研究生英语课程课后答案专硕

Unit1TextAII.Languagepoints1. Howsuccessfulyou’llbeinmakingtransitionsamongcareerscanatleastbepartiallyattributedtotheamountofcareerplanningandpreparationyou’vedone.Para.1Ifyouarewell-preparedinmakingplansforyourfuturecareer,thechancesarethatyoumightaswellsucceedinchangingyourcareerbecausehowsuccessfullyyouchangeyourcareermayinpartresultfromwhatpreparationsyou’vedoneincareerplanning.2. Thinkofcareerplanningasbuildingbridgesfromyourcurrentjob/careertoyournextjob/career;withoutthebridge,youmayeasilystumbleorloseyourway,butwiththebridgethereissafetyanddirections.Para.2Youshouldregardmakingplansforyourcareerasbuildingbridgeswhicharethetransitionsfromyourcurrentjob/careertoyournextjob/careerandmayhelpyoufindtherightdoortothefuture.3. Andwhilecareerplanningandcareerdecision-makingisanimportantaspectofyourlife,donotputsomuchpressureonyourselfthatitparalyzesyoufrommakinganyrealchoices,decisions,orplans.Para.5…don’tputtoomuchpressureonyourselftomakerealchoices,decisions,orplans.4. Tohelpyouwithyourcareerplanning,considerusingthefollowingexercisestotheirfullestpotential.Para.6…considerusingthefollowingexercisestotheirfullestdegree/asmuchaspossible.5. Reflectonthetimesandsituationsinwhichyoufeelmostpassionate,mostenergetic,mostengaged—andseeifyoucandevelopacommonprofileofthesesituations.Para.9Considerthetimesandsituationsinwhichyoufeelmostexcited,mostvigorous,mostengrossed—andtrytogeneralizethefeaturesthesesituationshaveincommon.6. RememberthosepapersyouhadtowriteasakidaboutwhatyouwantedtobewhenyougrewupPara.13Doyoustillrememberwhenyouwerelittleyouwereaskedtowriteaboutwhatyouwouldliketobeinthefuture7. Takethetimetorevertbacktothoseidyllictimesandbrainstormaboutyourcurrentdreamjob;besurenottoletanynegativethoughtscloudyourthinking.Para.13Spendsometimeinreturningbacktothesesimple,peacefulandpleasanttimesandtryingtothinkmoreaboutyourcurrentidealjobtomakesurethatnonegativethoughtscouldmakeyourthinkingobscure/unclear.8. Lookforideasinternally,butalsomaketheefforttoexplore/researchothercareers/occupationsthatinterestyou.Para.13Youshouldnotonlylookforideasinsideyourself/atthebottomofyourheart,butalsoexplore/researchothercareers/occupationsyouareinterestedinfromtheoutside.9. Pinpointthequalificationsyouneedtomovetothenextstepinyourcareerortomakethemovetoanewcareerpath.Para.18Markclearlythequalificationsthatareneededincareerchanging.10. Ifyou’renotsure,searchjobpostingsandjobads,conductinformationalinterviews,researchjobdescriptions.Para.18Ifyou’renotsureaboutthequalificationsrequiredinthenewcareer,youshouldsearchjobpostingsandjobadvertisementsforthosequalifications,takepartininterviewsinwhichyouknowsomethingaboutthejob,andstudythelistofgeneraltasks,orfunctions,andresponsibilitiesofaposition..11. Developatimelineandactionplansforachievingeachtype,beingsuretosetspecificgoalsandpriories.Para.20Makeatimetableandactionplansforachievingeachtypeofqualificationyouneedandremembertosetconcretegoalsanddecidewhatshouldbedonefirst.12. Businesses,careers,andtheworkplacearerapidlychanging,andtheskillsthatyouhaveorplanfortodaymaynotbeindemandyearsfromnow.Para.21Businesses,careers,andtheworkplacearerapidlychanging,andtheskillsthatyouhavemasteredoryouplantomasternowmaynotberequiredorneededinthefuture.13. Long-rangecareerplanningshouldbemoreaboutidentifyinganddevelopingcoreskillsthatemployerswillalwaysvaluewhiledevelopingyourpersonalandcareergoalsinbroadstrokes.Para.21Whenplanningcareerforthelongrun,youshouldfocusonpinpointinganddevelopingtheessentialskillsingeneralthatwillalwaysbevaluednomatterwhomyouremployersareorhowtimechanges.14. Here’sacollectionofthebestself-assessmenttools,designedtogiveyouabetterideaofyourattitudesandinterestsastheyrelatetopossiblecareerchoices.Para.25Thebestcollectedself-assessmenttoolsaredevelopedtomakeyouclearaboutyourattitudesandinterestsrelatedtothecareersthatyoumaychoose.15. Sometoolsandresourcesespeciallyforestablishedjob-seekerscontemplatingacareerchange.Para.26InthesectionofCareerChangeResources,therearesometoolsandresourcesespeciallyforthoseestablishedjob-hunterswhoconsiderchangingcareers.16. Takingthetimetouseacareerjournalisafantasticwaytoconductcareerplanningonaregularbasis.Para.31Itisgreattospendsometimeusingacareerjournaltocarryoutcareerplanningregularly.17. Theconceptoftransferableskillsisavitaljob-searchtechniquethatalljob-seekersshouldmaster,thoughtheconceptisespeciallyimportantforcareerchangersandcollegestudents.Para.33Alljob-huntersshouldmasterthoseskillsthatareneededtomaketransitionsfromschooltoworkplaceorfromyourcurrentjobtothenextjobIII.Keytotheexercises1.ReadingComprehension1 Accordingtotheauthor,careerplanningisveryessentialbecauseitfunctionsasbridgesbuiltfromone’scurrentjob/careertohis/hernextjob/careerandwiththebridgesthereissafetyanddirection.2 Themainideaofthepassage:Thepassageofferssomebasicguidelinesforbothshort-termandlong-termcareerplanning.3 Short-termcareerplanandlong-termcareerplanaredifferent.Ashort-termcareerplanfocusesonatimeframerangingfromthecomingyeartothenextfewyears.Itischaracterizedbydevelopingrealisticgoalsandobjectivesthatcanbeaccomplishedinthenearfuture.Butlong-termcareerplanningusuallyinvolvesabroadersetofguidelinesandpreparationandfocusesonanddevelopingworkplacecoreskillsandidentifyingcareertrends.4 Inordertoholdapositiveattitudetowardsshort-termcareerplanning,youshouldfreeyourselfformallcareerbarriers,suchaspersonalbarriers,familypressureandpeerpressure.Andyoushouldn’tputsomuchpressureonyourselfbecauseitmayparalyzeyoufrommakinganyrealchoices,decisions,orplans.5 Beforeyoudevelopapictureofyourselfandyourcareer,youshouldanalyzeyourcurrent/futurelifestyle,likes/dislikes,passion,definitionofsuccess,personality,dreamjobandcurrentsituation.2.VocabularySectionA1onthemove2Intermsof3quintessential4perspective5priority6cloud7brainstormed8extravert,introvert9Reverting10timeframeSectionB1A2B3C4C5A6D7D8A9C10A3.Cloze1right 2not 3wrong 4Firstofall 5knowledge6Only 7nomatterwhat 8outperform 9successful 10higher11who 12still 13ratherthan 14figureout 15worst16Then 17However 18rehearse 19more 20insteadof4.TranslationA.ChinesetoEnglish1TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1Althoughwefailedthistime,weshouldnotbesunkinapathy,becauseasweallknow,“failureisthemotherofsuccess.”Andweareallweddedtothebeliefthatthisfailurewillbethebeginningoffuturesuccess.2 TheidyllicIndonesianislandisabeautifulcombinationofspirituality,naturalbeautyandatasteoftheexotic.3 Adolescence,thetransitionfromchildhoodtoadulthood,isalwaysacriticaltimeforeverybody.Soparentsmustpayspecialattentiontotheirchildren’sgrowthinthisperiod.4 