同位语构成及同位语从句翻译 讲义 高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

同位语(Appositive)同位语本质上是一种修饰语，它对与之同位的名词词组提供补充说明、修饰和描绘的作用。一、常见组成：名词词组，位置一般在与之同位的名词之后，也有提前或置于句末的情况。Yourbrother,aproudandunbendingman,refusedallhelpthatwasofferedhim.Streamlinedswimmersandbloodhoundsofthesea,sharksareequippedwithanextraordinarysenseofsmell.Onlyoneproblemstillremains—thestorageofthegrain.Anexcellent,all-roundstudentwithacongenialpersonality,MissRuelisapromisingcandidateforwow,aninternationalscholarshipprogramforoutstandingwomenaroundtheword.代词(反身代词/不定代词/指示代词)Myfatherwillgoandseeithimself.(reflexivepronoun)Myfriendsallunderstandme.(indefinitepronoun)Air,food,waterandheat—thesearefourrequirementsofalllivingthings.(demonstrativepronoun)非谓语小句Shelikedherjob,teachingEnglish.(gerund)Duringallthoseyearstheyoungmanhadbutoneaim—tofightfortheindependenceofhismotherland.(infinitive)同位语从句（略）answer,advice,assurancebelief,conclusion,commanddecision,discovery,doubt,demand,desire,explanation,evidence,fact,feelinghope,guaranteeidea,information,insistence,instruction,impressionknowledge,law,message,news,opinion,order,possibility,problem,promise,proof,proposal,plan,propositionquestion,report,risk,rumor,recommendation,request,requirement,story,suggestiontruth,theory,thought,wish,word二、常用引导方式：标点符号（comma,dash）介词（of）ThecityofShanghai=thecity,ShanghaiThemonthofMay=themonth,MayTheartofpainting=theart,painting引导词（表等同关系/列举关系/突出重点）namely,thatis(i.e.),thatistosay,inotherwords,or,forshort…Apronounisapro-form,i.e.aformusedtorefertoapersonorathing.Hestudieslinguistics,orthescienceoflanguage.Heisacutler-thatistosay,amanwhosellsknivesandsharptools.forexample,forinstance,suchas,say,including…Someanimals,forexamplethefoxandsquirrel,havebushytails.BesidesEnglishheknowsotherforeignlanguages,suchasFrenchandGerman.Anydictionary,sayHornby'sAdvancedLearner'sDictionary,willservemypurposeforthetimebeing.especially,particularly,chiefly,mostly…Moststudentsinourclass,particularlyDavidandChris,arefondofmusic.Iwantverymuchtoreadthesenewnovels,especiallytheoneyoumentioned.同位语从句引导词（关系代词/关系副词）关系代词：Who、whose、which、that关系副词：when、where、why、how三、同位语的翻译翻译成名词前的定语WehavebeenfortunatetohaveMr.Jackson,adistinguishedlinguistfromtheUnitedStates,withustoday."今天能邀请到美国著名的语言学家杰克逊先生,我们感到非常荣幸。用“即”Theboilingtemperature,orboilingpoint,isthetemperatureatwhichaliquidboilsunderordinarypressure.“沸腾温度即沸点,系液体在常压下沸腾的温度。同位语从句,可根据情况运用断开法、重复法、解释法、转换法加以处理,也可以译为汉语局位语或外位语。(1)一般同位语从句可直接译为汉语同位结构或外位结构。Thefactthattheelectroniccomputerisdevelopingmostrapidlyissoattractiveinallcountriesoftheworld.“电子计算机正在飞速发展(这一事实),引起了世界各国的注意。”(译为同位语)或“电子计算机正在飞速发展,这一事实引起了世界各国的注意”。(译为外位语)。(2)转换为汉语的定语结构Thestatementthatoiloriginatedintheseaisconfirmedbyaglanceatamapehowingthechiefoilfieldsoftheworld.“粗略地观察一幅标有世界各大油田的地图,就可以证实关于石油形成于海洋的论断"（3）重复有的英语同位语用重复先行词的方法突出或强调先行词的含义,汉译也可重复这些词。Heisnowfacedwithanimportantdecision，adecisionthatcanafeetbisentirefuture.他现在正面临着一个重大的决策,这个决策将影响他的整个前程。”即使英语没有重复,汉译时也可采用重复法来处理。Alofthesearrangementswereapreludetotheball,thehostess’ultimateprize.所有这一切安排仅仅是这次舞会的序曲,舞会才是女主人的最终目的。(4)解释法(把同位成分转换为有关中心词的表语)Anexcellent,all-roundstudentwithacongenialpersonality,MissRuelisapromisingcandidateforwow,aninternationalscholarshipprogramforoutstandingwomenaroundtheword.鲁尔小姐是一个全面发展的学生,品学兼优,堪称前程无量的wow候选人;所谓wow乃是为世界各国杰出妇女而设的一个国际性的奖学金项目。(5)可以把先行词转换为动词,，让同位语从句作宾语。Oneaspectofafeudalmentalitywhichheldwomeninasubordinatepositionwastheideathattherewerecertainthingsthatwomancouldnotdo."认为妇女低人一等的封建意识的一个表现,就是认为有些事情妇女干不了。Inafewyears'timehischildrenwouldgraduate,andhewashappyinthebeliefthattheeducationtheyhadreceivedwouldenablethemtomakeausefulcontributiontosociety.几年后,他的孩子们就要毕业了。他相信他们所受的教育会使他们对社会做出有益的贡献,因而他很高兴。四、同位语的附加修饰成分修饰成分不是修饰名词中心词，而是修饰同位语成分，通常为一些副词和介词词组，可以与定语从句中的状语进行相互转换。Tom,normallyatimidboy,jumpedintotheriverandsavedthedrowninggirl.DrHelfand,formerlydirectorofourhospital,wrotemanybooksonmedicine.ProfessorGrace,atthattimeacollegestudent,wrotepoemsandstoriesformagazinesandnewspapers.Lucy,inheryouthatalentedm