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UNIT3
CareersandskillsGrammarandusageLead-in1.Fillintheblankswithproperlinkingwordsanddeterminewhichtypeofnounclausestheyare.(1)________thenewplancanbeputintopracticeremainstobeseen.(2)Jackwaslateforschoolagain.Thatis________hewasstuckinheavytrafficthismorning.(3)Donotletanyfailurediscourageyou,foryoucannevertell________closeyoumaybetoyourdream.(4)Abrilliantthoughtcametome_____Imightturntomyparentsforhelp.Lead-inWhether主语从句because表语从句how宾语从句that同位语从句2.Listthecommonlinkingwordsfornounclauses.Lead-in连接代词:连接副词:连接词:
what,whatever,who,whoever,whose,
whom,whomever,which,whicheverwhen,where,why,how,wherever,whenever,howeverthat,whether,if,asif,asthough1.ReadthearticleonPage34andanswerthefollowingquestions.(1)Whataretheadvantagesofrunningyourownbusiness?(2)Howaboutthedisadvantages?(3)What’stheauthor’sopiniontowardsstartingone’sownbusiness?
Whenitcomestostartingabusinessonyourown,thinktwicebeforeyouact.Itpromotesyourpersonalgrowth.Meanwhile,oddsarethatyoucangetcommercialsuccess.Youshoulddealwithdemandingworkschedule,whichmeansthatbigresponsibilitywillfallonyou.Exploringtherules2.FindthesentenceswithnounclausesinthearticleandfillintheboxofPartA.ExploringtherulesSubjectclauseObjectclauseAsyoustarttomakeplansforwhatyouwanttodowithyourfuture,…PredicativeclauseAppositiveclauseItisnosurprisethatbeingone’sownbossisappealingtomanypeople.Also,youwillneedtomakesureanyloansyouhavearerepaidontime.Anotheradvantageisthatyouwill……,youmightaskaquestionwhetheryoushouldstartyourownbusiness.3.Readandcomparethefollowingpairsofsentences.(1)Iknow
whothemanisinterviewing.
(2)Mycousin,
whothemanisinterviewing,isapplyingforajob.ExploringtherulesInthefirstsentence,“whothemanisinterviewing”isanounclause,functioningastheobjectof“know”.Inthesecondsentence,“whothemanisinterviewing”isanon-restrictiverelativeclauseaddingmoreinformationto“mycousin”.4.Discusshowtoidentifythetypeofagivenclausebasedonthepreviouscomparison.ExploringtherulesWhenidentifyingthetypeofagivenclause,becarefulthatyoufocusonitsfunction,notjustthewords.Twoclausesbeginningwiththesamewordsmaytotallyhavedifferentfunctions.5.WorkouttherulesonPage34.ExploringtherulesAnounclauseactslikeanounandcanfunctionasthesubject,object,predicativeorappositiveinthesentence.Weoftenuselinkingwordslikethat,whether/if
oraquestionwordtointroduceanounclause.1.CouldyourewritethesentencesinB1onPage35usingnounclauses?(1)Howdoyoungpeopledecideonacareer?Iwanttoknow.(objectclause)(2)Doesshehaveenoughtimetocompletesomanytasks?Thisisherdoubt.(predicativeclause)ApplyingtherulesIwanttoknowhowyoungpeopledecideonacareer.Herdoubtiswhethershehasenoughtimetocompletesomanytasks.(3)Thecareeradvisersuggeststhatpeopleshouldthinkcarefullybeforechoosingajob.Thesuggestionisuseful.(appositiveclause)(4)Wherewillmyuncleopenhisnewrestaurant?Itremainstobeseen.(subjectclause)Thecareersadviser’ssuggestionthatpeopleshouldthinkcarefullybeforechoosingajobisuseful.ApplyingtherulesItremainstobeseenwheremyunclewillopenhisnewrestaurant.2.ComparetheoriginalsentencesandrewrittenonesinB1.ApplyingtherulesUsingnounclausescanmaketheoriginalsentencesmuchshorterwithaclearersentencestructure.Meanwhile,readerscaneasilyfindtheemphasisofasentencewiththehelpofanounclause.3.FinishB2onPage35,andthenfillinatable.ApplyingtherulesTipsonhowtostartabusinessAspectsDetailedinformationThefirsttipChoosea(1)________businessThesecondtip(2)________thetargetmarketcarefullyThethirdtipConsider(3)________tofindpartnersornot(4)____________MakegoodpreparationsforyourbusinesssuitableAnalyse
