职称英语卫生类A级模拟试题及答案解析九

职称英语卫生类A级模拟试题及答案解析(9)

(1/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第1题

Theyagreedtomodifytheirpolicy.

A.clarify

B.change

C.define

□.develop

下一题

(2/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第2题

Asawriter,heturnedoutthreenovelsthatyear.

A.refused

B.read

C.produced

0.accepted

上一题下一题

(3/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第3题

Tearsofanguishfilledhereyes.

A.annoyance

B.anger

C.distress

0.depression

上一题下一题

(4/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第4题

Godisbelievedtobeomnipotent.

A.all-powerful

B.everlasting

C.important

□.extraordinary

上一题下一题

(5/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第5题

Thecompanyrecommendedthatanewgasstationbebuilthere.

A.ordered

B.insisted

C.suggested

□.demanded

上一题下一题

(6/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第6题

Itisabsurdtopredictthatthesunwillnotrisetomorrow.

A.ridiculous

B.funny

C.odd

D.foolish

上一题下一题

(7/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第7题

Doctorsarerequiredtokeeppatients'recordscompletelyconfidential.

A.detailed

B.secret

C.accurate

0.confident

上一题下一题

(8/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第8题

Weconsumealotmorethanweareabletoproduce.

A.waste

B.buy

C.use

D.sell

上一题下一题

(9/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请从

每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第9题

Youhavetobepatientifyouwanttosustainyourposition.

A.maintain

B.establish

C.acquire

0.support

上一题下一题

(10/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请

从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第10题

Shegaveusanambiguousanswer.

A.apparent

B.unclear

C.appalling

□.indifferent

上一题下一题

(11/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请

从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第11题

Itisnoteasytoremaintranquilwheneventssuddenlychangeyourlife.

A.calm

B.upset

C.steady

D.severe

上一题下一题

(12/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请

从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第12题

Itwasverythoughtfulofyoutomakeallthenecessaryarrangementsforus.

A.conservative

B.considerate

C.romantic

□.independent

上一题下一题

(13/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请

从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第13题

Agoodemployergiveshintstohisorheremployeeswithoutinterferingwiththeircreativity.

A.freedom

B.assistance

C.clues

D.funds

上一题下一题

(14/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请

从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第14题

Theaccidenthasnotdoneanypermanentdamage.

A.temporary

Blasting

C.mobile

D.sticky

上一题下一题

(15/15)词汇选项下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语带有括号或下划线，请

从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与括号里边部分意义最相近的词或短语。

第15题

Ifwoolisputintohotwater,ittendstoshrink.

A.disappear

B.expand

C.break

0.contract

上一题下一题

（16~22/共7题）阅读判断阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容

对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A项；如果该句提供的错误信

息，请选择B项：如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C项。

SleepProblemsPlaguetheOlderSet

OlderAmericansoftenhavedifficultygettingagoodnight'srest.It'sahugequality-of-life

problem,expertssay,becausecontrarytopopularbelief,seniorsrequireaboutthesameamount

ofsleepasyoungeradults.

"Sleepproblemsandsleepdisordersarenotaninherent（固有的）partofaging,"saidDr.

HarrisonG.Bloom,anassociateclinicalprofessorofgeriatrics（老年病学）andmedicineatthe

MountSinaiSchoolofMedicineinNewYorkCity."It'sprettymuchofamyththatolderpeople

needlesssleepthanyoungerpeople."

YetinastudypublishedrecentlyinTheAmericanJournalofMedicine,researchersfoundthat

morethanhalfofolderAmericanshaveproblemsgettingthesleeptheyneed.

Olderpeopletendtohave"sleepfragmentation",meaningtheywakeupmoreoftenduring

thenight,saidstudyauthorDr.JulieGammck,anassistantprofessorofmedicineintheDivision

ofGeriatricMedicineatSt.LouisUniversity.

Theyalsoseemtogetless"REM"sleep,thetypeofsleepduringwhichrapideyemovement

occurs,Bloomadded.

It'sunclearwhatrolethesenaturallyoccurringchangesinsleeppatternshaveonaperson's

qualityoflife,Bloomsaid."Whatisimportant,though,isthatolderpeopleoftenhaveactual

sleepdisordersandproblemswithsleep,"hesaid.

And,expertssay,thereisusuallymorethanonecause.

