英语考研作文复习

考研英语大作文预测汇总世界经济一体化？谁在主导世界经济谁来拯救地球？如何看待全球化的利与弊？注：作文描述见下一页GlobalizationandInternetThedrawingvividlyunfolds(Describethepicture描述图画)Thisphenomenonwhichthispicturepointsoutisoneofnumerousinternationalphenomenatohavebecomecommonandalreadyattractedbroadattentionintheworldinrecentyears.Globalization/Internet,inbrief,makesthewholeworldasmallvillage.Globalization/Internetoffersextensiveopportunitiesforeverycountryintheworldtodeveloptheireconomy,improvetheirregime,enrichtheirculture,updatetheirtechnologyandsoforth,butglobalization/Internetisatwo-edgedsword:itcanbringbothbenefitandharm.(Presentstate/situation现象描述+/Meaning含义)中文：这幅图画指出的这个现象是近几年在世界上众多已经变得普遍并且已经引起了广泛关注的国际/世界现象之一。全球化/Internet，简言之，就是使整个世界变成一个小村子。全球化/Internet给予了这个世界上的每一个国家广泛的机会去发展它们的经济、改善它们的政体、丰富它们的文化、更新它们的技术等等，但全球化/Internet是一把两刃剑：既有利的一面，也有害的一面。Wemustfirstunderstandthenatureoftheproblem.Ontheonehand,globalization/Internetoffersextensiveopportunitiesforeverycountryintheworld.Ontheotherhand,Oneofthemostcontroversialaspectsofglobalization/InternetistheglobalspreadanddominanceofAmericanculture.中文：我们必须先要理解这个问题的本质。一方面，全球化/Internet为这个世界上的每一个国家提供了广阔的机会。另一方面，全球化/Internet最具有争议的其中一个方面是认为全球化就是美国文化的全球扩张和一统天下。Ihavesomesuggestionsaboutdealingwiththisproblem.Firstandforemost,Globalization/Internetcanbringbenefit.Inthepasttwentyyears,intheprocessofglobalizationandexplosivedevelopmentoftheInternet,Chinahasbroughtaboutrapideconomicgrowth,sustainedsocialprogressandcontinuousbettermentofpeople'slivingstandard,soweshouldaccept.Secondly,itcanalsobringharm.Chinahasbeenexperiencingthecollapseofowntraditionalvirtueintheprocess.Insummary,Iamdeeplyconvincedthatshe,anationwhichhascivilizationfor5,000years,neverlosesanygoodthings,physical,intellectual,ormoral,tillshefindsabettersubstitute,andthenthelossisagain.(Suggestion+conclusion建议+结束语)中文：关于处理这个问题，我有一些建议。首要地，全球化/Internet能带来利益。在过去二十年，在全球化和Internet爆炸性的发展的过程中，中国已经产生了快速的经济增长、持续的社会进步和人们生活水平的不断改善，因此我们是应该接受的。其次，它也能带来伤害，在全球化和Internet爆炸性的发展的过程中，中国一直在经历着自己传统美德的瓦解。总之，我深信她，一个拥有5000年文明的民族，决不会丢掉任何好的东西，物质的、精神的或道德的，直到她找到一个更好的替代，那么到那时侯这种丢失就是一种获得。气候变暖(climatechange):Recentdecadeswehavewitnessedanobviousriseintheglobalaveragetemperature,whichreceivesseriousconcernsacrosstheworld.Climatewasaglobalissueandurgedallcountriestoworktogethertoaddresstheissue.Weshouldpursueeconomicgrowth,socialdevelopmentandenvironmentalprotectioninacoordinatedandbalancedway,anddevelopmodelsofproductionandconsumptioncompatiblewithsustainabledevelopment.Therelevantinternationalcommunityshouldincreasefinancialinputandinformationsharingandstepupcooperationinresearch,developmentandinnovationoftechnology.Adaptationtoclimatechangeisofthegreatestconcernstodevelopingcountries.Developingcountriesshouldtakesomepolicymeasurestomitigategreenhousegasemissions.Asadevelopingcountry,Chinawillshoulderitsdueinternationalresponsibilitiesandobligations.TheChinesegovernmentshouldgiveprominencetobuildingaresource-conserving,environment-friendlysocietyinitsstrategyofindustrializationandmodernization.Wenalsocalledonothercountriestojoinhandsindealingwithclimatechangeandpromotingharmonious,cleanandsustainabledevelopmentintheworldHackers'criminalactivitiesareaninternationalproblemandChina'snetworkandinformationsystemhaveoftenbeenattackedbyhackersfromothercountries.