whetherConclusion4.UsenounclausestofinishB3onPage35andcommentonMax’scareerpath,usingnounclausesifpossible.ApplyingtherulesIthinkthatMaxhasaclearcareerpath.First,whatheplanstodoiscloselyconnectedwithhisdesigntalents.Second,hehasmadethedecisionthathewillconsultexpertsinfashionindustry.Myonlyquestionishowhecouldgetenoughmoneyforstart-up.Grammar单元语法名词性从句名词性从句相当于名词,可作句子的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。一、引导名词性从句的连接词(1)连接代词:who,whose,whom,what,which等。有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语或定语等。(2)连接副词:when,where,why,how等。有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语。(3)连接词(组):that,whether,if,asif/though。that无词义,在从句中不担任成分,引导单一的宾语从句时that可省略,但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时that通常不被省略;whether/if(是否)表明从句内容的不确定性;asif/though(好像,似乎)在从句中不担任成分,但不可省略。二、主语从句(1)主语从句在复合句中作主语。Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.他想要跟我们说什么还不清楚。Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.谁能赢得这场比赛还有待分晓。Thathefinishedwritingthecompositioninsuchashorttimesurprisedusall.他在如此短的时间内写完作文使我们都惊讶不已。Whetherwewillgoforanoutingtomorrowremainsunknown.我们明天是否会去郊游仍旧未知。
“Whomwemuststudyfor”isaquestionofgreatimportance.“我们必须为谁而学习”是个很重要的问题。Whateveryoudoisright.你做的任何事都是正确的。Whatweneedistime.我们需要的是时间。(2)有时为避免句子头重脚轻,用it作形式主语,把主语从句放在句末。常用句型如下:①Itbe+名词(短语)(apity/ashame/asurprise等)+that从句.It’sagreatpitythattheydidn’tgetmarried.他们没能结婚,真是令人惋惜。②Itbe+形容词(necessary/right/likely/important/certain等)+that从句.It’ssplendidthatyoupassedyourexam.你通过了考试,真棒。③Itbe+过去分词(said/told/reported/decided等)+that从句.It’ssaidthathehasbeentheremanytimes.据说他去过那儿很多次了。④It+不及物动词(seem/appear/happen等)+that从句.Itappearsthattheyhavemadethesamemistakes.他们好像犯了同样的错误。(3)主语从句的虚拟语气。在以下主语从句中,常使用虚拟语气,即从句谓语为“should+动词原形”,其中should可省略。①
Itis+requested/required/proposed/suggested/ordered/desired+that...②Itis+necessary/important/natural/desirable/advisable/strange+that...Itissuggestedthatthelabbuilding(should)bebuiltnextyear.有人建议明年修建实验楼。Itisnecessarythatcollegestudents(should)masteratleastoneforeignlanguage.大学生应该至少掌握一门外语,这是有必要的。三、表语从句(1)表语从句在复合句中作表语,位于系动词之后。系动词可为be,look,seem,sound,appear等。主语可为名词fact,truth,cause,question,explanation,trouble,assumption,belief等或代词this,that,these,it等。Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。Britainisnotwhatitusedtobe.英国已不是过去的英国了。Thisiswhereourproblemlies.这就是我们的问题所在。Thequestionwaswhocouldgothere.问题是谁能够去那里。(2)当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthetrainbyoneminutethismorning.他迟到的原因是今天早上他差一分钟没赶上火车。(why引导定语从句,修饰reason)(3)句式Thatiswhy...意为“那就是……的原因”,why引导表语从句,后加结果或后果。Thatisbecause...意为“那是因为……”,because后加原因或理由。Hehadseenthefilmbefore.Thatiswhyhedidnotseeitlastnight.
