局部血液循环障碍

局部血液循环障碍

概述1

正常的血液循环和体液内环境是保证组织细胞健全的必要条件。

血液供应紊乱或体液平衡障碍都可导致组织器官的充血、出血以及血栓形成、栓塞、甚至梗死，是人类死亡的重要原因。第一节充血一.动脉性充血器官或组织因动脉输入血量的增多而发生的血管内血液含量增多的状态，简称充血（hyperemia）。特点：主动过程、发生快、易于消退。一、动脉性充血㈠原因及类型1.生理性充血为适应器官和组织生理需要和代谢增强需要而发生的充血。2.病理性充血减压后充血：长期受压的器官或组织，当压力突然解除时，细动脉发生反射性扩张。炎性充血：由于致炎因子或炎症介质引起的细动脉扩张。一、动脉性充血㈡病理变化肉眼器官、组织体积稍增大，颜色鲜红，局部温度升高。光镜局部细动脉及毛细血管扩张充血。㈢后果短暂反应，一般恢复正常。少数出现血管破裂。一、动脉性充血眼结膜充血第一节充血二.静脉性充血器官或局部组织静脉回流受阻，血液淤积在小静脉和毛细血管内，简称淤血(conges-tion)。特点：病理性、被动过程、发生缓慢、持续时间长。二、静脉性充血㈠原因1.生理状态下的淤血妊娠子宫压迫髂静脉引起下肢及盆腔淤血，长久站立引起的下肢淤血。2.病理状态下的淤血静脉受压静脉管腔阻塞静脉血液坠积心力衰竭二、静脉性充血㈡病理变化肉眼光镜体积颜色温度小动脉毛细血管小静脉充血淤血增大暗红/青紫下降扩张充血扩张充血增大鲜红升高扩张充血扩张充血㈢后果淤血血管静脉压↑毛细血管通透性↑器官实质细胞间质细胞水肿血浆漏出出血血细胞漏出硬化纤维↑坏死变性萎缩缺氧营养不良代谢产物↑二、静脉性充血㈣重要器官淤血1.肺淤血原因左心衰竭病变肉眼光镜临床缺氧、气促、发绀、粉红色泡沫痰暗红、实重、切面红色泡沫肺水肿和出血肺泡壁毛细血管小静脉扩张心力衰竭细胞二、静脉性充血肺淤血粉红色泡沫痰二、静脉性充血肺淤血正常肺组织心衰细胞二、静脉性充血慢性肺淤血二、静脉性充血2.肝淤血原因右心衰竭病变肉眼光镜临床肝肿大、压痛暗红、实重、切面隆起（槟榔肝）中央静脉、肝窦扩张肝细胞脂变、萎缩、消失纤维组织增生（淤血性肝硬化）二、静脉性充血肝淤血DiagramThemeGallery

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