亚开行-区域合作与一体化促进可持续发展和旅游业数字化转型（英）

NO.309

AUGUST2024

ADBBRIEFS

KEYPOINTS

•CountriesinAsiaand

thePacificandregional

groupingsareincreasinglyaimingforsustainable

tourismcharacterized

bylong-termgrowth,

resilience,sustainability,andinclusiveness,in

linewiththeSustainableDevelopmentGoals.

•Sustainabletourismrequiresmultisector(whole-of-

government)andmultilevel(verticalcoordination)

policy,governance,and

implementationactions

supportedbyadequateandtimelydatatomeasureandmonitorprogress.

•Noone-size-fits-all

approachexists,butgood

practicesandprinciples,

suchashavingstrongand

appropriategovernanceandmonitoringstructuresand

frameworks,willcontributetosustainability.

•Digitalizationcontributes

tothesector’ssustainability

andresilience,butadopting

thedigitalagendaintourismuniformlyacrossactivitiesandcountriespresentschallenges.

•Regionalandinternational

organizationshaveimportantrolesinprovidingfinancial

andtechnicalsupport

inaddressingissuesin

sustainabletourismthathavetransboundary,regional,andglobalimplications.

ISBN978-92-9270-813-9(print);978-92-9270-814-6(PDF)

ISSN2071-7202(print);ISSN2218-2675(PDF)PublicationStockNo.BRF240369-2

/10.22617/BRF240369-2

RegionalCooperationandIntegrationtoPromoteSustainabilityandthe

DigitalTransformationofTourism

SanchitaBasuDas

Economist,RegionalCooperationandIntegrationDivision(ERCI)

EconomicResearchandDevelopmentImpactDepartment(ERDI)

AsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)

MelanieMilo

Consultant,ADB

Ma.VeronicaDomingoConsultant,ADB

AleliRosario

SeniorEconomicsOfficerERCI,ERDI,ADB

INTRODUCTION

Post-coronavirusdisease(COVID-19)pandemic,thepathwayforthetourism

sectortobuildforwardbetteristoembracesustainabilityanddigitaltransformation.Thepandemic,anditslockdowns,revealedsectorvulnerabilitiesasbusinessesshutandpeoplelostjobs.Itexposedgapsinregionalcooperationamongcountriesas

bordersclosedandinternationaltouristarrivalsplummeted,slashingvisitorspendingandtourismexportearnings.Aseconomicrecoverybeganin2022,however,many

stakeholdersagreedintheneedtobuildforwardbetter.Bythis,theymeantorethinktourismdevelopmentwithpoliciesandstrategiesthatcantriggerinvestmentand

changebehaviorinwaysthatcanreducefutureshocksandincreasebusinessand

societalresiliencewhentheseshocksdohappen.Manystakeholderscallforpursuing

Notes:

1.Inthispublication,ADBrecognizes“Korea”astheRepublicofKorea.

2.ThebriefhasbenefitedfromthepresentationanddiscussionmaterialsduringtheWorkshopon

RegionalCooperationtoPromoteSustainableTourismheldattheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)headquarterson6–7November2023.Theauthorswouldliketothankparticipantsoftheworkshop,includingexpertsfrominternationalorganizations(Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation,AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations,EconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacific,OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment,thePacificTourismOrganisation,andtheUnited

NationsWorldTourismOrganization[UNTourism]);representativesfromtheprivatesector

suchasthePacificAsiaTravelAssociation,ClickableImpactConsultingUnit,Deloitte,andKorea

Telecom;andtheacademia.TheauthorssincerelythankStevenSchipaniandWouterSchalkenfromADB’sSectorGroup,andSandraCarvaoofUNTourismforsupportingtheworkshopandprovidingfeedbackonanearlierversionofthisbrief.

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sustainabilitywhileembracingdigitaltransformationasapathwaytoachievelong-termgrowthandresilienceandmakethetourismsectormoreinclusive.Likewise,theyseeaneedforbetterand

strongergovernanceandmonitoringframeworksatthedestinationorlocalandnationallevelstotransformthetourismsector

(UNTourismandUNEP2005;UNTourism2013).1

Transformingeconomiesthroughsustainabletourism.Tourismisinstrumentalinthetransformationofmanyeconomies,

especiallyinAsiaandthePacific.Giventhesector’seconomy-wideimpactthroughawiderangeofothersectors,includingtransport,bankingandinsurance,entertainment,construction,andfood

andbeverages,transformingtourismcanbeinstrumentalinthe

adoptionofinnovativepoliciesandtechnologiesinrelatedsectors.