欢迎进入：2010考研课程免费试听更多信息请访问：考研论坛注：作文描述见下一页精神空虚(thevoidspirit/Alotofpeoplewhocommitsuicideareresultfromtheirvoidspirit.thereisaspiritualvoidinChina.Establishandimplementthescientificviewofdevelopmentandpushforwardthecoordinateddevelopmentbetweensocialistmaterialcivilization,politicalcivilizationandspiritualcivilization.)传统美德(traditionalvirtue/Fordecades,wehavemademorecriticismthaninheritanceofourowntraditionalcultureandmorenegativethanconfirmative.WeshouldcertainlylearnfromtheWest,butitisofequalimportancethatweretainvirtuesofourown.TheConfucianTradition(TheThreeEssentialConfucianValues:I.FilialPietyII.HumanenessIII.RespectforRitual)铺张浪费(extravaganceandwaste/勤俭节约industryandeconomy/TheChinesegovernment,therefore,ispromotingtheconceptofathriftysocietyandfrugaleconomyasamatterofurgency.Chineselawsandregulationsconcerningenergyconservationcurrentlyinoperationleavealottobedesired.)传统伦理(Thetraditionalethicalrequirements/Thetraditionalethicalrequirementssamewiththebasicprinciples:1.WHATYOUDONOTWISHDONETOYOURSELF,DONOTDOTOOTHERS.1)Initsnegativeform:"Donotimposeonotherswhatyouyourselfdonotdesire"."Donotdotootherswhatyoudonotwantotherstodotoyou."(己所不欲，勿施于人).2)Althoughitisarguedtobetoomuchpushingone'sownwaytoothers,thepositiveformoftherequirementisfoundinmanyclassics:"Dotootherswhatyouwishothersdotoyou"(欲人施诸己，亦施于人)."Abenevolentmanhelpsotherstotaketheirstandinthathehimselfwishestotakehisstand,andgetsothersthereinthathehimselfwishestogetthere"(己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人).2.EVERYHUMANBEINGSHOULDBETREATEDHUMANLY."Todohumanlyistobehuman"(仁者人也)"'Benevolence'meanslovingyourfellowmen"(仁者爱人)Chinesetraditionevenadvocatesboththerespectforhumanlifeandeventherespectforallkindsoflife,whichseemstobeveryclosetotheideaof"GreenPeace"andecologicalcriticism.Thesethoughtsdonotonlyseekforhumanpeacebutalsofortheharmonybetweenhumanandnatureandothercreatures.Andtherefore,"thevirtueofrespectingforlife"(生生之德)and"friendothersandaffiliatewithallcreatures"(民胞物与)isalwaystakenasthegreatvirtueinConfucianteachingsandphilosophy.TherearemanyothertraditionalChineseideasrelated:1.Inregardwiththehumanrelationship,"Harmonyindiversity"or"harmonywithdiversity"(和而不同)istypicallyemphasizedinConfucianism.Comparedwith"Baha'i",anewreligiouscommunitywhotakes"Unitywithdiversity"asthemaindoctrine,theConfucianspiritoftheharmoniousco-existenceofdifferentculturesmightbemorerelevantforthefoundationofhumanexistenceanddevelopment.2.Confuciusbelieves"honesty-sincerityistheDaoofHeaven"(诚者，天之道也)whichisoutofthecontrolofhumanbeings,and"tobehonestandsincereistheDaoofhumanbeings"whichistheonlythingwecoulddo(诚之者，人之道也).Inthiscase,agentleman(君子)should"cultivatehimselftobehonestandsincere"inaccordancewiththeDaoofHeaven,whichissomethingupperoramoreorlessreligiousstandardofhonestyandsincerity.ThismightbeclearerintheinterpretationofDao.InChinese,Ithinkeither道(way)or德(virtue)means"towalkyourtalk"originally,becauseboth走and彳aresymbolsofwalkingcarefullywithsmallsteps.Inthiscase,"way"isformedinthewalkingandinvirtueofmoralpractice"virtue"appears.JustasDavidTracynoticed,thefamoussayingofSocrates"Theunexaminedlifeisnotworthliving"isinsharpcontrastwithasayinginaBuddhistscripture,"Theun-livedlifeisnotworthexamining."3.