Thankyouforyourreallypracticaladvice,butIstillneedtimetoreflectonit.5 You’dbettercontemplatetherelatedissuesbeforemakingafinaldecision,andformulateafeasibleactionplanthatcanbefulfilledinoneyear.6 InthisEnglishSpeakingContest,whatimpressesmemostisthatcontestant11isaveryfluentspeakerofEnglish,butit’sapitythathefailstoconfinehimselftothesubject.7 Neitherdifficultynorfailurefrustrateshispassioninhisresearch.Hewascontenttogoasfarashecould.8 Anthropologists,asfarasIknow,arestillunabletopinpointjustwherealongthelinemanandtheapesbranchedintotwodistantspecies.2TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.Weallhavegoalsandaspirations.Sometimeswehavedifficultyknowingwheretostart.Wewantthatnewbody,orwanttobehealthyandhavemoreenergy,butwejustdonotknowwhatthefirststepis.Inaddition,theroadtoourgoalsissometimesarockyone.Itisdifficulttotransgressandsometimeswejustwanttogiveup.Wesometimesforgetthatourcurrentsituationdidnotoccurovernightandsochangingitwillnothappenovernighteither.Itwilltaketimeandhardwork.Therefore,Isuggestthatyoushouldsetonlyonegoalatatime.Whenyoutrytotakeontoomuchatonce,youcanbecomeoverwhelmedquickly.Createalistandtakeonegoalatatime.Onceyouachievethatgoal,backtoyourlisttomarkitoff,andmovetothenextone.Theactofachievinggoalsindividuallywillgiveyouagreatersenseofandsuccessmoreoftenthanwaitingfordaysormonthstoachievealargergoal.B.EnglishtoChinese1TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.每位求职者都需要花点时间远离日常繁忙的工作,仔细思量你的事业,为未来制定计划;无论你喜欢现在的工作和老板或是感到受缚于目前工作,职业规划能够帮助你;职业规划被视作建立连接目前工作/职业和未来工作/职业的桥梁,没有这座桥,你会跌跌撞撞或迷失方向；但有了这座桥,就有了安全的保证和明确的方向;2ReadthepassagecarefullyandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.1一位权威科学家警告说,机器人在家庭、工作场所和战争中的兴起必须受到伦理规范的监督和控制,以此限定机器人在一些敏感情境中的运用,比如看小孩、照顾老人以及作战等情境;2谢菲尔德大学的人工智能专家诺埃尔·夏基教授警告说,机器人正被引入潜在的敏感情境中,这可能会导致被服务者与世隔绝的状态,因为人们在给机器人设定指令后,往往很长时间不再问津;3第一条规定机器人不得伤害人类；第二条规定机器人必须服从人类的命令,但不得违反第一条定律；第三条规定机器人应尽量保护自己,但不得违反前两条定律;4机器人科学家已赋予了听命于他们的机器以准智能的特征,比如简单的言语识别、情绪表达以及面部识别等能力;5目前机器人的智力水平连愚蠢都算不上;如果我哪怕认为他们会在智力上高出人类一等,我都不会有这些担忧了;TextBCareerPath:ActingYourAgeKeytotheexercisesGuessthemeaningofthewords1troublesome2strenuous3handicap4similarinmeaning5applies6commendable7saturated8intimidating9attracting10What’smoreTrueorfalseT2F3T4F5F6T7T8FUnit2TextAII.Languagepoints1. Evenamodestspacevoyage,Dysoncalculated,wouldsettheaveragefamilyback1,500yearsinwages.Para.1AccordingtoDyson’scalculation,evenamodestandcommonspacevoyagewouldcosttheaveragefamilywagesofabout1,500years.setback:costapersonspecificamounte.g.Mynewcarsetmeback$3000.2. Thedifferencereflectedtherelativedifficultyofspacetravel,butalsothelimitationsofbiggovernmentprogramstodothingsonthecheap.Para.1ThecostdifferencenotonlyhasshowedspacetravelismuchmoredifficultthantheMayflower’svoyagein1620andthewestwardjourneyoftheMormonsin1840s,butalsoprovedthatgovernmentneedstoreduceitsspendingonbigandexpensiveprogramsandturnitsattentiontotheprogramsthatcostlessmoney.3. Nothinghashappenedinthepast40yearstosuggestthatNASAhascomeanyclosertothecommercialsweetspotoftheColonialsettlers.Para.2Inthepast40years,nothinghasshownthatNASA’shasfounditsbestsolutiontowhichitcouldstartanddevelopitsbusinessjustlikeearlycolonialsettlerswhofoundtheirplace,Massachusetts,tosettledownandmadetheirlivingmoveonbasedontheirsettlement.Asweetspotisaplace,oftennumericalasopposedtophysical,whereacombinationoffactorssuggestsaparticularlysuitablesolution.Inthecontextofaracquet,batorsimilarsportinginstrument,sweetspotisoftenbelievedtobethesameasthecenterofpercussion.Inthiscontext,sweetspotmeansafinanciallyprofitablesituation.ColonialsettlersfoundthissweetspotwhileNASAdidn’tcomeclose.4. deliberateon:toconsider/discussornegotiate仔细研究,审议e.g.Wehadnotimetodeliberateontheproblem.5. ...eventhoughendingthisprogramwouldsendNASA’sinternationalpartnersintopartnersfeelveryangry.Theapoplexyisanoutdatedmedicalterm,whichcanbeusedtomean“bleeding”.Itcanbeusednon-medicallytomeanastateofextremerageorexcitement.6. Moreembarrassing,withNASA’sspaceshuttleduetobemothballedin2010,anditscheaperreplacement,theOrioncapsule,notduetoflyuntil2012,thepartnersfaceatwoyeargapinwhichtheywillhavetorelyonRussia’sSoyuzshipstocommutetothespacestation.Para.2ToNASA’sembarrassment,theyhadtostopusingtheirshuttlein2010anditscheaperreplacement,theOrioncapsulecannotflyuntil2012,sotherewillbeatwoyeargapbetween2010and2012,inwhichNASA’sinternationalpartnershavetodependonRussia’sshiptocomeandgotothespacestation.mothball:todecidenottouseordevelopsomething,foraperiodoftime,especiallyapieceofequipmentoraplan封存；搁置不用Ifsomeoneinauthoritymothballsaplan,factory,orpieceofequipment,theydecidetostopdevelopingorusingit,perhapstemporarily.7. operatorstoadegreethat’sunprecedentedinitshistory.Para.3TheshortageorlackofmoneymayforceNASAtogetcommercialoperatorsinvolvedinitsspace-explorationprogramtoadegreethathasneverhappenedbefore.shortfall:n.缺口；差额；亏空Ifthereisashortfallinsomething,thereislessofitthanyouneed.8. ThemovecouldcreateopportunitiesforthemodernequivalentsofYoungandBradford—entrepreneurswillingtorisktheirlivelihoodsonmakingtheexplorationofspaceaffordablebynotonlydesigningandbuildingshipsforNASA,butalsobyprovidingshuttleservicestodeliverNASAastronautsorequipmenttotheirtargets.Para.3Themove—NASA’sopeningupitsspaceprogramtocommercialorprivatesectors—couldcreateopportunitiesforupcomingmodernentrepreneurslikeYoungandBradfordintheearlytimes.Theyarewillingtotakeariskinspendingmuchmoney,effortandeventheirlivesonspaceexplorationinordertogetitstartedandmovedonbynotonlydesigningandbuildingshipsforNASA,butalsobyprovidingshuttleservicestodeliverNASAastronautsorequipmenttomeetNASA’stargets.9. Inthepast,NASAhasbeendeeplyinvolvedinmanagingdesignanddevelopmentworkbyoutsidecontractors,amessyprocessthatmadetheshuttleexpensiveandunsafe,ratherthancheapandsafe.Nowtheagencyisunderpressuretostepbackandbuyserviceswholesalefromprivatefirms.Para.3Inthepast,NASAhasspentmucheffortandtimeaskingoutsidecontractorstodesignanddevelopspaceshuttles,whichisaverycomplicatedprocessmakingthespaceshuttleexpensiveandunsaferatherthancheapandsafe.Nowduetofinancialpressure,theagencyhassteppedbacktoentrustprivatefirmstodoallthebusinessforNASA.10. “We’retalkingaboutamovementfromwherethegovernmenthasbeentheprimecontractor,managingsituationswithaveryhands-onrole,toasituationwheretheyarejustacustomer,”saysLarryWilliams.Para.3Wearetalkingaboutthemovement—NASAhasshifteditrolefromamajorcontractorwhoneedstodoeverydetailedandpracticalworkbyitselftoacustomerwhobuysserviceswholesalefromprivatefirms.11. Thenextstepistoworkoutsimilardealswithprivatefirmstosendastronautsaloft.Para.5Thenextstepistoenabletheprivatefirmstosendastronautstoouterspacejustlikecargothatcanbedelivered.aloft:adj./adv.highintheair在空中高处Somethingthatisaloftisintheairorofftheground.12. Todothat,NASAwillhavetorelinquishsomeofitsoversightofcrewsafety.Thisisn’tentirelywithoutprecedent.Para.5Inordertoletprivatefirmssendastronautsintospace,NASAwillhavetogiveuptheirresponsibilityofregulatingcrewsafety.Thishashappenedbefore.relinquish:vt.tostophavingsomething,especiallywhenthishappensunwillinglyIfyourelinquishsomethingsuchaspowerorcontrol,yougiveitup.oversight:thestateofbeinginchargeofsomebody/something负责；照管13. SpaceXclaimsitcouldadaptitscargo-carryingspaceshipforferryingahumancrewinlessthanthreeyears,onceitgetsthegreenlight.Para.6SpaceXclaimsitcouldmakesomechangetoitsspaceshipsothatitcouldsendpeopletoouterspaceinlessthanthreeyears,onceitgetspermission.14. IfVirginandothercommercialfirmscandeliver,Earthorbitwillbefarmoreaccessiblethanit’severbeenbefore.Althoughitwouldstillbeastretchforallbutthewealthiestpeople,costscouldcomedownlowenoughtojump-startmarketsfortourism.Para.8IfcommercialfirmslikeVirginGalacticcandelivermantoEarthorbit,thenEarthorbitwouldbemucheasiertogettothaneverbefore.Itwouldbeopentonobodybutthewealthiestpeoplesinceonlytherichcanaffordthehighprice,butthecostcouldbereducedsothatitwouldbecomearisingmarketfortourism.15. Thebigstickingpoint,however,willbesafety.EventhoughNASAholdsthesafetyofitscrewparamount,itstillhasn’tbeenabletoescapetheoccasionaldisaster,likethelossoftheColumbiashuttleanditscrewin2003.Para.8Thekeypointisstilltheconsiderationofsafetyofitscrew.EventhoughNASAregardsthesafetyofitscrewasthemostimportantthing,itstillhasn’tbeenabletoavoidtheoccasionaldisaster,suchasthelossoftheSpaceshuttle,Columbiaandits7crewmembersin2003.16. …thespaceshuttleisunreliable,inpart,becauseitsall-purposedesignisoverlycomplex.NASAneedsabiggerrocketcapableofsendingacrew,withequipmentandsuppliesforalong-durationtrip,beyondthetetherofEarth’sgravity.Para.9…thespaceshuttleisunreliablepartlybecauseitsspaceshuttleisdesignedforall-aroundpurposes,suchascarryingcargoorpeople,etc.Andtheprocessofdesignisextremelycomplex.NASAneedsabiggerrocketcapableofsendingacrew,withequipmentandsuppliesforalongertrip,beyondthelimitationorinfluenceofEarth’sgravity.overly:too/extremely17. Itmightbeabletoenticecommercialfirmstoundertaketheirownbigrocketsifthereweresomepayoffdowntheroad.Para.9Privatefirmsmightbeattractedtobuildtheirownrocketstodeliverastronautstoouterspaceiftheycouldgetprofits.payoff:n.return;reward;payment18. ManyseeminglyridiculousideasforgeneratingenergyandbeamingitbacktoEarthnowseemmuchlessso,thankstotheclimatecrisis.Para.9Theideasofgeneratingenergyandshiningitbacktoearth,whichusedtosoundveryfunny,butnowseemsmuchpossibleandnecessaryduetotheconsiderationoftheclimatecrisis.19. …thechallengeofsendingpeoplesafelyintodeepspaceandbackforaprofitisbigenoughtogiveanyentrepreneurpause.Para.10…thechallengeforprivateservicestosendpeoplesafelyintodeepspaceandbackformakingprofitsissobigthatanyentrepreneurwouldhesitatebeforetheytaketheirsteps.givesb./sth.pause:使踌躇,使犹豫Thisfindingshouldgivepausetoit.这个发现令人深思;Hisrecentbehaviorhasgivenherpauseabouttheirrelationship.