Amoresustainabletourismsectorcanhelpcountriesattain

theirSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)bycontributing

toalmostallofthem.Theseincludedecentworkingconditions

thatsupporteconomicgrowth,preservinglifebelowwater,

promotingresponsibleconsumptionandproductionpatterns,

enablingempowermentofwomen,advancingclimateaction,andcreatingopportunitiestofighteconomicandsocialinequalities.Technologycanalsohelppromotesustainabletourismby

steppingupdigitalizationacrossallvaluechainactivities(travel

booking,transportation,accommodation,tourismassets,foodandbeverages,tours,andothers).

Drawingonthepost-pandemicliterature,particularlyafewrecentstudiesandtheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)workshops,

thisbriefpresentsfindingsandrecommendationsandidentifiesstrategicregionalinterventionstopromotesustainabilityand

digitaltransformationofthetourismsector.Thebriefprovidesinsightstopolicymakers,particularlydevelopingeconomiesinAsiaandthePacific,astheydesign,refine,orstrengthentheirtourismdevelopmentpoliciesforlong-termgrowth,resilience,sustainability,andinclusivity—nationallyandregionally.

SUSTAINABLETOURISM:

ENABLERSANDINSTITUTIONS

Evolutionof“sustainabletourism.”Theconceptofsustainable

tourismisnotnew,butithasevolved.Itwasinitiallyusedinthe

contextofthenaturalenvironmentandecotourism,encompassingthreedimensionsorpillarsofsustainabledevelopment:economic,environmental,andsociocultural.Itistourismthat(i)maintains

long-termviabilityofeconomicactivitiesthatcanprovideequitablebenefitstoallstakeholders,(ii)managestheuseofenvironmentalresourcesandhelpsconservenaturalresourcesandbiodiversity,

and(iii)respectsthelivingculturalheritageandtraditionalvaluesofhostcommunitiesandfacilitatesinterculturalunderstanding

(UNTourismandUNEP2005).

ADB’ssustainabletourismframework.TheADBreport,

SustainableTourismAfterCOVID-19:InsightsandRecommendationsforAsiaandthePacific,capturesthekeydimensionsoftourism(i.e.,visitors,industry,communityandculture,andenvironment)and

identifiesfactorsthatcanhelpachievetheSDGsthroughtourism

andensuretourismactivitiesremainwithinglobalandlocalcarryingcapacities(Figure1).Thereportlistsfivethematicareasproven

tosupporttourism’scontributiontotheSDGs:(i)governance,

includingdeeperpublicsectorinvolvement;(ii)policy,especially

thoseencouragingstewardshipandcollaboration;(iii)investmentinhardinfrastructure(roadsandairports)anddigitalinfrastructure;(iv)researchanddata;and(v)educationandtraining(ADB2021).

Enablersofsustainabletourism.Thedevelopmentofsustainable

tourismfromtheperspectiveofpublicsectorintervention

requiresenablers.Thekeyenablersare(i)policy;(ii)strategy;(iii)developmentplans;(iv)laws,regulations,andlicensingorstandards;and(v)governancestructures(Figure2).Further,

sustainabletourismrequiresanenablingenvironmentforall

stakeholdersincludingtheenterprises,touristdestinations,and

otherentitiesoperatingtoprovideasmoothtourismexperience.Itshouldbenotedthatthereisnoone-size-fits-allapproachasthe

marketstatus,andgeographical,cultural,andtechnologicalcontextsinfluenceenablersandoutcomes.Ingeneral,amoresustainable

trajectoryrequiresinterventionacrossalltourismstakeholdersandalllevelsofpublicsectorintervention,includingthosethatimpactonthevisitor,industry,community,andenvironmentdimensions,aswellascollaborationacrossthepublicandprivatesectors,

developmentpartners,communities,anddestinations(ADB2021).

Policyrecommendationstobuildingsustainabletourism.AccordingtoADB(2021)discussessixpathwaystoshifttourismtowardmore

sustainabledevelopmentinAsiaandthePacific:(i)supportingvalue-driventourism;(ii)decarbonizingtourism;(iii)promotingtourism-ledregeneration;(iv)strengtheningdiversificationofmarkets,products,andskills,aswellaseconomicdiversification;(v)improvingtourism

governance;and(vi)aligningtourismfinancewithsustainability.

