英语写作常见错误common-errors

II.CommonErrors1ⅠRun-onSentences(串句）串句是在没有连接词或标点符号的情况下，将两个独立的单句串在一起。“逗号割裂”

逗号不可以连接两个独立的句子；句号和分号可以。Example:Theexamwaspostponed,theclasswascanceledaswell.ThreeWaystoAvoidRun-onSentencesPeriodandaCapitalLetter(句号+大写）Commaandajoiningword(逗号+连接词）Semicolon（分号）例句：Theexamwaspostponed.Theclasswascanceledaswell.(句号+大写）Theexamwaspostponed,andtheclasswascanceledaswell.(逗号+连接词）Theexamwaspostponed;theclasswascanceledaswell.(分号）2ⅡFragmentarySentences(破句)

有些所谓的句子，或无主语，或无谓语动词。仅仅是单词的堆砌，无法表达一个完整的意思。从属连词引起的破句（从属连词引导的从句不能单独成一个句子）Whichisagoodthing.破句改正方法：增加主句；删除连接词Hetoldmeastorywhichisagoodthing.Itisagoodthing.

3ⅡFragmentarySentences(破句)

-ing

分词和不定式引起的破句Heworkstenhoursaday.Thengoingtoclassfortwohours.改正方法：添加主语，把-ing

变为动词的正确形式；being改为beHeworkstenhoursaday.Hegoestoclassfortwohours.Heworksfortenhoursadayandthengoestoclassfortwohours.增加细节引起的破句由于增加一些由forexample,suchas,including等细节引起的破句缺少主语或是谓语动词。Oneofmygreatestjoysinlifeiseatingdesserts.Suchascakeoricecream.改正方法：把破句与前边具有完整意义的句子连接起来；为破句增加主语或谓语动词。Oneofmygreatestjoysinlifeiseatingdesserts,suchascakeoricecream.缺少主语的破句改正方法：把破句与前句相连；增加适当主语。Hewenttotherefrigeratortogetmilk.Anddiscoverednomilkleft.Hewenttotherefrigeratortogetmilkanddiscoverednomilkleft.

4Exercise:p365ⅢFaultyParallelism

(FaultyCoordination错误平行结构）平行结构是把两个或两个以上意思并列的成分用同等的语法形式来表达。反之则为错误平行结构。Astudentneedsbooks,notebooks,andheneedspens.Astudentneedsbooks,notebooksandpens.改正错用的并列连词Andwhoandwhich应尽量避免使用；除非前面已经出现由whowhich引导的从句。eg.Tom,awiseboy,andwhoismyfriend,isfromU.K.Tom,whoisawiseboy,andwhoismyfriend,isfromU.K.Tom,awiseboyandmyfriend,isfromU.K.6ⅢFaultyParallelism(错误平行结构多项平行把一组词连续的排列起来，使意思和结构保持平行。Whenwearrivedhome,weunpackedoursuitcases,tookshowers,andthenwewenttosleepaftereatinglunch,Whenwearrivedhome,weunpackedoursuitcases,tookshowers,ateourlunch,andwenttosleep.注意错误的省略在平行结构中省略关键词，会使搭配不当，句义模糊。检验方法：将动词与助动词分别搭配，若时态有误，该平行结构便不成立。Healwayshasandalwayswillcompeteforthehighesthonor.Hehasalwayscompetedandwillalwayscompeteforthehighesthonor.用thanas引出的比较要保持逻辑通顺，语法无误MyleaningisasmuchasPaul.MylearningisasmuchasPaul’slearning.

7Misuseofparallel

例：Advertisingshouldbeinformative,persuasive,andofinterest.

8Misuseofparallel

例：Advertisingshouldbeinformative,persuasive,andofinterest.

应改为：Advertisingshouldbeinformative,persuasive,andinteresting.9FaultyparallelconstructionsFaultyParallelismWethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.10FaultyparallelconstructionsFaultyParallelismWethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.RevisedWethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andverycapable.Wethoughtshewasacharming,intelligent,andverycapableyoungwoman.11FaultyParallelismAmanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.ReviseFaultyParallelismWehavegreatfaithandhighhopesforher.Revise12FaultyParallelismAmanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.RevisedAmanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.FaultyParallelismWehavegreatfaithandhighhopesforher.RevisedWehavegreatfaithinandhighhopesforher.13ⅣAmbiguousreferenceofpronounsAmbiguousShetoldmysisterthatshewaswrong.Clear“Iamwrong,”shesaidtomysister.Sheadmittedthatshewaswrongandsaidsotomysister.“Youarewrong,”shesaidtomysister.Mysisterwastoldthatshewaswrong.ObscureInDreiser’sSisterCarrie,hedescribesapennilessgirl’swaytosuccess.ClearInhisSisterCarrie,Dreiserdescribesapennilessgirl’swaytosuccess.ObscureHewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitwasnotserious.ClearHewasknockeddownbyabicyclebutwasnotseriouslyhurt.14ObscureIamgoingtothelectureonmodernChinesedrama,becauseheisadramatistIlike.ClearObscureAsshewasgreatlyinfluencedbyherhistoryteacher,shechoseitashermajor.Clear15ObscureIamgoingtothelectureonmodernChinesedrama,becauseheisadramatistIlike.ClearI’mgoingtothelectureonmodernChinesedrama,becausethespeakerisadramatistIlike.ObscureAsshewasgreatlyinfluencedbyherhistoryteacher,shechoseitashermajor.ClearAsshewasgreatlyinfluencedbyherhistoryteacher,shechosehistoryashermajor.16ⅤDangling

modifiers(垂悬修饰语）修饰语在句中找不到逻辑上被修饰的对象。FaultyLookingoutofthewindow,thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyecansee.