"Sleeptroubleinolderadultsistypicallyassociatedwithacuteandchronicillnesses,including

specificsleepdisorderslikesleepapnea（呼吸暂停）andrestlesslegsyndromethatappearwith

greaterfrequencyinolderpopulations/'saidMichaelV.Vitiello,aprofessorofpsychiatryand

behavioralsciencesandassociatedirectoroftheUniversityofWashington'sNorthwestGeriatric

EducationCenter.

Takingmultiplemedications,asmanyolderpeopledo,canalsoleadtofatigueand

"hypersomnia",orbeingtiredallthetime,Bloomadded.

Anotherbigproblem,henoted,isdepressionandanxiety."Thoseareverycommonly

associatedwithsleepproblems."

Despitetheprevalence（流行）ofsleepdifficultiesinolderadults,manypatientsaren'tgetting

thehelptheyneed.Asaresult,problemslikeinsomnia（失目民），restlesslegsyndromeandsleep

apneaareunderdiagnosedandundertreated,Bloomsaid.

第16题

Sleepproblemscanseriouslyaffectone'squalityoflife.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

第17题

Itistruethatolderpeopleneedlesssleepthanyoungerpeople.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

第18题

YoungerpeopleinAmericaseldomcomplainofsleepdisorders.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

第19题

ThenumberofolderAmericanswithsleepproblemsisnotsmall.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

第20题

"Sleepfragmentation"referstoamarkedlackof"REM"sleep.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

第21题

Thecausesofsleepproblemsinolderpeopleremainunidentified.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

第22题

ActionswillsoonbetakeninAmericatobetterhelppeoplewithsleepproblems.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

上一题下一题

（23~30/共8题）概括大意与完成句子阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：（1）1〜4

题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2〜5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；⑵第5〜8题要求从

所给的6个选项中选择4个正确的选项，分别完成每个句子。

WashoeLearnedAmericanSignLanguage

1.Ananimalthatinfluencedscientificthoughthasdied.AchimpanzeenamedWashoeand

borninAfricadiedofnaturalcauseslatelastmonthattheageof42ataresearchcenterinthe

AmericanstateofWashington.Washoehadbecomeknowninthescientificcommunityand

aroundtheworldforherabilitytouseAmericansignlanguage.Shewassaidtobethefirst

non-humantolearnahumanlanguage.Herskillsalsoledtodebateaboutprimatesandtheir

abilitytounderstandlanguage.

2.ResearchscientistsAllenandBeatrixGardnerbeganteachingWashoesignlanguagein1966.

In1969,theGardnersdescribedWashoe'sprogressinascientificreport.Thepeoplewho

experimentedwithWashoesaidshegrewtounderstandabout250words.Forexample,Washoe

madesignstocommunicatewhenitwastimetoeat.Shecouldrequestfoodslikeapplesand

bananas.Shealsoaskedquestionslike/'Whoiscomingtoplay?"OncethenewsaboutWashoe

spread,manylanguagescientistsbeganstudiesoftheirownintothisnewandexcitingareaof

research.Thewholedirectionofprimateresearchchanged.

3.However,criticsarguedWashoeonlylearnedtorepeatsignlanguagemovementsfrom

watchingherteachers.Theysaidshehadneverdevelopedtruelanguageskills.Evennowthere

aresomeresearcherswhosuggestthatprimateslearnsignlanguageonlybymemory,and

performthesignsonlyforprizes.YetWashoe'skeepersdisagree.RogerFoutsisaformerstudent

oftheGardners.HetookWashoetoaresearchcenterinEllensburg,Washington.There,Washoe

taughtsignlanguagetothreeyoungerchimpanzees,whicharestillalive.

4.ScientistslikeprivateresearcherJaneGoodallbelieveWashoeprovidednewinformation

aboutthementalworkingsofchimpanzees.Today,therearenotasmanyscientistsstudying

languageskillswithchimps.Partofthereasonisthatthiskindofresearchtakesaverylongtime.

5.Debatecontinuesaboutchimps'understandingofhumancommunication.Yet,onethingis

sure-Washoechangedpopularideasaboutthepossibilitiesofanimalintelligence.

第23题

Paragraph1

A.Reasonwhynotmanyscientistscarryoutthisresearchnowadays

B.ReportaboutWashoe'sprogressinlearningsignlanguage

C.GeneralinformationaboutWashoe

D.TheGardners'contributionsrecognized

E.Debateonchimps'intelligence

F.Washoe'sloveforthreeyoungchimps

第24题

Paragraph2

第25题

Paragraph3

第26题

Paragraph4

第27题

Washoecouldmakesignstocommunicate.

