Unit1TheMassMediaGrammarandusage课件高中英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性

Unit1GrammarandusageFreetalkBytheendofthelastsummerholiday,whathadyoudone?Pastperfecttense过去完成时（haddone)表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始，这一动作或状态一直持续到这一过去时刻，并且到这一过去时刻还没有结束并仍有可能继续持续下去。用法1:表示在过去某个动作或者时间之前就已经发生或者已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”，常常与by,before,等引导的时间状语（从句）连用By

the

time

I

gotup,mysisterhadalreadywashedalltheclothes.IhaddonemyhomeworkbeforeIwenttobed.Bythetimehegotup,hisgrandmahadeatenthebreakfast.当他到达目的地之前，其他人已经离开了。到上个月末，他们已经在河上修了一座新桥。Beforehearrivedatthedestination,others________________(leave).They________________(construct)anewbridgeovertheriverbytheendofthelastmonth.Exerciseshadalreadylefthadconstructed如果时间状语由before引导,主句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时;如果时间状语由after

引导,after引导的从句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如:John_____________(leave)beforeIcamehome.John在我回家之前就走了。Hebegantowriteareviewafterhe______________(watch)thefilmtwice.这部电影他看了两遍后开始写评论。Tips(had)left(had)watched用法2:表示从过去某个时间开始，延续到过去另一时间的动作。常常与for,since引导的时间状语（从句）连用WehadlearntEnglishfor8yearsbythelastyear.………..ExercisesHe

told

us

that

he

had

done

the

research

for

five

years.他说自从他来到这之后已经取得了很大的进步.他告诉我们他做研究已经5年了.Hesaidthathehadmadegreatprogresssincehecamehere.他突然记起他把钥匙落在家里了.Hesuddenlyrememberedthathehadleftthekeyathome.过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后引导的宾语从句（或间接引语中），这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的动作之前。用法3:intend,mean,hope,want,plan,suppose,expect,think,propose,wish等动词的过去完成时表示过去未能实现的计划、设想、意图或希望等,也含有某种惋惜的意味。Ihadintendedtoseeyou,butIwasbusy.Theyhadhopedtoseeyouoffattheairport,buttheygottheretoolate.我原本打算去看你的，但是我那时候太忙了.他们原本打算在机场给你送行的，但是他们到那太迟了.………..Exercises我从未想过你会愿意帮助我.Ihadneverthoughtthatyouwerewillingtohelpme.我本想帮助你的，但当时没有时间.Ihadwantedtohelpyou,butIhadnotimethen.………..a.

It/This/Thatwasthefirst/second/...time+that从句，从句中谓语动词常用过去完成时；用法4:过去完成时的常用句型Itwasthethirdtimethathehadmentionedhismotherinhisspeech.这是他第一次在如此大的舞台上表演。这是他第三次在他的演讲中提到他的母亲Itwasthefirsttimethathehadperformedonsuchabigstage.【固定句型】Itwasthefirsttimethatsb.haddone.

Itisthefirsttimethatsb.hasdone.Itistimethatsb.did/shoulddo.（should不可以省略）b.Itwas+一段时间+since从句，从句中谓语动词常用过去完成时，如我离开家乡至少一个月了.ItwasatleastamonthsinceIhadleftmyhometown.我们有10年没那么高兴过了.Itwasten

years

sincewehadsuchawonderfultime.………..Itwas3monthssinceIhadcomebackfromabroad.我从国外回来已经3个月了。c.Scarcely/Rarely/Hardly+过去完成时+when+句子（过去时）或Nosooner+过去完成时+than…+句子（过去时）句型中，表示“刚….就……,一…….就……”.Ihadnosoonerreachedhomethanitbegantorain.我刚到家就下雨了。Hehardly__________(begin)tospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.hadbegun分析这两个句子，思考：1.两个固定句型“一...就...”中，哪个动作在前，哪个在后？哪里用过去完成时，哪里用一般过去时？2.什么时候倒装？倒装有什么要求？他一开始演讲，听众就打断了他。先开始还是先打断？c.Scarcely/Rarely/Hardly/(过去完成时)（部分倒装）+when+句子（过去时）或Nosooner(过去完成时)（部分倒装）+than…+句子（过去时）句型中，表示“刚….就……,一…….就……”.1.hardly...when...、nosooner...than...都可以翻译成“一...就...”，表示当从句的动作发生时，主句的动作几乎同时发生，但比从句的动作__________（先/后）发生。先主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。2.当nosooner/hardly否定副词置于句首，主句部分倒装，从句语序正常。Hehardly__________(begin)tospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.hadbegun他一开始演讲，听众就打断了他。先开始还是先打断？c.Scarcely/Rarely/Hardly/(过去完成时)（部分倒装）+when+句子（过去时）或Nosooner(过去完成时)（部分倒装）+than…+句子（过去时）句型中，表示“刚….就……,一…….就……”.Ihadnosoonerreachedhomethanitbegantorain.NosoonerhadIreachedhomethanitbegantorain.我刚到家就下雨了。Hehardlyhadbeguntospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.Hardlyhadhebeguntospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.d.Itwas+the+形容词最高级+名词+that（从句），从句中谓语动词常用过去完成时，如：去年夏天我去游览了青海湖，那是我看过最美的风景。Lastsummer,IwenttovisittheQinghaiLake.ItwasthemostbeautifulsceneryI

hadeverseen.………..e.主句（过去完成时）+bythetime+一般过去时，如：我们到达之前，他们已经做好一切准备了They__________(get)everythingreadybythetimewearrived.f.主句（过去完成时）+bytheendof+表示过去的时间，如：到上个学期末，我们至少学习了1000个单词。We