他以前看过那部电影,因此他昨晚没有去看。(why引导表语从句,表结果)Hedidn’tseethefilmlastnight.Thatisbecausehehadtohelphislittlesisterwithherhomework.昨晚他没有去看电影,那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做家庭作业。(because引导表语从句,表原因)(4)在表示“命令”“建议”“要求”等名词(order,demand,suggestion,proposal,advice,request等)的表语从句中,谓语常用虚拟语气“(should+)动词原形”。Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)doourworkmorecarefully.他的建议是我们应该更认真地做我们的工作。四、宾语从句在主从复合句中充当宾语,位于谓语动词(及物动词)、介词或复合谓语之后的从句叫宾语从句。(1)由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如果从句是并列句,第二个分句(以及以后的分句)前的that不可省略。Wemustneverthink(that)wearegoodateverythingwhileothersaregoodatnothing.我们决不能认为自己什么都擅长,别人什么都不擅长。(2)用连接代词who,whom,which,whose,what和连接副词when,where,why,how引导的宾语从句要用陈述语序。wanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.我想知道他告诉了你什么。(3)可用it作形式宾语。①动词make,find,think,feel,consider,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,需要用it作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置。Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofhotwatereveryday.我认为每天喝大量热水是有必要的。②有些动词后跟宾语从句时需要在宾语从句前加it,如:hate,take,owe,have等。Ihateitwhentheytalkwiththeirmouthsfulloffood.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话。(4)否定转移:在(I/We)think,believe,imagine,suppose,expect,fancy等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把主句中的谓语变为否定式,而从句的谓语用肯定式,即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。Wedon’tthink(that)sheishappy.我们认为她不快乐。Idon’tbelieve(that)hewilldoso.我相信他不会这样做。(5)宾语从句中的虚拟语气:①在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command,recommend等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句谓语常用“(should+)动词原形”。Iinsistthatshe(should)doherworkalone.我坚持要她独自工作。Thedoctorrecommendedthatyoushouldn’tswimaftereatingalargemeal.医生建议你不要在吃完大餐后游泳。②用it充当形式宾语,宾语补足语是important/necessary/advisable/desirable/possible等形容词时,形容词后的宾语从句的谓语应使用“(should+)动词原形”来表示虚拟语气。Don’tyouthinkitnecessarythatheshouldbesenttoTaiyuan?难道你不认为他有必要被送去太原吗?③
wouldrather引导的宾语从句表虚拟语气时,如果从句表示的动作发生在过去,用过去完成时;指将来或现在的动作时,则用过去时(be动词只能用were)。Georgeisgoingtotalkaboutthegeographyofhiscountry,butI’dratherhefocusedmoreonitsculture.乔治将会谈一下他国家的地理,不过我宁愿他更多地关注他国家的文化。④wish后宾语从句的虚拟语气:从句谓语用“did(be动词用were)”表示对“现在情况”的虚拟;从句谓语用“haddone或would/couldhavedone”表示对“过去情况”的虚拟;从句谓语用“would/could/might+do”表示对“将来情况”的虚拟。HowIwisheveryfamilyhadalargehousewithabeautifulgarden!我多么希望每个家庭都有一所带有美丽花园的大房子!五、同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语,一般位于该名词(news,fact,idea,suggestion,promise,advice,demand,doubt,hope,information,message,order,problem,question,request,truth,wish等)之后,对该名词的具体内容进行解释、说明。同位语从句通常由that引导。Thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbseveryoneinhisoffice.近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令他办公室里所有的人不安。(1)that引导同位语从句和定语从句的区别:that引导定语从句时是关系代词,既起连接作用,又可充当句子成分(主语、宾语、表语),在从句中作宾语时可以省略;that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。(2)同位语从句的判断方法:可以用“加词”的方法,即在名词和从句之间加入一个be动词,如果句子意思成立,则是同位语从句,否则是定语从句。试比较下面三个例句:Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)Thenewsisthatwewonthegame.消息传来,我们赢得了比赛。(that引导表语从句,不能省略)Thenewsthathereadjustnowwasexciting.他刚才看到的消息令人兴奋。(that引导定语从句,在从句中作宾语,可以省略)(3)同位语从句中的虚拟语气:在表示“命令”“建议”“要求”等的名词(order,demand,suggestion,proposal,advice,request等)的同位语从句中,谓语常用虚拟语气“(should+)动词原形”。