A.iftheGardners'argumentwassound

B.becauseshewasclevererthanotherchimps

C.whenshewantedtoeat

D.whileshewasataresearchcenterinEllensburg

E.becauseshecouldusesignlanguagetoaskforfruits

F.whileWashoewaslearningsignlanguage

第28题

Somescientistsdoubted.

第29题

Washoetaughtthreeyoungerchimpssignlanguage.

第30题

TheexperimentersthoughtWashoewasintelligent.

上一题下一题

（31~35/共15题）阅读理解下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项。

请仔细阅读短文并根据短文内容回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1最佳答案。

IQ-gene

IntheangrydebateoverhowmuchofIQcomesfromthegenesthatchildreninheritfrom

parentsandhowmuchcomesfromexperiences,onelittlefactgetsoverlooked:noonehas

identifiedanygenes(otherthanthosethatcauseretardation)thataffectintelligence.So

researchersledbyRobertPlominofLondon'sInstituteofPsychiatrydecidedtolookforsome.

Theyfiguredthatifyouwanttofinda"smartgene",youshouldlookinsmartkids.They

thereforeexaminedtheDNAofstudentslikethosewhoaresobrightthattheytakecollege

entranceexamsfouryearsearly—andstillscoreatPrinceton-caliberlevels.Thescientistsfound

whattheysought."Wehave,"saysPlomin,"thefirstspecificgeneeverassociatedwithgeneral

intelligence."

Plomin'scolleaguesdrewbloodfromtwogroupsof51childreneach,all6to15yearsoldand

livinginsixcountiesaroundCleveland.Inonegroup,theaverageIQis103.Allthechildrenare

white.Isolatingthebloodcells,theresearchersthenexaminedeachchild'schromosome6.Of

the37landmarksonchromosome6thattheresearcherslookedfor,onejumpedout:aformof

genecalledIGF2Roccurredintwiceasmanychildreninthehigh-IQgroupasintheaverage

group—32percentversus16percent.Thestudy,intheMayissueofthejournalPsychological

Science,concludesthatitisthisformoftheIGF2Rgenethatcontributestointelligence.

SomegeneticistsseemajorproblemswiththeIQ-genestudy.Oneisthepossibilitythat

Plomin'sgroupfellfor"chopsticksfallacy".Geneticistsmightthinkthey'vefoundagenefor

chopsticksflexibility,butallthey'vereallyfoundisagenemorecommoninAsiansthan,say,

Africans.Similarly,Plomin'sIQgenemightsimplybeonethatismorecommoningroupsthat

emphasizeacademicachievement,"Whatisthegenethatthey*vefoundreflectsethnicity?"asks

geneticistAndrewFeinbergofJohnsHopkinsUniversity."Thatalonemightexplainthelinkto

intelligence,sinceIQtestsareknownforbeingculturallysensitiveandaffectedbyachild's

environment."AndNeilRischofStandfordUniversitypointsoutthatifyoulookfor37genesona

chromosome,astheresearchersdid,andfindthatoneismorecommoninsmarterkids,that

mightreflectpurechanceratherthanacausallinkbetweenthegeneandintelligence.Warns

Feinberg:"Iwouldtakethesefindingswithawholeboxofsalt."

第31题

InthebeginningofParagraph1wearetoldthatscientistscannotagree.

A.howmuchofIQcomesfromintelligence

B.howmanychildreninheritgenesfromparents

C.howmuchofIQcomesfromgenes

D.howmanychildrenlearnbyexperience

第32题

Whatdoes"some"inthesecondsentenceofParagraph1standfor?

A.Parents.

B.Children.

C.Experiences.

D.Genes.

第33题

Ageneforchopsticksflexibilityisfoundtobe.

A.unrelatedtotheabilitytousechopsticks

B.relatedtotheabilitytousechopsticks

C.unrelatedtotheabilitytouseforks

0.relatedtotheabilitytouseforks

第34题

Plomin'sIQ-genestudyissimilartothechopsticksgenefindinginthat.

A.theremaynotbeacausallinkbetweengeneandintelligence

B.thereisaclosecorrelationbetweengeneandintelligence

C.theremaybeacloserelationbetweenchopsticksflexibilityandchildren'sacademicscore

D.thereisnotacloserelationbetweenchopsticksflexibilityandchildren'sacademicscore

第35题

WhatdoesFeinbergmeanbysaying"Iwouldtakethesefindingswithawholeboxofsalt"?