Itidentifiesthelackofgoodgovernancestructurestosupport

long-termplanning,collaboration,andmanagementasapressingbarriertosustainabletourismintheregion.

Toguidethetourismsector’spost-pandemic,long-term

developmentandresilience,UNTourism(2020)recommendedsevenkeypolicies:

(i)diversifymarkets,products,andservices;

(ii)investinmarketintelligencesystemsanddigitaltransformation;(iii)reinforcetourismgovernanceatalllevels;

(iv)prepareforcrisis,buildresilience,andensuretourismispart

ofnationalemergencymechanismsandsystems;

(v)investinhumancapitalandtalentdevelopment;

(vi)placesustainabletourismfirmlyonthenationalagenda;and(vii)transitiontoacirculareconomyandembracetheSDGs.2

1TheUnitedNationsWorldTourismOrganizationchangeditsnamein2023toUNTourism.

2Acirculareconomyaimstominimizewasteandpromoteasustainableuseofnaturalresourcesthroughsmarterproductdesign,longeruse,recycling,andmore,aswellasregeneratenature(UNDP2023).

RegionalCooperationandIntegrationtoPromoteSustainabilityandtheDigitalTransformationofTourism

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Figure1:HowTourismCanSupporttheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsandtheSustainableTourismFramework

(a)TourismandSDGs

NoPoverty

Tourismeconomicimpactsmayhelpalleviatepoverty.

Indirect

Contribution

PartnershipfortheGoals

ZeroHunger

Tourismcansupport

Duetoitsglobalscaleandcross-sectornature,tourismcanstrengthenpartnerships.

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sustainableagriculture.

Peace,Justice,andStrongInstitutions

GoodHealthandWell-Being

Incomegeneratedfrom

tourismcanbeinvestedtoimprovehealthservices.

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Tourismbringspeopletogetherandreliesonsafeandjustinstitutionstofacilitatethemovementofpeopleacrossborders.

LifeonLand

Tourismcancontributetotheconservationofterrestrialecosystems.

QualityEducation

Tourismcanhelpprovideprofessionaltraining

includingtoyouth,women,andpeoplewithspecial

needs.

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LifeBelowWater

Tourismcancontributetotheprotectionofmarineecosystems.

Tourism

ClimateAction

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GenderEqualityTourismcanempowerwomenbyprovidingdecentwork.

Tourismhasaresponsibilitytoreduceitscontributiontoglobalgreenhousegasemissions.

ResponsibleConsumptionandProduction

CleanWaterandSanitation

Thereisanopportunityfortourismbusinessestodeliverresponsibleproductsandservices.

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Infrastructureinvestmentcanprovidecleanwaterand

sanitationtocommunities,andcreateawarenessand

educationonsanitationandhygiene.

SustainableCitiesandCommunities

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Tourismcanpromotesustainability,regeneration,andaccessibility,and contributetothepreservationofnaturalandculturalassets.

AffordableandCleanEnergy

Tourismcanpromoteinvestmentinto

renewableenergy,reducegreenhousegasemissions,andhelpcommunitiesaccessenergy.

DecentWorkand

ReducedInequality

EconomicGrowth

Tourismemployspeopleincludingwomen,youth,

andpeopleinremotelocations.

Industry,Innovation,andInfrastructure

Tourismrelieson,andoftenfosters,high-qualitypublicandprivateinfrastructure.

Tourismthatempowerslocalcommunitiesandis inclusivecanincreaseequality.

(b)SustainableTourismFramework

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SDG=SustainableDevelopmentGoal.

Source:AsianDevelopmentBank.2021.SustainableTourismAfterCOVID-19:InsightsandRecommendationsforAsiaandthePacific.Figures1and2.pp.2–3.

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Figure2:KeyEnablersofaSustainableTourismSystem

TourismSystem

EnterpriseLevel

Accommodation

Transportation

Services

DestinationLevel

Infrastructure

Facilities

Public

management

Nontourismlivelihood

OperationalLevel

Behavior

Awareness

Marketsegments

Events

Strategy

identifieswhatistobedone

andbywhominachievingthe

overallvision

DevelopmentPlan

Laws,

Regulations,andLicensing

血

KeyEnablers

Asetofguidelinesthatchartsacourseofactionforsound

decision-making

Policy

Periodicplanofactionthat

Formulatedtoguide

destinationdevelopment,especiallyforsensitive

andhigh-useareas

Guideenterprisesand

managersintheiroperations

Institutionalmandatesand

organizationofthepublic,civil

society,andtheprivatesectorofthetourismsectorandtheir

processofinteraction

GovernanceStructure

Source:AuthorsasadaptedfromW.Schalken.2023.CreatinganEnvironmentforSustainableTourism.PresentationpreparedfortheAsianDevelopmentBankWorkshoponRegionalCooperationandIntegrationtoPromoteSustainabilityandDigitalTransformationofTourism.6November.