SoDaoisnotonlymetaphysicalbutalsophysical;"honesty-sincerity"isaboveusandwhatwecoulddoisnothingbutlearningtobehonestandsincere;Daocouldbejustifiedinfaith,aswellasinbehavior.Iamnotsureifitis"religion",butitisofcoursesomethinglike"ActsofReligion"(intermsofDerrida)or"ActsofFaith"(intermsofRodneyStark).Youmayknowthatthesacred"Word"or"Wisdom"intheGospelofJohnandotherbiblicalscripturesistranslatedinto"Dao"inthissense.4.Forthesamereason,traditionalChineseethicsaskforour"Considerationforothers"(恕)andaspiritoftolerance:"greatvirtueshaveahugecapacitytocontainthings"(厚德载物),and"totolerateisasignofgreatness"(有容乃大).5.Andprobablyrelatedtotheconsiderationforothers,traditionalChineseethicsplaceagreatemphasisonfamily,viewingfamilyasthefoundationofsociety.Amongthe"fivecardinalrelationships"(emperorandhisofficials,fathersandkids,husbandsandtheirwives,brothersandsisters,andfriends),threeofthemareconcernedwithfamilyrelationship.Itisevenbelievedthat"Therelationbetweentheofficialsandtheemperormayfindoriginorarchetypeintherelationbetweenhusbandsandwives,whichevenextendstotherelationofheavenandtheearth."(君子之道，造端乎夫妇。及其至也，察乎天地).6.Andso,inChinesetraditionalphilosophy,"humanityisBenevolence"(博爱之谓仁),"filialpiety"istheoriginofhumanmoralityandsentiment(立爱自亲始).And,itisencouragedthat"loveyourfamilysoastoloveothersandallcreatures"(亲亲而仁民，仁民而爱物),"cultivatemoralcharacter,andthenyoucouldcultivateyourfamily,administratethecountry,andbringpeaceallovertheworld"(修身、齐家、治国、平天下).Whenitispromotedtotherealmthat"honortheagedofotherpeopleaswehonorourown,takecareoftheyoungofotherpeopleaswetakecareofourown"(老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼),wemaynaturallyrelatethetraditionalChineseteachingswiththefamousprayerbySt.FrancisintheMedievalEurope:tobeunderstoodastounderstand,tobelovedastolove;itisingivingthatwereceive,itisinpardoningthatwearepardoned,itisindyingthatweareborntoeternallife.Giveyourcomments/Giveyourpointofview(完全背诵)：Wemustfirstunderstandthenatureoftheproblem./inmyview/inmyopinion,Ontheonehand,ItistruethatmanyofChina'scurrent/present/existent/contemporaryproblemsaretheinevitablesideeffectsofrapideconomicdevelopment,which,ofnecessity,hadtooccurinanunbalancedway.Ontheotherhand,withouttheeconomicdevelopmentin/aboutthegreatnumberofdevelopingcountriesorthirdworldcountries,likechina,therewillbenorealdevelopment,prosperityandStabilityforthewholecountry.Notwithstanding/nonetheless/nevertheless/however/afterall,inthelongrun,Economicdevelopmenthadtocomefirst,butnowamorecomplexagendaofsocialandpoliticalrequirementsmustbeintegratedandoptimizedwithpureeconomicgrowth.Sowemustpromotethecoordinateddevelopmentofmaterialcivilization,politicalcivilizationandspiritualcivilizationtobuildChinaintoasocialistcountrythatisprosperous,powerful,democraticandculturallyadvanced.(Comments评论)中文：我们必须先要理解这个问题的本质。以我来看，一方面，目前中国存在的许多问题都是由于别无选择的不平衡的经济快速发展造成的避免不了的负面影响。另一方面，对于大多数像中国这样的发展中国家或第三世界国家来讲，没有了经济的发展，将不存在整个国家的真正的发展、繁荣和稳定。不过，从长远来看，尽管，我们不得不先发展经济，但是如今过多的社会和政治需要必须同纯粹的经济增长结合起来使其最优化。因此，我们必须推动物质文明、政治文明和精神文明协调发展，把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家。