他最近的行为让她对他们的关系产生了犹豫;20. TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn’ttakeoffuntiltherailwaysarrived.Para.11HereitmeansthattheprivatesectorwillplayanimportantroleanddolotsofworkindeepspaceonlyifNASAgetsitstarted.III.Keytotheexercises1.Readingcomprehension1Inearlytimestherewasanessaycomparingspacetraveltothecolonization,butnothingcankeepDysonfrommakingameticulousefforttoquantifyandcomparethecostsofthesevastlydifferentventures.2 BypresentingtherelationshipbetweenFedExandtheU.S.Postalservice,thewriterwantstoshowthatNASAactuallycanpayprivatefirms,likeSpaceXtodesignanddevelopspaceprogram.3 NASAopenedupitsspaceexplorationprogramtocommercialoperatorsbecauseNASAlacksfundingtokeepitshumanspaceflightprogrammovingonandoperating.So,itistheshortfallthatforcesNASAtoopenupitsspace-explorationprogramtocommercialoperators.4 TherearetwostepsthatNASAisgoingtotakeafteritbeginsworkingwithsmallercompanies.Thefirstistogetcargodeliveredtospace;thenextstepistoworkoutsimilardealswithprivatefirmstosendastronautsaloft.5 Giveyourowncomments.2.VocabularySectionA1fanciful2eminent3meticulous4aloft5mogul6shortfall7quantify8relinquished9entrust10wholesaleSectionB1C2B3C4D5B6C7B8D9C10B3.Cloze1predicted 2pass 3doubt 4catch 5running6high-lever 7lag 8convinced 9assured 10reasonably11dismissed 12acute 13called 14offer 15creation16feats 17failed 18lack 19blame 20boss4.TranslationA.ChinesetoEnglish1TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1 Bysomeestimates,10millionAmericanswillbetelecommutingin5yearssothatthreequartersofabilliongallonsofpetrolcouldbesaved.2 RoggealsothankedthesecurityforcesthatkepttheWinterOlympicGamessafeatthecostofabout$310million,abillthatincreasedfollowingtheSept.11terroristattacks.3 Governmenthasgivenourcityamoderninternationalairportcapableofmeetingourrequirementsfarintothenextcentury.4 Whatmakesparentsworryisthatsomeprimarystudentskeepindulgingthemselvesincomputergamesdayandnightandnothingcanenticethemfromcomputers.5 It’saninterestingsuggestionforspaceprogram,butweneedabitlongertimetogivepausetoitsinceitissocostly.6 Atpresent,governmentparticularlyneedstoworkonvocationaltraininginvariousforms,openupnewopportunitiesofemploymentandstrivetoassistasmanylaid-offworkersaspossibleinfindingnewjobs.7 Arecentsurveyfound55percentofthosepolledconsideredtrueloveparamountinarelationship,while45percentstillbelievedinloveatfirstsight.8 Graduatesareundergreatpressurebeforeleavingcollegebecauseofjobhunting,poverty,emotionalproblems,schoolachievementsandsurroundings,etc.2TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.B.EnglishtoChinese1TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.首要任务是把货物送到太空;美国航空航天局猎户星座航空舱仅是针对航天员设计的,所以把种子基金付给私人太空机构去实现把物品送到太空站;去年美国航空航天局就签订了两个合同,一个是以16亿美元的价格委托美国宇宙探索技术公司SpaceX为美国航空航天局12次发射运载火箭;另一个是以19亿美元的价格委托美国轨道科技公司OrbitalSciencesCorp.为其完成八次太空飞行任务;为了履行这一合同,美国宇宙探索技术公司SpaceX现正在组建猎鹰9号火箭助推器,以便运送无人驾驶的太空舱与太空站对接;太空员卸下货物后让其返回地球;美国轨道科技公司OrbitalSciencesCorp.