UNTourism’sframeworksovertheyearshighlightedtheneedtoadaptpolicies,approaches,andtoolstoprevailingnationalconditions,needs,andcapacities,insteadofproposinga

one-size-fits-allsolution.

Strengtheningstakeholderparticipationandinstitutional

structures.Amorecrucialmessagetobuildingforwardbetterand,hence,developingasustainabletourismsectoristoinvolveallrelevantstakeholdersandimprovegovernancestructures.

Thisimpliesconsideringandbalancingdifferentpositionsandmotivationsofthepublicandprivatesectors.That,inturn,

requiresappropriategovernanceorinstitutionalstructurestohelpgovernmentsworkharmoniouslyinternally(i.e.,whole-of-governmentapproach)andwiththeprivatesectorandother

stakeholders.Inparticular,thecroscuttingnatureofthepillarsandgoalsofsustainabletourismindicatestheneedforamultilevel

andmultisectorapproachacrossnational,regional,andlocalor

destinationstructuresforeffectivecooperation,coordination,andpartnershipsatthecountrylevel(UNTourism2004,2013,2018,2020).Thenextsectiondiscussesgovernancestructureatlength.

GOVERNANCESTRUCTURE

FORSUSTAINABLETOURISM

Institutionalaspectsofsustainabledevelopment.Institutions

andgovernanceareintegraltodevelopingsustainabletourism.

Whileemphasizingtheroleofacoresetofindicatorstomonitor

implementationprogress,theUNCommissionforSustainable

Development,initsinitialframework,includedtheinstitutional

dimensionofsustainabledevelopmentasakeypillar(UN1996).

Themaininstitutionalaspectsofsustainabledevelopmentincludedintegratingenvironmentanddevelopmentindecision-making,

establishinginternationallegalinstrumentsandmechanisms,andstrengtheningtheroleofmajorgroups.UNTourism(2004,2013)likewiseidentifiedtheneedforappropriateinstitutionalstructurestohelpgovernmentsworkinharmonybothinternallyandwith

theprivatesectorandotherstakeholderstopursuesustainable

tourism.Post-COVID-19,improving,strengthening,ordevelopingnewtourismgovernanceframeworkswastypicallyidentifiedas

aprincipalrecommendation.Strongeremphasisneedstobeput

onthemanagementofhealth,safety,andsecurityissuesthat

impactthesustainabilityoftourism,whichrequirestheinclusionoftourismrepresentativesincrisismanagementteamstocoordinateresponsestoaddressanysimilaradversityinthefuture.

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Multisectorandmultilevelgovernanceandcoordination.

Thedevelopmentofsustainabletourismrequiresgovernanceandcoordinationacrossmultiplelevelsandmanystakeholders.

Becausetourismimpactsmanyeconomicandsocialsectorsandvariousgovernmentareasareresponsibleforpoliciesandactionsthatimpactsustainabletourismdevelopment,amultisector

(whole-of-government)andmultilevel(verticalcoordination)

approachisneeded(Table1).Coordinationandcooperation

betweennational,subnationalorregional,andlocalordestination

structuresarealsoessentialtoensurecomplementarypoliciesandactionsatthesedifferentlevels.Thesecallforformalstructures

andprocessesforinterministerial,intergovernment,orinter-agencycoordinationandcooperationonsustainabletourism(UNTourismandUNEP2005),aswellasmechanismsforthecoordinationofthevariouslevelsofgovernment(national,regional,andlocal).

Astructureforgovernmenttoengagetheprivatesectorand

otherstakeholdersisvitalintheformulationofrelevantstrategies,policies,andactionsforsustainabletourism,aswellasforeffectivecoordinationofactions(Table2).AccordingtoUNTourismand

UNEP(2005),anidealstructurewouldbeapermanentforum

orstandingconferenceforstakeholdersrepresentingdifferent

interests,andasmallerbodyorcounciltodealwithmorefocusedanddetailedwork.