Ihavesome/severalsuggestionsaboutthisproblem.Firstandforemost/firstly/primarily/mainly/largely/mostly,Chinashouldlearnfrommanydevelopedcountries/somewesterncountriestodisposeof/dealwith/handle/solve/settle/ironoutthissocialproblem,includingothersocialproblemsmoralandnon-moral,bymeansof/by/statelegislation,socialpolicyandotherrelativeregulations,especially/particularlybecause/sinceChinahasjoined/becomeamemberoftheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)in2001andtakenplace/heldthe29thOlympicGamesin2008aswellas.Secondly,ourgovernmentshouldclearly/definitelystipulate/establishtheresponsibilitiesandobligationsoftherelative/specificdepartmentsforthefulfillment/performance/implementation/execution.Thirdly,inthelongrun/fromalong-termpointofview,weshouldsetup/found/constitute/instituteaspecialeducationsystem/organizationtopromoteandstrengthen/encouragecitizens'awarenessofenvironmentalprotection,andhenceimprovetheirvalues/ideas/notionsofconsumptionandmorality.Inaddition,IrecommendthatchildrenshouldstartsomeeducationofChinesetraditionalvirtueasearlyaspossible,suchasthrift,honesty,affection,filialpiety,courtesy,loyalty,humanenessandsoon.(Suggestion/建议)中文：关于这个问题，我有一些建议。首要地，中国应该向众多发达国家学习，通过国家立法、社会政策和其他相关的规章制度来解决这个社会问题，也包括其他的道德的和非道德的社会问题，特别是因为中国已经在2001年加入了WTO，并且中国将在2008年举办第29界奥运会。其次，更重要的是我们的政府应该清晰地规定相关部门应履行的责任和义务。第三，从长远来看，我们应该设立一个专门的机构去宣传和加强公民对环境保护的意识，从而改变他们的观念。另外，我建议应该尽早地开始对孩子们进行中国传统美德的教育，诸如节俭、诚实、亲情、孝顺、谦恭有礼、忠诚、仁爱等等。Insummary,tomaintainasustained,healthy,rapidandcoordinatedeconomicdevelopment,achievesocialistmodernizationandasocietywheremanandnatureliveasfriends,andbuildaharmoniousanddynamicsocietywithdemocracy,ruleoflaw,justice,honestyanddecency,stabilityandorder,wewillencounternofewerdifficultiesandproblems,butweareconfidentinourabilitytoovercomethemandarriveatoursetgoaltriumphantly.(Predicting预测+conclusion结束语)中文：总的来讲，为了维持一个可持续的、健康的、快速的和协调的经济发展，为了达到社会主义现代化和人和自然像朋友一样共生的社会，并且为了建造一个和谐的、有活力的、民主的、法治的、公正的、诚实庄重的、稳固有序的社会，我们肯定会遇到很多困难和问题。但是，我相信我们有能力克服它们，最终会胜利地达到我们的目标。Insummary,Chinastillhasalongwaytogointhisproblemandaccordingly,greateffortsareessentialtomakeinordertosolveit.ButIamdeeplyconvincedthatshe,anationwhichhascivilizationfor5,000years,neverlosesanygoodthings,physical,intellectual,ormoral,tillshefindsabettersubstitute,andthenthelossisagain.(Predicting预测+conclusion结束语)总之，中国在这个问题上仍然有一段长路要走，因此为了解决它，我们必须要做出巨大的努力。但是，我深信她，一个拥有5000年文明的民族，决不会丢掉任何好的东西，物质的、精神的或道德的，直到她找到一个更好的替代，那么到那时侯这种丢失就是一种获得。"青少年与网络"英语写作背诵文本青少年沉迷于网络游戏的比例越来越大谁来救救我的宝贝儿子？注：作文描述见下一页互联网(InternetAge/ComputersandtheInternethavechangedourlifeenormously.Thereisnodoubtaboutthat.TherearemanyadvantagesoftheInternetthatshowyoutheimportanceofthisnewmedium.WhatIwanttosayisthattheInternetchangedourlifeinapositiveway.Formanywomen,theirownchildrenarethemainreasonforstayingathome.Nowthattheycandoworkontheircomputersathome,calledteleworking,stayathomemomscanstillcontributetothefinancesoftheirfamilies.Also,mencantakethisopportunitytoworkathome.Whataretheconsequences,theadvantagesofteleworking?Sure,ifyouhaveafamily,youcanspendmoretimeathome,probablyyoucanspendmoretimewithyourchildren.Nextis,thatyoucanorganizeeverydayinthewayyouwantto.Meetingsatthecompanyarereducedtoaminimum.Teleworkingisalsoanadvantagefortheownerofthecompany.Officialstudiessubstantiatethatpeoplewhoworkathomearemoremotivatedthantheircolleaguesattheoffice.Especiallyinthebusinesssector,knowledgeispower.Ifyouaretheleaderofaproduct,ofatechnologyorjustofanidea,youareabletomakealotofmoney.Togetintothisposition,computersandInternetcanplayanessentialpart.Companiesallovertheworldareonline.Ifyouwant,itisnoproblemforyoutoexchangeexperiences...youwillhearnewthings,youwillseesomefactsfromanotherpointofview.Forthisreasonyouwillfindnewsolutions,newwaystogo,sotakethischance!TheInternetisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantfornearlyeverybodyasitisoneofthenewestandmostforward-lookingmediaandsurely"the"mediumofthefuture.ThefirstthingwehavetodoismakeadifferentiationconcerningtheusageofthetermscomputerandInternet.YoucanusetheInternetathomeforpersonaluseoryoucanuseitatworkforprofessionalusage.Let'stalkaboutthefirst.SpendingpartofourdayontheInternetisformanypeoplequitenormal.Theyusethiskindofmediumtogetinformationaboutallkindstopics.Maybesomeofthemareinterestedinchatting,probablytheyaremembersofacommunity.Whateveryouarelookingfor,youwillfindit.Evenifyouwanttofindveryspecificinformation,youwillfinditinashorttime.Normally,youoftenhavetosendaletter,thenyouoftenhavetowaitforthereply,oryouhavetomakesometelephonecallsandsoon.Inanycase,thetraditionalwayisthelongerone.ToputyourowninformationontheInternetisalsopossible.Createyourownhomepage,tellotherusersaboutyourinterests,whatyouwant,that'snoproblematall.Mostofusknowsoftwarecancostalot,ifyoubuyitlegally.Freesoftware,freemusicisavailableontheInternet.Youjusthavetodownloadtheprogram,themp3-fileorwhateverandthat'sallthereistoit.Whywouldyouwanttopaymorethanyouneedto?Specialwebsitesarecreatedjusttogiveyouthenewestprograms,ortotellyouwhereyoucangetitfrom.So,asyoucanseecomputersandInternetgotogetherandhaveopenedourworldinmanyways.青少年(youngteenagers/youngadult/youngchildrenThearrivaloftheInternethasspeededupglobalization.CurrentlyinChina,manyInternetcafes,especiallythosewithoutlicenses,admitjuvenilesinviolationofrelevantregulationsandspreadunhealthyinformationonline.Theyhavebroughtgreatharmtothementalhealthofteenagersandinterferedwiththeschoolteaching,whichhasarousedstrongreactionfromthepublic.Chinahasthelargestpopulationofyoungnetizensintheworld,buttheyturntotheInternetmostlytoplaygames.Thetopthreeactivitiesareonlineentertainment(39.9percent),sports(18.3percent)andwatchingtelevision(12.3percent).Whileblogs,orpersonalWeblogs,havedrawnalotofmediaattentionasamajorfocusofInternetuse,itisclearthatyoungpeopleinparticularusetheWebforentertainment.Seekingleisureandentertainmenthasbeentheprimaryreasonthatdrivesmanynetizensonline,themajorityofwhomareyoungsters.SotheissueofChina'syouthresortingtotheInternetforentertainmentdeservessomeattentionfromoursociety,"ThenumberofChina'snetizensreached111millionin2005,accordingtothe17thChinaInternetDevelopmentStatisticsReport,releasedinJanuarybytheChinaInternetNetworkInformationCenter.AndChina'scyberspaceisdominatedbyyoungpeople.Thosebetweentheageof18and24makeupthelargestproportionofInternetusers,at35.1percent.Netizensundertheageof30accountfor71percentofthetotal,thereportshows.ThesurveyshowsthatthetopfiveInternetactivitiesarereadingnews(65.9percent),browsingWebpages(65.2percent),playingonlinegames(62.2percent),downloadingmusic(56.5percent)anddownloadingentertainmentcontent(53.5percent).Internetaddiction,mostlyresultingfromplayingonlinegames,isclaimedtobethelargestproblemthreateningthehealthygrowthanddevelopmentofChineseyouth.Statisticsfromthe2005ChinaYouthInternetAddictionResearchReportshowthat13.2percentofyoungChinesenetizenssufferfromInternetaddictiondisorder,andanother13percenthavethetendencytobecomeaddictedtotheInternet.HeholdsthatonlineentertainmentisnothingthanInternet"opium,"andhecallsonyoungpeopletoabandontheircomputerscreensandgetoutInternetcafestoseekrealentertainmentintherealworld.)