A.Hewouldconsiderthemwhileeatinghismeals.

B.Hedefinitelybelievesthefindings.

C.Hewouldconsiderthemwhileshoppingforsalt.

D.Hedoubtsthefindingsverymuch.

上一题下一题

(36~40/共15题)阅读理解下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项。

请仔细阅读短文并根据短文内容回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1最佳答案。

LiverDisease

Theliveristhesecondlargestorganinyourbody.Theliverperformsmanyjobsinyourbody.

Itprocesseswhatyoueatanddrinkintoenergyandnutrientsyourbodycanuse.Theliveralso

removesharmfulsubstancesfromyourblood.

Oneoutofevery10Americansisaffectedbyliverdisease.Liverdiseaseisoneofthetop10

causesofdeathintheUnitedStates.Therearemorethan100liverdiseases.Virusescausesome

ofthem,likehepatitisA,hepatitisBandhepatitisC.Otherscanbetheresultofdrugs,poisonsor

drinkingtoomuchalcohol.Iftheliverformsscartissuebecauseofanillness,it'scalledcirrhosis.

Cancercanaffecttheliver.Youshouldalsoinheritaliverdiseasesuchashemochromatosis.

Liverdiseasecanmanifestinmanyways.Characteristicmanifestationsincludejaundice,liver

enlargement,portalhypertensionandetc.Sometimesthemanifestationsofliverdiseasearenot

obvious.Forexample,symptomsmayincludefatigue,ageneralfeelingofillness,lossofappetite,

andmildweightloss.However;peoplemaynotnoticethesesymptoms,andthesesymptomsare

alsotypicalofmanyotherdiseases.Thus,liverdiseasecaneasilybeoverlooked,particularlyinits

earlystages.

HepatitisAvaccinationisthebestwaytopreventHAV(hepatitisAvirus).HepatitisB

vaccinationisthebestwaytopreventHBV.OtherwaystostopthespreadofHBVare:notsharing

needles;practicingsafesex;notSharingrazors,toothbrushes,orotherpersonalitems;usingonly

cleanneedlesforfattoosandbodypiercings.ThereisnovaccinetopreventHCV.Theonlywayto

preventHCVistoavoiddirectcontactwithinfectedblood.

Eatingahealthydietandexercisingregularlyhelpthelivertoworkwell.Limittheamountof

alcoholyoudrink.Whenmedicinesaretakenincorrectly,thelivercanbeharmed.Sofollow

dosinginstructionsandtalktoadoctororpharmacistaboutthemedicinesyouaretaking.Mixing

alcoholandmedicinescanharmyourliver,eveniftheyarenottakenatthesametime.Toxins

caninjurelivercells.Solimitdirectcontactwithtoxinsfromcleaningandaerosolproducts,

insecticides,chemicals,andadditivesincigarettes.Donotsmoke.

第36题

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?

A.ToptencausesofdeathintheUSincludeliverdisease.

B.10%ofAmericansdieofliverdisease.

C.10%ofAmericanssufferfromliverdisease.

D.Over100liverdiseasesexist.

第37题

Theword"manifest"inParagraph3canbebestreplacedby.

A.cause

B.happen

C.show

0.disappear

第38题

UnobvioussymptomsofliverdiseasesmayincludethefollowingsignsEXCEPT.

A.tiredness

B.lossofappetite

C.nauseousfeeling

0.slightweightloss

第39题

Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?

A.Itisnotharmfulwhenalcoholandmedicinesarenottakenatthesametime.

B.ltiswisenottosharepersonalitemssoastostopthespreadofHBV.

C.HepatitisCvaccinationisthebestwaytopreventHCV.

D.Wecannotuseproductswithtoxinslikeinsecticides.

第40题

Themainpurposeofthispassageistoletpeopleknow.

A.liverisaveryimportantorganinourbody

B.liverdiseaseiswidespreadintheUS

C.therearemanytypesofliverdiseasesandsomeareeasilyoverlooked

D.thecause,symptomsofliverdiseasesandsometipsonprevention

上一题下一题

（4广45/共15题）阅读理解下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项。

请仔细阅读短文并根据短文内容回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1最佳答案。

IronDeficiencies

Sportsmedicineexpertshaveobservedforyearsthatenduranceathletes,particularlyfemales,

frequentlyhaveirondeficiencies.NowanewstudybyateamofPurdueUniversityresearchers

suggeststhatevenmoderateexercisemayleadtoreducedironinthebloodofwomen.