Roleofdigitaltransformation.TheCOVID-19pandemichighlightedtheroleofdigitalizationinbuildingsustainability

andresilienceinthetourismsector.Itunderscoredtheneed

forsustainabletourismandacceleratedthedigitalagendain

tourism—thatis,transformingtourismthroughdigitaltechnologiestoenhanceeffectiveness,efficiency,andresilience.Theliteraturestressesthecrucialroledigitaltransformationcanplayinthe

recoveryofthesector,andmoreimportantlyinbuildingbetter

tourism.Forinstance,typicalpolicyresponsesacrosscountries

includeddigitalhealthpassports,digitaltrackingofvaccination

orCOVID-19testresults,andCOVID-19tracingappsformobilephones(ADBandUNTourism2021).Tourismbusinessesalso

movedtowarddigitalmarketingandcontactlessandseamlesstransactionsbyleveragingtechnology,asconsumersshiftedto

digitalchannels.Investmentintheneededdigitalinfrastructureanddigitalskillsandimplementingtheregulatoryandlegalframeworksarecriticalforsustainableandinclusivetourismdevelopment

(WTTC2021).

Improveddatacollection.Greaterdigitalizationenablesbetter

datacollectionthatfurtherhelpsindevelopingpoliciesand

sustainableoutcomes.Investinginbettermeasuringtechniquesfortourismsustainabilityisimportantfortourismpolicydevelopmentandgovernance—andthisiswheredigitaltoolsandprocessescan

Table1:AreasofGovernmentwithImpactonTourismSustainability

AreaofGovernmenta

PolicyandAction

PrimeMinister’sOffice

Tourism’spositionwithintheoverallnationalpoliciesandpriorities;coordinationacrossvariousgovernmentareas

Tourism

Overalldevelopment,coordination,andimplementationoftourismpolicy;supportoftourismdevelopment,management,measurement,andmarketing

Finance

Levelofbudgetaryresourcesallocatedtotourism;taxpolicies

Trade

Termsoftradenegotiations;exportandinvestmentpromotion;tradeinservices

EconomicDevelopment

Sustainabledevelopmentpolicies;supportforenterprises,namely,smallandmedium-sizedenterprises;investmentpolicies

EnvironmentandNaturalResources

Regulationandcontrolofenvironmentalimpact;conservationofbiodiversity;managementof

protectedareas;managementofresourcesforecotourism;internationalnegotiationsandagreements

Transport

Connectivity,trafficmanagement,andsustainabletransportissues;airtransporttaxationandcosts;infrastructuredevelopment

Culture

Managementandpreservationofhistoricsitesandculturalheritage;promotionandpreservationoftangibleandintangibleheritage;promotionofcreativeindustries

Agriculture

Ruraldevelopmentandsupplychainissues;foodsystems;exportsandimportsoffood

Education

Tourismtrainingandeducation

Health

Safetyandsocialsecurityissuesforvisitorsandemployees

SportandRecreation

Promotionofattractions,activities,events,etc.;elementsofdomesticmarket

InternalAffairs

Crimeandsecurity;childprotection

ForeignAffairs

Sourcecountry–destinationrelationships;visarequirements

aDependingonthecountries,theareaofmandateofeachministrycanvary.

Note:Othergovernmentareasnotcoveredinthelistincludeinformationandcommunicationstechnology,publicworksandinfrastructure,socialwelfareandpovertyalleviation,andlaborandemployment.

Source:UNTourismandUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.2005.MakingTourismMoreSustainable:AGuideforPolicymakers.Table3.1.p.51.

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Table2:StakeholdersandRolesinSustainableTourism

StakeholderType

RoleinDeliveringSustainableTourism

Internationaldevelopmentassistanceagencies

•Multilateralagenciesandprograms

•Integratingtourismindevelopmentpoliciesandagreements

•Bilateralagencies

•Financialandtechnicalassistancetosustainabletourismandindividualprogramsandprojects

Nationalgovernment

•Tourismministry

•Tourismpolicyandstrategydevelopmentandimplementation

•Otherministries

•Relatingtourismtowiderpoliciesandstrategies

•Tourismagencies(e.g.,touristboard)

•Legislation,standards,andregulationsrelatingtothesector

•Othergovernmentdeliveryagencies

•Infrastructureplanninganddevelopment

•Resourcemanagementbodies(e.g.,NationalParksService)

