。如：Iwassurprisedtofindmyhometownchangedsomuch.我惊讶地发现我的家乡发生了这么大的变化。It’srequestedthatweshouldgettheworkfinishedby10o’clock.我们被要求在10点前完成这项工作。用所给动词的适当形式填空Onyour46thbirthday，Momgavemetheletter1.written(write)byyou.Inyourletter，yousaidyouwerelookingforwardto2.seeing(see)mefightingformyfuturebravelyanddoingwellformyselfandothers.After3.reading(read)thisletter，Ifeelquite4.shocked(shock)atyourexpectationofme.Ialsofeelashamedofnot5.havingperformed/performing(perform)welltomeetyourdemandbefore.IstillrememberwhenIwasinprimaryschool，Ifailed6.toapply(apply)myselftostudying.Youdidn’tblamemeatall.Instead，youtaughtmethat7.studying(study)wasthemostimportantobjectatthemomentandencouragedme8.totry(try)hard.OnlywhenIreadyourletterdidIrealizethatIbehavedsobadlyatthattimeandyouweresosad9.tofind(find)Ididn’tdowellformyself.Ican’thelp10.expressing(express)mygratitude.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Thegirlstanding(stand)underthetreeismycousinKate.2．Ifoundthedoorclosed(close)whenIgothome.3．Whentheymetagain，theyweretooexcitedtosay(say)aword.4．Infacthedidn’tmindbeingasked(ask)abouthisfailureinhismarriage.5．Somethingassimpleasdrinking(drink)somecoldwatermayclearyourmindandrelievepressure.6．—Hi!LiHong.Ididn’tseeyouattheparty.—Oh，Iwasbusygetting(get)readyforthecomingexams.7．Hewalkedoutofthehouse，followed(follow)byhispetdognamed(name)Snoopy.8．—Howlongdidittakeyoutodo(do)yourhomeworkyesterday?—Abouthalfanhour.9．DoctorLipersuadedmetogive(give)upsmokingandshealsopersuadedmeintotaking(take)upsportstokeepfit.10．Thereareonlytenminutesleft(leave)，buttherearestilltenpassengerswaiting(wait)tocheckin.Ⅱ.完成句子1．Approachingthelake，wefoundmanypeopletalkingwitheachother.走近湖边，我们发现许多人在相互交谈。2．IknowsheisupsetbutIdon’tregrettellingheraboutit.我知道她很难过，但我不后悔告诉她这件事。3．Seenfromthetopofthehill，thevillagelooksbeautiful.从山顶上看，这个村庄看起来很美。4．IwassoshockedthatIfoundmyselflostforwords.我震惊得说不出话来。5．Thesystemhastheabilitytorunmorethanoneprogrammeatthesametime.这个系统能够同时运行一个以上的程序。Ⅲ.阅读理解Ifyougrewupinahouseholdthathaditsfairshareofbookshelves，itmightsaysomethingpositiveaboutyourpersonalitynowthatyou’reallgrownup.Anewstudyfoundthatpeoplewhogrewupinbook-filledhomeshavehigherreading，math，andtechnologicalskills.Theresearchersanalyzeddatafeaturing160,000adults(ages25to65)across31nations.Allparticipantswereaskedhowmanybookstherewereintheirhomewhentheywere16yearsold.Theychosefromaseriesofalternativesrangingfrom“10orless”to“morethan500”．Ifahouseholdheldatleast80books，thenparticipantswentontodisplaytheaveragerateofliteracyandnumeracy(认字和计算)．Therateofliteracycontinuedtoincreaseinparalleltothenumberofbooksahouseholdcontaineduntiltheratedidn’tincreasefrom350booksonwards.Furthermore，youngteenagerswhogrewuparoundbookswereshowntohavethesamelevelsofliteracyandnumeracyasuniversitygraduateswhohadonlygrownuparoundafewbooks.Literacywasclarifiedas“theabilitytoreadeffectivelytoparticipateinsocietyandachievepersonalgoals”．Participantstookteststhat“capturedarangeofbasicthroughadvancedcomprehensionskills，fromreadingbrieftextsforasinglepieceofinformationtosynthesizing(合成)informationfromcomplextexts”．