为了保持句子平衡,从句与先行词往往被介词短语、副词或谓语等分开。Therequestcamearoundtwointheafternoonthatthemeetingshouldbepostponed.会议将会推迟的要求大约在下午两点传来。六、that和what引导名词性从句的区别that引导名词性从句时,在句中不充当任何句子成分,也没有任何含义;而what引导名词性从句时,在从句中充当一定的句子成分(主语、宾语、表语),what可以分解成定语从句中的“先行词+关系代词”,即常说的“先行词+that/which/who”。Itisquiteclearthatthewholeprojectisdoomedtofailure.很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。IwilldowhatIcan(do)tohelphim.我将尽我所能帮助他。七、选择名词性从句的连接词时,要分析从句的句意和句子结构如果从句句子结构不完整、意义不完整,缺乏主语、宾语或表语,根据句意用连接代词;如果从句句子结构完整、意义不完整,缺乏状语,根据句意用连接副词;如果从句句子结构完整、意义不完整,缺乏“是否、好像”等意义,根据句意用连接词(组)whether,if,asif/though;如果从句句子结构完整、意义完整,用连接词that。八、whether与if在作“是否”讲时一般可互换,但在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if(1)从句置于句首表示强调时Whetherthereislifeonthemoonisaninterestingquestion.月球上有没有生命是一个有趣的问题。(2)引导表语从句时Thequestioniswhetherwecangetintouchwithher.问题是我们是否能联系上她。(3)在介词后面时Hisfatherisworriedaboutwhetherhewilllosehisjob.他的父亲担心他是否会失去工作。(4)后面紧跟着ornot时Wedidn’tknowwhetherornotshewasready.我们不知道她是否准备好了。(5)后接动词不定式时Canyoutellmewhethertogoorstay?你能否告诉我是去还是留?(6)用if会引起歧义时如:Couldyoutellme
youknowtheanswer?若空格处用if,则有两种意思:“你能告诉我你是否知道答案吗?”(if引导宾语从句)或“如果你知道答案,请告诉我,好吗?”(if引导条件状语从句)。用whether则可避免歧义。(7)引导同位语从句时Thequestionwhetherweshouldcallinaspecialistwasansweredbythefamilydoctor.我们是否应该请专家的问题由家庭医生来回答。九、名词性从句的时态名词性从句的时态多在宾语从句中考查,有以下几种情况:(1)当主句是现在时态或将来时态时,从句的时态不受主句时态的影响,可根据句子的实际情况使用不同的时态;IknowthatTomhasbeeninLondonforthreeyears.我知道汤姆已经在伦敦待了三年了。(2)当主句的时态是过去时态时,从句也应使用过去时态;Shestaredatthepainting,wonderingwhereshehadseenit.她盯着那幅画,想知道在哪里见过它。(3)当从句表示客观事实或真理时,其时态不受主句时态的影响,应使用一般现在时。Theteachertoldusthatlighttravelsataveryhighspeed.老师告诉我们光的传播速度非常快。十、wh-与wh-ever(包括however)的区别英语中的wh-ever词主要包括whatever,whoever,whichever,whenever,wherever,however等,其中可引导名词性从句的主要有whatever,whoever,whichever等。(1)wh-ever与nomatter+wh-的区别:nomatter+wh-只能引导状语从句,而wh-ever既可以引导状语从句,也可以引导名词性从句。TheHow-toBookcanbeofhelptowhoeverwantstodothejob.这本《实用手册》对任何想做这份工作的人都有帮助。(whoever引导名词性从句)Whoeverpointsoutourshortcomings,wewillcorrectthem.不管是谁指出我们的缺点,我们都会改正。(whoever引导让步状语从句)(2)what与whatever:what表示疑问意义“什么”,相当于thething(s)that;whatever相当于anything/everythingthat,强调“任何/无论什么”。Whatmadetheschoolproudwasthatmorethan90%ofthestudentshadbeenadmittedbykeyuniversities.使学校骄傲的是超过90%的学生已被重点大学录取。Whatevershedidwasright.她做的一切都是对的。Yoursupportisimportanttoourwork.Whateveryoucandohelps.你的支持对我们的工作很重要。你能做的任何事情都有帮助。Whateverhappens,thefirstimportantthingistokeepcool.不管发生什么事,头等重要的事是保持冷静。(3)which/who(m)/whose与whichever/who(m)ever/whosever:前三个单词在引导名词性从句时,整个从句作主句的一个成分,且从句仍具有疑问意义;后三个单词在引导名词性从句时,强调“任何/无论……”,而且引导词及其所修饰的词可起双重作用,既作从句的句子成分,又作主句的句子成分。Whoyouaredoesn’tmatterandwhatmattersiswhoyouwillbeinthefuture.你是谁并不重要,重要的是你在将来会成为什么样的人。Thegoldmedalwillbeawardedtowhoeverwinsfirstplaceinthebicyclerace.在自行车比赛中获得第一名的人将获得金牌。Languagepoints
核心词汇重点难点全解1...itiswisetoweighuptheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthisoption.……权衡一下这个选择的利弊是明智之举。weighup权衡;斟酌,认真考虑Therefore,wemustweighupthecostsbeforetakingaction.因此,在采取行动之前,我们必须认真考虑代价。Sheweighedupalltheevidence.她慎重地考虑了所有证据。【拓展】(1)weighlinkingv.重,重量是……;vt.称……的重量Theyoungbirdsweighonlyafewdozengrams.雏鸟的重量只有几十克。Heweighedsomepotatoesonthescales.他用秤称了一些土豆。(2)weightn.重量,分量,体重I’vegainedweightrecently.最近我的体重增加了。完成句子(1)Youshould