__________(learn)1000wordsbytheendofthelastterm.………..hadgothadlearntExercises1.Theemployer_____________(expect)tomakealotofmoney,buthelostmoney.2.Shetookoutsomeseeds,noneofwhichI__________(meet)before.3.Arescueteamsavedtwogeologistswho_____________(trap)inthemountainsfortwodays.4.Lastweek,hereceivedarejectionoftheinterview,forwhichhe___________(prepare)for2weeks.5.Thatwasthefifthtimeourteam___________(win)avictory,whichearnedusfame.6.She___________(save)enoughmoney,soshewasgoingtotakeayogaclass.7.Ididn’tmeetthelinguistintheuniversity.HowIwishI___________(see)him!8.Thehoopwasn'tgood,butI___________(use)manyworseonesbefore.9.Bythetimethepolicearrived,thefellow___________(escape).10.Hardly_____she____________(hear)thecriticismwhensheburstintotearshadexpectedhadmethadbeentrappedhadpreparedhadwonhadsavedhadseenhadusedhadescapedheardhadItwastheworstdaythatI_____________(experience)everbefore.I_________(notthink)myalarmclockdidn'tgooff.WhenI_____(get)up,itwas7:30!Iwasabouttobelate!AfterI______________(brush)myteethand_______(wash)myfacequickly,Itookupmyschoolbagand_______(rush)outofthedoor.BeforeIarrivedatthebusstop,thebus______(leave),soIhadtorushtoschoolbymyself!BythetimeIwentintomyclassroom,myteacher________(stand)inthefrontoftheclassroom.She_______(look)atmeangrilyandaskedformyhomework.IwassosadbecauseI_______(leave)itathome!Whatabadday!hadexperiencedhadn'tthoughtgothadbrushedwashedrushedhadlefthadstoodlookedhadleft…bythenhehadlearntverylittleEnglish.…bytheageof25,hehadbecomeapublisher.Heusedthesamebusinessstrategyhehademployed

attheStLouisPost-Dispatch…ExploringtherulesWorkingouttherulesWeoftenusethepastperfecttensetotalkaboutsomethingthathappened(1)________(before/after)apastactionorstate.Theverbformofthepastperfecttenseis“(2)

_________(have/had)done”.beforehadExploringtherulesPulitizerwasthefirst________________(advocate)thetrainingofjournalistsatuniversitylevel.toadvocate不定式（短语）做后置定语，放在被修饰n或代词之后，常见情况：1被修饰词为last,next,only,序数词，形容词最高级或被这些词修饰，且被修饰词与不定式之间为逻辑上的主动关系。Eg.Heisalwaysthefirst__________(come)andthelast___________(leave).Youaretheonlyperson_________(do)thejob.2不定代词something，nothing等后常用不定式做后置定语，不定式表示的动作与被修饰代词构成逻辑上的被动关系（此时不定式用主动表被动）。Eg.Thereisnothing___________(worry)about.Ihavesomething__________(tell)you.tocometoleavetodotoworrytotellPulitizerwasthefirst________________(advocate)thetrainingofjournalistsatuniversitylevel.toadvocate不定式（短语）做后置定语，放在被修饰n或代词之后，常见情况：3抽象名词time,way,reason,chance,ability,courage,opportunity等后常用不定式做后置定语。Eg.Theexhibitionisauniqueopportunity________(see)herworks.Thisisouronlyway_______(solve)theproblem.4表示将要发生的动作。Eg.Themeeting_______________(hold)tomorrowisofgreatimportance.

toseetosolvetobeheldCirclethemistakesandcorrectthemintheblanksbelow.1PulitzerknewthathehadlearntverylittleEnglish,sohehadstartedtoworkhardatthelanguage.________________________________________________________________________________________________________PulitzerknewthathehadlearntverylittleEnglish,sohestartedtoworkhardatthelanguage.ApplyingtherulesB12Pulitzer

wasveryhard-working.Quiteoften,whenhearrivedhomeatmidnight,hewasworkingforover10hours.________________________________________________________________________________________________________3Forthetimehewas25,Pulitzerhadbecomeasuccessfuljournalistandpublisher.________________________________________________________________________________________________________Pulitzerwasveryhard-working.Quiteoften,whenhearrivedhomeatmidnight,hehadworkedforover10hours.Bythetimehewas25,Pulitzerhadbecomeasuccessfuljournalistandpublisher.4Manyofthebestreportershaveworkedforhispaperbeforeitsfailurein1931.______________________________________________________________________________________________________Manyofthebestreportersh