"Wefoundthatwomenwhowerenormallyinactiveandthenstartedaprogramofmoderate

exerciseshowedevidenceofironloss,"saysRoseanneM.Lyle,associateprofessoratPurdue.Her

studyof62formerlyinactivewomenwhobeganexercisingthreetimesaweekforsixmonths

waspublishedinthejournalMedicine&ScienceinSports&Exercise."Womenwhoconsumed

additionalmeatortookironsupplementswereabletobounceback,"shenotes."Butthenew

exerciserswhofollowedtheirnormaldietshowedasignificantdecreaseinironlevels."

Irondeficiencyisverycommonamongwomeningeneral,affectingoneinfourfemale

teenagersandoneinfivewomenaged18to45,respectively.Buttheratioisevengreateramong

activewomen,affectingupto80percentoffemaleenduranceathletes.Thismeans,Lylesays,

that"toomanywomenignoretheamountofirontheytakein".

Womenofchildbearingageareatgreatestrisk,sincetheirmonthlybleedingisamajorsource

ofironloss.Plus,manyhealth-consciouswomenincreasetheirriskbyrejectingredmeat,which

containsthemosteasilyabsorbedformofiron.Andbecausewomenoftenrestricttheirdietinan

efforttocontrolweight,theymaynotconsumeenoughiron-richfood,andareliableto

experienceadeficiency.

"Theaveragewomantakesinonlytwothirdsoftherecommendeddailyallowanceforiron,"

notesanotherexpert,"Forawomanwhoalreadyhasapoorironstatus,anyadditionalironloss

fromexercisemaybeenoughtotipherovertheedgeintoamoreseriousdeficiency,"notesthe

expert.Exercisecanresultinironlossthroughavarietyofmechanisms.Someironislostinsweat,

and,forunknownreasons,intenseenduranceexerciseissometimesassociatedwithbleedingof

thedigestivesystem.

Thebestsourcesofiron,andtheonlysourcesoftheformofironmostreadilyabsorbedby

thebody,aremeat,chicken,andfish.Goodsourcesofotherformsofironincludedates,beans,

andsomeleafygreenvegetables.

第41题

Accordingtoexperts,whowillpossiblyhaveirondeficiencies?

A.Sprinters.

B.Marathoners.

C.Weight-lifters.

D.Highjumpathletes.

第42题

Whowillshowevidenceofironloss?

A.Activewomen.

B.Inactivewomen.

C.Womenwhodoaprogramofmoderateexerciseregularly.

D.Womenwhoareinactiveandstarttodomoderateexercise.

第43题

Whowillhaveasignificantdecreaseinironlevels?

A.AIIthewomen.

B.AIItheinactivewomen.

C.Womenwhostarttodomoderateexerciseandfollowtheirnormaldiet.

D.Womenwhostarttodomoderateexerciseandconsumeadditionalmeatortakeiron

supplements.

第44题

Whichgroupofwomenwillpossiblyhaveironloss?

A.80percentofactivewomen.

B.80percentoffemaleenduranceathletes.

C.Oneinfourwomenaged18to45.

D.Oneinfivefemaleteenagers.

第45题

Whowillhavetheleastriskofhavingironloss?

A.Womenwhorejectredmeat.

B.Womenofchildbearingage.

C.Womenwhotakedatesandbeansoften.

D.Womenwhocontroltheirweightbytakinglessmeatandvegetables.

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（46~50/共5题）补全对话阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根

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Acupuncture—OldChineseMedicine

Formorethan4,000yearspeopleinAsiahaveusedacupuncturetotreatillnesses.1

TodayacupunctureisalsoverypopularinEurope,AmericaandAustralia.

Acupuncturecancontrolpainandsickness.Itcanalsobeusedifyouhaveaheadacheorback

pain.Somedoctorsuseacupuncturealongwithregulartreatmentsforasthma,highblood

pressureorstress.

2Somepeoplethinkthatacupuncturecantreatdepressionandevenhelppeopleto

stopsmoking.Manypatientsfeelmoreenergyafteratreatment,whileothersmayfeelmore

relaxed.

Peoplewhopracticeacupuncturemusttakecoursestolearnhowtodoitcorrectly.3

Duringtreatmentthepatientliesdownandneedlesarestuckintocertainpointsofthebody.

Therearehundredsofpossiblepointsandeachonehasacertaineffectonthebody.4For

example,youstickaneedleintothehandtotreatproblemswithyourstomach.