组建的类似的金牛座II火箭预计将在2011年投入使用;威廉说：“从美国航空航天局的角度来看,他们最终关心的不是你怎么收到了邮件,而是想办法把邮件送到;”2ReadthepassagecarefullyandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.1太空项目的提案者早就有过这样的警告,逐渐增加的太空垃圾带最终会导致碰撞,就正如星期二所发生的,在西伯利亚上空500英里处,美国的一颗卫星与现已失效的俄罗斯卫星发生严重的撞击;2人类有惊人的乱丢垃圾的能力,但普遍存在的共识是：浩瀚的太空不会因为人类的行为而受到巨大的伤害;3我们的卫星在太空飞行的最高处离地球22000英里,当你知道这是地球到月球距离的1/10时,这一距离就听起来就不是很远的了;4每次即便是我们把一个小小的卫星送入它运行的轨道,伴随这一运载过程的也不仅仅是卫星;5一些政府机构的联盟,包括美国航空航天局、北美防空联合司令部,甚至美通讯委员会跟踪记录了星球上空的漂浮的所有垃圾,目前这些不断增加的垃圾让人无比地恐慌;TextBTheNewSpaceRace1left/fliedawayfrom2hesitated3preventedorimpaired4broughtbacktouse/revived5unfriendly/hostile6madefreefrombacteria7space/vacancy8vulnerable/weak9akindofmetalelement10filledwith/fullofTrueorfalse1T2F3F4T5F6T7T8FUnit3TextAII.Languagepoints1.Theutilitariandoctrineis,thathappinessisdesirable,andtheonlythingdesirable,asanend;allotherthingsbeingonlydesirableasmeanstothatend.Para.1Theasapurpose;allotherthingsbeingsoonlyasawaytoobtainhappiness.2. Whatoughttoberequiredofthisdoctrine,whatconditionsisitrequisitethattheshouldthisprinciplemeet,whatarethenecessaryconditionsthisprincipleshouldaccomplishtomakeitsclaimgoodforpeopletobelieverequisitea.requiredbycircumstancesornecessaryforsuccesse.g.HaveyoutherequisitevisatoenterCanadahave/lacktherequisitecapitaltostartabusiness3. Inlikemanner,Iapprehend,thesoleevidenceitispossibletoproducethatanythingisdesirable,isthatpeopledoactuallydesireit.Para.2Likewise,Ithinktheonlyevidencewecanpossiblyoffertoproveanythingtobedesirableisthatpeopledoactuallydesireit.apprehendv.graspthemeaningofsb./sth.;understande.g.DoIapprehendyouaright,i.e.DoyoumeanwhatIthinkyoumeansolea.oneandonly;singlee.g.thesolecauseoftheaccidentthesolesurvivorofthecrash4. Iftheendwhichtheutilitariandoctrineproposestoitselfwerenot,intheoryandinpractice,acknowledgedtobeanend,nothingcouldeverconvinceanypersonthatitwasso.Para.1Ifthepurposewhichtheutilitariandoctrineitselfintendstofulfillwerenotacceptedtobeapurposebothintheoryandinpractice,thennothingcouldevermakeanyonebelievethatitwasso.5.Noreasoncanbegivenwhythegeneralhappinessisdesirable,exceptthateachperson,sofarashebelievesittobeattainable,desireshisownhappiness.Para.2Wecangivenoreasonwhythegeneralhappinessisdesirableexceptthateachpersondesireshisownhappinessaslongashebelievesthatitcanbeachieved.attainablea.thatcanbeattainede.g.Theseobjectivesarecertainlyattainable.6. This,however,beingafact,wehavenotonlyalltheproofwhichthecaseadmitsof,butallwhichitispossibletorequire,thathappinessisagood,thateachperson’shappinessisagoodtothatperson,andthegeneralhappiness,therefore,agoodtotheaggregateofallpersons.Para.2However,itisafactthatthegeneralhappinessisdesirable,andwehavenotonlyalltheevidencethatthecaseagreeswith,butalltheevidencethatitislikelytoneed,toprovethathappinessisabenefit,thateachperson’shappinessisabenefittothatperson,andthegeneralhappiness,therefore,abenefittoallpersonsasawhole.aggregaten.totalamount;massoramountbroughttogethere.g.thecompleteaggregateofunemploymentfigures7. Nowitispalpablethattheydodesirethingswhich,incommonlanguage,aredecidedlydistinguishedfromhappiness.Para.3Nowitisobviousthatpeopledodesirethingswhich,ineverydaywords,aredefinitelydifferentfromhappiness.palpablea.cleartothemind;obviouse.g.apalpablelie,errordistinguishv.recognizethedifferencebetweenpeopleorthingse.g.Peoplewhocannotdistinguishbetweencoloursaresaidtobecolour-blind.Thetwinsaresoalikethatnoonecandistinguishonefromtheother.8. Theydesire,forexample,virtue,andtheabsenceofvice,nolessreallythanpleasureandtheabsenceofpain.Para.3Forexample,theywanttohavevirtueandavoidviceasmuchastheywanttohavepleasureandavoidpain.vice:n.evilorunprincipledconduct;wickedne