•Resourcemanagement

•Communication,information,andmarketing

Localgovernmentanddestinationbodies

•Regionalgovernment

•Localstrategicdirectionandplanning

•Localauthorities(e.g.,districtcouncils)

•Implementationofpolicyandregulations

•Destinationmanagementorganizations(e.g.,public–private)

•Localinfrastructuredevelopmentandmanagement

•Stakeholderengagement,coordination,andsupport

Privatesectorbusinesses

•Tourismtradeassociations,nationalandlocal

•Representationof,andinfluenceon,thetourismsector

•Tourismserviceproviders(e.g.,hotelbusinesses)

•Operationoftourismservices

•Touroperators,internationalanddomestic

•Linktodomesticandinternationalmarkets

•Supplierstothesector(e.g.,foodproducers)

•Productdevelopment,investment,andimprovement

•Investors,internationalanddomestic

•Employmentcreationandgeneratinglocalincome

•Reflectingeconomic,social,andenvironmentalsustainabilityissuesindevelopmentandoperations

Employeesandrelatedbodies

•Laborunions

•Representinginterestsofemployees

•Individualworkersinthesector

•Humanresourcesplanninganddevelopment

•Provisionofareliableserviceinreturnforincome

NGOs(international,national,andlocal)

•SustainabledevelopmentNGOs

•Representingdifferentstakeholderinterests

•Environment,conservation,andculturalNGOs

•Engaginginstrategicplanninganddevelopment

•SocialandcommunityNGOs

•Stakeholdercoordinationandsupportingimplementation

•Capacitybuildingandprovisionofexpertise

Educationandtrainingbodies

•Universities,colleges,andteachingbodies

•Knowledgegatheringanddissemination

•Researchinstitutions

•Supportingpolicyandstrategydevelopment

•Technicalexpertsandadvisorybodies

•Capacitybuildingandtraining

•Specificadviceandexpertise

Localcommunity

•Communitycouncilsandrepresentativebodies

•Engaginginplanninganddecisionsontourismatalocallevel

•Traditionalstructures(e.g.,tribalchiefs/bodies)

•Representingandcommunicatinglocalcommunityinterests

•Organizedgroups(e.g.,women,youth)

•Pursuingequitablebenefit-sharingwithincommunities

•Localformalandinformaltraders

•Interactingwithtouriststomutualbenefit

•Individualhouseholds

•Receivingincomefromtouristspending

Consumers/tourists

•Individualtourists

•Providingthemainsourceofincometothesector

•Consumernetworks,clubs,andsocieties

•Behavingresponsiblytowardtheenvironmentandlocalcommunities

•Travelmediaandsocialmediausers

intravelchoiceandactions

•Communicatinginformationandopinionsondestinationsandsustainabilityissuesaccuratelyandfairly

NGO=nongovernmentorganization.

Source:UNTourism.2013.SustainableTourismforDevelopmentGuidebook–EnhancingCapacitiesforSustainableTourismforDevelopmentinDevelopingCountries.Table1.1.pp.17–18.

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help.TherecentlyapprovedStatisticalFrameworkforMeasuring

theSustainabilityofTourism(SF-MST)isaninternationallyagreedreferenceframeworkformeasuringtheeconomic,social,and

environmentalaspectsoftourism.Also,bigdataisincreasingly

beingusedasavaluabletoolformonitoringvisitortrafficand

supportingbetterplanningandmanagementoftourismflows(andforcrowdmanagementinthepandemic).3Bigdataintourism

studies,especiallytounderstandspatial-temporalbehavioroftouristsandvisitors,hasalsoincreased.Moregenerally,reliable,granular,andtimelydatatomeasureandmonitorsustainable

tourism(likecarryingcapacity)areneededforevidence-basedtourismpolicymakingandplanning.

DIGITALTRANSFORMATIONINTOURISM

Newdigitaltechnologiesandplatforms.Thetourismsectorwasamongtheearlyadoptersofnewdigitaltechnologiesandplatformstodeliverservicesanddevelopnewproducts.Inparticular,the

rapidevolutionofinformationandcommunicationtechnology(ICT)hasenabledawiderangeofnewopportunitiesintourism.

Amongthemarethedevelopmentofdigitalplatforms

(e.g.,electronicflightticketingandonlinebookingof

accommodation,andotherservices),mobiletechnology,

smartphones,user-generatedcontent,reviewsandfeedback,integrationwithsocialmedia,theincorporationofGlobal

PositioningServices(GPS),anduseofbigdataandartificial

intelligence.Thesehaveresult