ap world history review humanenvironment interaction世界史回顾人文环境相互作用

APWorldHistoryReview:

Human/EnvironmentInteractionMr.MillhouseAPWorldHistoryHebronHighSchoolHuman/EnvironmentInteractionThisthemeincludes:Demography&DiseaseDemographyisthestatisticalstudyofhumanpopulationsMigrationsPatternsofSettlementTechnologyPaleolithicEra:DemographyPopulationgrowthduringthePaleolithicErawasrelativelystagnantPaleolithicEra:MigrationPaleolithicEra:PatternsofSettlementHunter-Gatherers(Foragers)Menhuntand/orfish;womengatherfruitsFollowmigratorypatternsofanimalsNeedlargeportionsoflandtosupportthemselvesLifeexpectancywas20yearsorlessLivedingroupsof20-30peoplePaleolithicEra:TechnologyNeolithicEra:TechnologyAgriculture(10,000BCE)Causedbyclimatechange?Slash&BurnDomesticationofAnimalsTechnologyrelatedtoagricultureIrrigation,canals,etc.BronzemetallurgyPeopleneednature&natureneedspeopleNeolithicEra:DemographyIntensiveagriculturecausedhumanpopulationtojumpfrom5-8millionto60to70millionin5,000yearsEffectsofagricultureIncreaseinpopulationRiseofdiseaseDeclineoflifeexpectancyEnvironmentaldegradationIncreaseinpollutionIncreaseindeforestationIncreaseindesertificationNewPatternsofSettlementSmallvillagecommunitiesPastoralsocietiesNomadicherdersRiseofcivilizationsMesopotamia(3500BCE)Egypt(3000BCE)IndusRiver(2500BCE)China(2000BCE)Olmec(1400BCE)Chavin(900BCE)HumanMigration:Indo-EuropeansAryansHumanMigration:PolynesiansBananas!HumanMigration:BantuNewTechnology:IronIronusebegins1500BCEEffectsofIronPopulationgrowthExpansionofagricultureGrowthofcitiesExpansionofcivilizationPatternsofSettlement:ClassicalEraClassicalDemographySpreadofepidemicdiseaseSmallpox,Justinianplague,etc.PopulationdecreasesdramaticallyEuropefalls50%between200-600CEAsia’spopulationfallsfrom170to135millionbetween0-600CEContributestothedeclineofclassicalempiresPost-ClassicalMigrationCamels!Post-ClassicalDemographyPopulationgrowsafter800CETechnologyEurope:moldboardplowandthree-fieldsystemChina:Champarice&terracefarmingAfrica:IronplowAztecs:ChinampasSpreadofcropsRice,cotton,sugarcane,citrusfruits,etc.Endofamini-IceAge?Post-ClassicalDemographyUrbanizationHangzhou—1millionppl.Paris—275,000peopleItaliancitiesTenochtitlanBubonicPlagueChina’spopulationfell50%from1200-1400Europe’spopulationfell33%-50%Populationtookonly100yearstoreboundSpreadofCivilizationSpreadofCivilizationDemography1450-1750:AmericasDiscoveryoftheAmericasDecreasedindigenousAmericanpopulationbyasmuchas90%ReplacedbytwowavesofmigrationAfricanslavetradeEuropeancolonizationTrans-AtlanticSlaveTradeColumbianExchangeDemography1450-1750:ChinaChina’spopulationtripledfrom1650-1750ImprovedfarmingtechniquesIntroductionofAmericancrops(potatoesandcorn)EndofnomadicinvasionsDemography1450-1750:EuropeUrbanizationNetherlandsbecame1stcountrywith50%urbanpopulationLondon—50,000in1600;400,000by1650Paris—200,000in1350;500,000by1700AgriculturalRevolutionCroprotationandenclosuresAmericancrops(cornandpotatoes)PopulationineveryareaofEuropeincreasedby50-100%inthe18thcenturyIndustrialRevolution&ResourcesCottonCottonCottonRubberRubberRubberPalmOilMeatGold&DiamondsGoldDemography1750-1914:GlobalDemography1750-1914:EuropeTremendouspopulationgrowthImprovementsinfoodsupplyApplicationofscience&technologyImprovedseeds,fertilizer,&livestockRefrigerationIndustrialtransportationeliminatesfamineSteamboatCreatesagreaterneedfornewenergysourcesCoal,electricity,gas,&petroleumYearPopulationinMillions%ofWorldPopulation175014119.3185029225.0190048230.0Demography1750-1914:EuropeDemographictransitionHightolowmortalityHightolowfertilityRapidurbanizationSuburbanizationDeclineinurbanmortalityUrbansanitationGermtheoryofdiseaseEuropeanMigrationfrom175040millionEuropeansemigratedtothetwoAmericas,Australia,AsiaticAustralia,SouthAfrica,andotherareasAfricanSlaveTradeafter1750NearlytwomillionAfricanswereshippedtotheAmericasbetween1750&1870Demography1750-1914:AsiaJapanesepopulationgrowthincreaseddramaticallyafter1850Provideslaborforindustrialization&helpspromoteimperialismAsia’spopulationnearlydoubledChina’spopulationwentfrom220millionto435millionIndia’spopulationwentfrom165millionto290millionAsianlabormigrationafter1750India:Over1millionemigratedasindenturedservantstoSouthAfrica&CaribbeanChina:Over8millionemigratedtoSoutheastAsia(Thailand-1.5million&Indonesia-2.8million)andtheAmericasJapan:Over500,000totheAmericasandPacificU.S.limitsimmigrationwithChineseExclusionAct&Gentlemen’sAgreementPopulationExplosionof20thCenturyWhy?Introductionofnewfoodcrops(ColumbianExchange),colonialismendedlocalwarfare,railroadscutdownonfamine,improvedhygiene&medicine,resistancetobirthcontrol,declininginfantmortalityratesCausesofPopulationGrowthPublicHealthMeasuresAttacksondiseasecarryinginsectsWidespreadvaccinationsPolioVaccineInformationcampaignsProgramstocontrolsewageandothercontaminantsInternationalagenciesfocusedonhealthcareMoredependablefoodsuppliesNewfarmingmethodsPolioVaccineDiseasesAssociatedwithPoverty:MalariaNewEpidemicDiseases:AIDSDiseasesAssociatedwithOldAgePredictedAlzheimer'scases2005-2050DiseasesAssociatedwithChangingLifestylesImpactsofPopulationGrowthImprovedAgricultureGreenRevolutionPeasantsUprisingsChina,Mexico,etc.PressureThirdWorldgovernmentsUrbanizationParasiticcitiesUrbanpollutionImmig