Acupunctureneedlesaremadeofmetalandaboutasthickasahumanhair.Theynormallygo

lessthanonecentimeterintotheskin.Whentheyareintheskintheacupuncturistmaytwist

themorsendelectricitythroughthem.Thepatientsrestforashorttimeandthentheneedles

areremoved.

Acupuncturenormallydoesn'thurt.Thereisalsoamilderformofacupuncturecalled

acupressurewhereyoudon*tneedneedles.Doctorsusetheirfingerstopressthepointsofthe

body.

Chinesemedicineteachesusthatallacupuncturepointsarelocatedalongpathwayscalled

meridians.Eachofthesemeridianscarriesenergy,whichtheChinesecall"qi"tocertainpointsof

thebody.Ifthis"qi"getsblockedfromanareathepersonwillgetsickorfeelpain.Sticking

needlesintothecorrectpointscanhelp"qi"flowagainandmakethepersonwell.

Doctorstodayarenotsurehowacupuncturereallyworks.Theyhavenotfoundanyproofthat

thesepathwaysofenergyreallyexist.Somethinkthatneedlescausethebodytoproducepain

killingsubstances.5Somealsosaythatacupunctureonlyworksbecausepatientsbelieve

init.

A.Doctorshaveevenusedacupuncturetostoppainduringanoperation.

B.Othersthinkthattheneedlesblockpainsignalsthattravelalongthenervestothebrain.

C.ItisanoldChineseformofhealinginwhichyourskinispiercedwiththinneedlestorelieve

pain.

D.Inmanyplaces,especiallyoutsideofAsia,onlydoctorsareallowedtoperform

acupuncture.

E.TheearliestwrittenrecordofacupunctureisfoundintheHuangdiNeijing.

F.Thepointscanalsobeveryfarawayfromtheplaceofpain.

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AMemoryDrug?

It'sdifficulttoimaginemanythingsthatpeoplewouldwelcomemorethana

memory-enhancingdrug.Amemoryenhancercouldhelpeliminateforgettingassociatedwith

aginganddisease.Furthermore,suchadrugcouldhelppeoplerememberpastexperiencesmore

1andhelpusacquirenewinformationmoreeasilyforschoolandatwork.Asscientistslearn

moreabout2,weareclosinginonthistantalizinggoal.

Someofthemostexcitingevidencecomesfromresearchthathasbuiltonearlierfindings

linkingLTPandmemorytoidentifyagenethatimprovesmemoryinmice.Thegenemakesa

proteinthatassiststheNMDAreceptor,whichplaysanimportant3inlong-termmemory

byhelpingtoinitiateLTP.Micebredtohaveextracopiesofthisgeneshowedmoreactivityin

theirNMDAreceptors,moreLTRand4performanceonseveraldifferentmemory

tasks-learningaspatiallayout,recognizingfamiliarobjects,andrecallingafear-inducingshock.

Ifthesebasicinsightsaboutgenes,LTBandthesynapticbasisofmemorycanbe5to

people-andthatremainstobeseen-theycouldpavethewayformemory-enhancingtreatments.

6steroidsforbulkingupthemuscles,thesedrugswouldbulkupmemory.Asexcitingasthis

may7,italsoraisestroublingissues.Considerthepotentialeducationalimplicationsof

memory-enhancingdrugs.Ifmemoryenhancerswereavailable,children8usedthem

mightbeabletoacquireandretainextraordinaryamountsofinformation,allowingthemto

progressfarmorerapidlyin9thantheycouldotherwise.Howwellcouldthebrainhandle

suchanonslaughtofinformation?Whathappenstochildrenwhodon'thaveaccesstothelatest

memoryenhancers?Aretheyleftbehindinschool—andasaresulthandicappedlaterinlife?

Whatarethepotentialimplicationsofmemory-enhancingdrugsfortheworkplace?Imagine

thatyouare10forajobthatrequiresagoodmemory,suchasamanageratatechnology

companyorasalespositionthatrequiresrememberingcustomers'namesaswellasthe

attributesofdifferentproductsandservices.Wouldyoutakeamemory-enhancingdrugto

increaseyourchancesoflandingtheposition?11peoplewhofeltuncomfortabletaking

suchadrugfindthemselvescutoutoflucrativecareeropportunities?

Memorydrugsmightalsohelptakethestingoutofdisturbingmemoriesthatwewishwe

couldforget12can't.The2004hitmovieEternalSunshineoftheSpotlessMindtoldthe

storyofayoungmans