Numeracytestsmeasuredthe“abilitytousemathematicalconceptsineverydaylife”whileIT-relatedtests“assessedtheabilitytousedigitaltechnologytocommunicatewithothers，aswellastogather，analyze，andsynthesizeinformation”．Theresultssuggestthosebooksmadealong-termdifference.“Growingupwithhomelibrariesimprovesadultskillsintheseareasbeyondthebenefitsfromparentaleducationorone’sowneducationalattainment，”theresearchersreport.Notsurprisingly，thebiggesteffectwasonreadingability.“Thetotaleffectsofhomelibrarysizeonliteracyarelargeeverywhere，”theresearchersreport.语篇解读这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一项新研究发现，在书堆里长大的人具有更高的阅读、数学和技术技能。1．Whatcanwelearnfromthenewstudy?A．Homesfilledwithbooksdomuchbenefittoone’sgrowth.B．One’sliteracyandnumeracyarefinallyshapedattheageof16.C．Allparticipantsneedtohavetentomorethan500booksathome.D．Thosereadingalotaremorecompetentthanuniversitygraduates.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第二段中“Anewstudyfoundthatpeoplewhogrewupinbook-filledhomeshavehigherreading，math，andtechnologicalskills.”可知，研究表明充满书籍的家庭对一个人的成长有很大的好处。故选A。2．Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?A．Thebenefitofliteracy，numeracyandITability.B．Themeasurementofliteracy，numeracyandITability.C．Therelationbetweenliteracy，numeracyandITability.D．Thedifferencebetweenliteracy，numeracyandITability.答案B解析段落大意题。根据第四段中“Literarywasclarifiedas...Participantstookteststhat...fromcomplextexts.Numeracytestsmeasured...whileIT-relatedtests‘assessedtheability...’”可知，第四段主要讲了对读写、计算和IT能力的衡量标准。故选B。3．Accordingtothetext，booksinfluenceone’smost.A．parentaleducationB．occupationalattainmentC．calculatingabilityD．readingability答案D解析细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第二句可知，书对人的阅读能力影响最大。故选D。4．Whatisthewriter’spurposeinwritingthetext?A．Todescribetheimportanceofreceivinggoodeducation.B．Toclarifytheeffectsofhomelibrarysizeonone’sadultskills.C．Toexplainthenecessityofacquiringliteracyandnumeracy.D．Tointroducemethodsofimprovingone’sliteracyandnumeracy.答案B解析写作意图题。根据最后一段中“Thetotaleffectsofhomelibrarysizeonliteracyarelargeeverywhere”并结合文章主要说明了一项新研究发现，在书堆里长大的人具有更高的阅读、数学和技术技能可推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是阐明家庭图书馆的大小对一个人成年后的技能的影响。故选B。Ⅳ.完形填空LastSaturdayevening，Ronan，whohasautism(自闭症)，attendedaconcertwithhisgrandfather，StephenMattin，atBostonSymphonyHall.AstheHandelandHaydnSociety1playing，theyexpectedtohearpoliteapplause(鼓掌)afterabrief2.Themusicwasoverandtherewasnosound，butitsuddenlywas3bythe“Wow！”heardaroundthehall.Achild’s4expressedsimple，refreshingamazementattheperformance.TheelderMattinfelt5andturnedtopeoplearoundthem，6thatRonanactuallydidnot7tomakenoiseandthathehasautismandoftenexpresseshimself8fromotherpeople.Themoment9theorchestrasothattheyreleasedtheaudiorecordingofthe“Wow！”momentinthe10offindingthechild.Notlongaftertheaudioclip(片段)hittheInternet，itbecameextremely11，gettingthousandsofsharesacrossseveralplatforms.Later，DavidSnead，thepresidentandCEOoftheHandelandHaydnSociety，gaveouthisemailaddress，wishingtogeta(n)12fromtheparentsofthechildand13themtomeetthemusicianHarryChristophers.Ittooklessthanaweekforthekidtocomeforward.HisfamilyandtheHandelandHaydnSocietyplannedto14adateforhimtomeetthemusician.Mattinexpressedhis15thatthesocietyhasbecomemoretolerantandunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenpeople.语篇解读这是一篇记叙文。患自闭症的Ronan和爷爷Mattin去听音乐会，在表演结束时Ronan发出“Wow！”的声音，乐队录制了这一感人时刻的音频并邀请他与乐队乐师见面。1．A.finished B．practisedC．considered D．delayed答案A解析finish完成；practise练习；consider考虑；delay推迟。根据下文“theyexpectedtohearpoliteapplause(鼓掌)”和“Themusicwasover”可知，此处表示乐队表演结束。故选A。2．A.silence B．appearanceC．account D．statement答案A解析silence沉默；appearance外貌；account说明；statement陈述。根据下文“Themusicwasoverandtherewasnosound”可知，此处表示他们期望在一阵短暂的寂静之后观众报以礼貌的掌声。故选A。3．A.surrounded B．followedC．guided D．warned答案B解析surround围绕；follow跟着；guide引导；warn警告。此处表示音乐结束之后是意料之中的寂静，突然随之而来的是一声“哇！”。故选B。4．A.opinion B．messageC．voice D．attitude答案C解析opinion观点；message信息；voice嗓音；attitude态度。前面提到的“哇！”是Ronan发出的声音。故选C。5．A.annoyed B．astonishedC．embarrassed D．disappointed答案C解析annoyed恼怒的；astonished惊讶的；embarrassed尴尬的；disappointed失望的。根据上文“butitsuddenlywasbythe‘Wow！’heardaroundthehall”可知，Ronan在众人面前发出“哇！”的声音，再结合后面Mattin作一番解释可知，此处表示Mattin感到尴尬。故选C。6．A.supposing B．explainingC．promising D．suggesting答案B解析suppose假设；explain解释；promise承诺；suggest建议。根据“thatRonanactuallydidnottomakenoiseandthathehasautismandoftenexpresseshimselffromotherpeople”可知，此处表示Mattin作出解释。故选B。7．A.learn B．pretendC．decide D．mean答案D解析learn学习；pretend假装；decide决定；mean有意，故意，打算。此处表示Ronan并不是有意发出这种声音。meantodosth表示“有意做某事，想要做某事”。故选D。8．A.differently B．casuallyC．frequently D．comprehensively答案A解析differently不同地；casually随意地；frequently经常地；comprehensively完全地，彻底地。根据上文“whohasautism(自闭症)”可知，由于患有自闭症，Ronan表达自己的方式与其他人是不一样的。故选A。9．A.touched B．puzzledC．inspired D．satisfied答案A解析touch使感动，触动；puzzle使困惑；inspire激励；satisfy使满意。根据下文“theyreleasedtheaudiorecording”和“findingthechild”可知，管弦乐队受到触动，将录音发布在网上。故选A。10．A.hope B．needC．doubt D．order答案A解析乐队发布了带有“哇！”的录音，希望能找到那个孩子，inthehopeof表示“希望”。故选A。11．A.special B．usefulC．important D．popular答案D解析special特别的；useful有用的；important重要的；popular受欢迎的。根据下文“gettingthousandsofsharesacrossseveralplatforms”可知，那段音频很受欢迎。故选D。12．A.commitment B．commentC．agreement D．request答案C解析commitment承诺，保证；comment评论；agreement同意；request要求。根据“fromtheparentsofthechildandthemtomeetthemusician”可知，此处表示DavidSnead想得到家长的同意。故选C。13．A.allow B．inviteC．remind D．require答案B解析allow允许；invite邀请；remind提醒；require要求。根据下文“Ittooklessthanaweekforthekidtocomeforward.Hisfamilyand...adateforhimtomeetthemusician.”可知，DavidSnead邀请他们见乐队的乐师。故选B。14．A.arrange B．awaitC．provide D．advocate答案A解析arrange安排；await等待；provide提供；advocate倡导。根据上文“tomeetthemusicianHarryChristophers”可知，他的家人和乐队计划安排一个日期让他和乐队乐师见面。故选A。15．A.delight B．confidenceC．thanks D．regrets答案C解析delight高兴；confidence信心；thanks感谢，感激；regret遗憾，后悔。上文说到人们接纳了Ronan，再根据空后的内容“thatthesocietyhasbecomemoretolerantandunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenpeople”可知，Mattin应该是怀着感激之情的。故选C。Ⅴ.语法填空InternationalNursesDayisobservedeveryyearonMay12th.Thedayhonoursnursesfortheir1.(commit)tomedicalhealthandservice.Thedayalsocommemorates(纪念)FlorenceNightingale’sbirth,2.iswidelyregardedasthefounderofmodernnursing.Astheworld3.(influence)byadeadlydisease，thehealthcareworkershavebeenworkingdayandnighttotakecareof4.(affect)pati