FaultyOnenteringtheclassroom,thestudentsstoodupandsaid,“Goodmorning!”17FaultyLookingoutofthewindow,thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyecansee.

RevisedLookingoutofthewindow,he(she)canseethegrasslandstretchingasfarastheeyecansee.Outsidethewindow,thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyecanreach.FaultyOnenteringtheclassroom,thestudentsstoodupandsaid,“Goodmorning!”RevisedWhentheteacherenteredtheclassroom,thestudentsstoodupandsaid,“Goodmorning!”Onenteringtheclassroom,theteacherwasgreetedbythestudents,whostoodupandsaid,“Goodmorning!”18

Faulty:Togetreadyforthetrip,allthethingssheneededwereputintoasuitcase.

Revised:Togetreadyforthetrip,sheputallthethingssheneededintoasuitcase.Ineachoftheabovefaultysentencesthereisadanglingmodifier(Looking……,Onentering…..,orToget….),whichisnotgrammaticallyrelatedtothenounorpronounitisintendedtomodify.19NOTIC(Eexeptions)Thereareafewsetphrasesoftenusedtomodifywholesentences,liketobefrank,generallyspeaking,judgingby,andspeakingof,etc.Theylooklikedanglingmodifiersbuttheyarenot.

Judgingbywhatthenewspaperhavesaid,hislatestplayisquitesuccessful.Tobefrank,heisnottherightmanforthisimportantjob.Wehavetostudymanycourses:Chinese,English,maths,physics,chemistry,history,geography,justtonameafew.20Themistwasthickeningasdarknessfell.Beingonlyafiveminutewalktothevillage,therewasnoreasontofeelafraid.Shepickeduphershoppingbasketandleftthehouse.Havingwalkedonlyafewsteps,themistswallowedherup.So,feelingherwayalongafence,atwiglashedherface.Thensheheardheavyfootstepsmovingbehindher.Shestoppedandtheystopped.Hurryingforward,theypursued.Shefoundherselfinasuffocatingworldseizedwithafeelingofhelplessnessandblindness.天黑时，雾渐浓。离村只有五分钟的路，没有害怕的理由。她拿起菜篮离了屋。刚走几步，浓雾就吞没了她。因此，她沿着篱笆摸索前行，一根树枝划在她的脸上。接着便听到身后沉重的脚步声，她止步，脚步声也止，她疾步向前，脚步声也紧随而至。她发现自己置身于一个窒息的世界，陷于无助与黑暗之中。21Themistwasthickeningasdarknessfell.Asitwasonlyafive-minutewalktothevillage,therewasnoreasontofeelafraid.Shepickeduphershoppingbasketandleftthehouse.Aftershehadwalkedonlyafewsteps,themistswallowedherup.Whileshewasfeelingherwayalongthefence,atwiglashedherface.Thensheheardheavyfootstepsmovingbehindher.Shestoppedandtheystopped.Shehurriedforwardandtheypursued.Seizedwithafeelingofhelplessnessandblindness,shefoundherselfinasuffocatingworld.22ⅥMisplacedModifiers(修饰语错置）修饰语可以是单词，词组，从句或是一个句子将修饰语与被修饰语之间摆放的位置不恰当（通常是互相间隔的距离太远）而使语意模糊，歧义（ambiguity)修饰语和被修饰语之间要尽量靠近，才不至于引起歧义现象，从而搞不清楚被修饰语是什么。Hekilledthewaspthatstunghimwithanewspaper.Withanewspaper,hekilledthewaspthatstunghim.23ⅥMisplacedModifiersAlsoImportantOnly,just,almost,nearly等词尽量放在离被修饰语最近的地方，通常放在被修饰语之前。Lookatthefollowingexamples:（分别表达什么意思）OnlyshesaidthatshelovedEnglish.SheonlysaidthatshelovedEnglish.ShesaidthatonlyshelovedEnglishShesaidthatsheonlylovedEnglish.ShesaidthatshelovedEnglishonly.不同的位置表达绝对不同的含义。

24FaultyIreadaninterestingstoryinamagazineaboutsportsmen.25FaultyIreadaninterestingstoryinamagazineaboutsportsmen.RevisedIreadinamagazineaninterestingstoryaboutsportsmen.InamagazineIreadaninterestingstoryaboutsportsmen.26FaultySheboughtseveralpicturebooksandputthemintoherbag,whichsheintendedto