(认真考虑后果)beforemakingthisdecision.(2)Ithinkyou’dbetter
(认真考虑有利之处)beforerejectingouroffer.(3)Hewanted
(增加体重).weighuptheconsequenceweighuptheadvantagestogainweight2...keeptrackofallyourreceiptsandpayments.……跟踪你所有的收支。receiptn.收到的款项,收入;收据;收到Thetheatre’sreceiptsforthewinterwerebadlydown.该剧院冬季的收入大幅下降。CanIhaveareceipt,please?请给我开个收据,好吗?【拓展】receivevt.收到Youwillreceiveareplywithinsevendays.你会在七天之内收到答复。词块背诵makeout(=write)areceipt开收据inreceiptof已收到……单句语法填空(1)Withseatsat$125,gate
(receipt)alonewereupto$10,000,000.(2)Goodsshouldbesuppliedwithin28daysafterthe_________
(receive)ofyourorder.(3)Ineedtomake
areceiptforyoubeforeyouopenyouraccount.receiptsreceiptout3...oreventheeconomywillbenefitifyouachievecommercialsuccess.……如果你取得商业上的成功,经济甚至也会受益。commercialadj.商业的,贸易的;盈利的;商业性的Themoviewasnotacommercialsuccess.这部电影票房收入不高。【拓展】(1)commerciallyadv.商业化地Theproductisnotyetcommerciallyavailable.这种产品还没有上市。(2)commercen.商业,贸易Hisfatherisengagedincommerce.他父亲从事商业。词块背诵electroniccommerce(e-commerce)电子商务单句语法填空(1)Thedrugisstillbeingtestedandwillnotgointo___________
(commerce)productionforatleasttwoyears.(2)Itwasthefirst
(commercial)availablemachinetoemployartificialintelligence.commercialcommercially4...youwillhavetoworkoutweekly,monthlyandyearlybudgets...……你将必须制订每周、每月和每年的预算……weeklyadj.每周的adv.每周地n.周报,周刊Thefirealarmhasaweeklytest.每周都要对火警系统进行检测。Employeesarepaidweekly.雇员按周领工资。Hecontrolsalocalweekly.他控制着一家地区性周报。词块背诵weeklymeetings周会aweeklymagazine周刊单句语法填空(1)Twoofthefournationaldailypapersaretobecome___________
(weekly).(2)It’sstrangethatheshouldhavenoideathatwehavefourEnglishclasses
(week).weekliesweeklymonthlyadj.每月的adv.每个月n.月刊Summersarehot,withmonthlyaveragesabove22℃.夏天很热,月平均温度在22摄氏度以上。Aftergraduation,wemetmonthlychattingaboutworkandlife.毕业后,我们每月见一次面,聊聊工作和生活。Thebookstoresellsallthecomputermonthlies.这家书店出售所有的计算机月刊。词块背诵amonthlysalary/magazine月薪/月刊onamonthlybasis按每月一次的标准单句语法填空(1)Accordingtotheagreement,youshouldpay1,000dollars
(month)foryourroom.(2)IwantedtoaskyouthequestionwhetherIcouldpaytherents
amonthlybasis.monthlyonbudgetn.预算Wedecoratedthehouseonatightbudget.我们俭省地装修了房子。Theworkwasfinishedontimeandwithinbudget.工作按时完成且未超出预算。Theywentoverbudget.他们超出了预算。词块背诵onatightbudget预算紧张within/overbudget在预算之内/超出预算单句语法填空(1)Shewilldesignafantasticnewkitchenforyou—andall
yourbudget.(2)Theirsonwouldgetmarried,sotheyhadfurnishedthehouse
atightbudget.withinon5...awrongdecisionmightcostthecompanyagreatdealandputotherpeople’sjobsontheline.……一个错误的决定可能使公司蒙受巨大损失,而且可能让他人工作不保。costsb.sth.使某人失去某物Thatonemistakealmostcosthimhislife.那一个差错几乎使他丧命。词块背诵Itcostssth.todosth.做某事花费……
atallcosts不惜任何代价atanycost在任何情况下;无论如何
atthecostof以……为代价单句语法填空(1)Hedecidedtotry
allcoststoridmystudentsoftheirfearanddislikeofbooks.(2)Hesucceededatthecost
hishealth.atofputsth.ontheline让……处于危险之中Don’tputyourprofessionalreputationontheline.不要拿你的职业名声冒险。Theyfoughtbravelyandputtheirlivesonthelinesothatotherscouldliveabetterlife.他们勇敢地战斗,置生命于危险中,为的是让其他人过上更好的生活。词块背诵ontheline冒风险in(a)line(with)(跟……)成一排outofline(withsb./sth.)(跟……)不成直线/不一致/不符合单句语法填空(1)Hehad
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