中文：中国在世界上拥有最大数量的青年网民，但他们大多都是上网打游戏。Sincethemid-1990s,therehavebeenabout250,000suicideseveryyearinChina,withsuiciderankingasthechiefcauseofdeathamongpeoplebetweentheagesof15and34.ArecentreportoftheWorldHealthOrganizationsaysthatover90percentofthesuicidesinforeigncountriessufferfrommentalproblems.ButinChina37percentofthesuicideschoosekillingthemselvesasawaytoescapedailypressureordisappointments.ArecentcaseofsuicidebyaboyaddictedtoInternetgameshasincreasedthepublic'sconcernovertheissueofInternetAddictionDisorder(IAD).XiaoYi,a13-year-oldfromTianjin,committedsuicidethinkingthathewouldmeethisfriendsfromcyberspaceafterhedied.Hejumpedfromthetopofa24-storeyhigh-rise,BeijingYouthDailyreportedyesterday.Heleftfournotesbeforehecommittedsuicide.InthelettersXiao,playingtheroleofacharacterfromacomputergame,saidthathewantedtomeetthreefriendswhoalsoplayedthegameinparadise.Hedidnotevenmentionhisparentsintheletters.Inthehypotheticalworldcreatedbysuchgames,theybecomeconfidentandgainsatisfaction,whichtheycannotgetintherealworld,hesaid.ShenQiyun,aprofessoratBeijingNormalUniversity,whohasstudiedtheinfluenceonteenagersofsuchgamessince2001,saidthatcurrently80percentofcomputergamesareimportedfromabroad,halfofwhicharerelatedtoa"demonworld,"martialartsandviolence,whicharenothealthyinfluencesonteenagers.Thecountryhasstrengtheneditssupervisionandmanagementofcomputergames.Increasingstress,lonelinessandalackofmedicalsupportfordepressionarethoughttohavecontributedtoanannualsuicidetollthatisestimatedat250,000peopleayear.AccordingtotheChinaDaily,anadditional2.5millionto3.5millionmakeunsuccessfulattemptstokillthemselveseachyear.未完待续~~欢迎进入：考研课程免费试听更多信息请访问：考研论坛饮可乐还是饮茶？《红色娘子军》舞动巴黎儒学在美国文明冲突(civilizationconflict/Huntingtondefineseightmajorcivilizations:(1)Western-whichincludesWesternEuropeandNorthAmerica;(2)Slavic-Orthodox;(3)Islamic-whichincludesthreesubdivisions:Arab,TurkicandMalay;(4)LatinAmerican;(5)Hindu;(6)Confucian;(7)Japanese;and(8)African.Huntingtonsaysthat"Thefaultlinesbetweencivilizationswillbethebattlelinesofthefuture."Hecontinues,"Overthecenturies...differencesamongcivilizationshavegeneratedthemostprolongedandthemostviolentconflict"[2]-moresoeventhanideologicalconflict.Thereason?-becausedifferencesbetweencivilizations"...arefarmorefundamentalthandifferencesamongpoliticalideologiesandpoliticalregimes..."[3]AndtheevidenceforHuntington'sassertioniseasilydiscernibleinwhat'sgoingonintheformerYugoslavia.Indeed,it'sonlyin"civilization"(orreligious)termsthatanysensecanbemadeofthealliancestructuresthathavegrownupasaresultoftheconflict:Germany,FranceandAustria(and,asaresult,theE.C.)favorSloveniaandCroatia(whichareCatholicandWesternChristian);Russiaandthe"EasternSlavs"favorSerbia(whichis-liketherestoftheSlavicstates-Orthodox);andTurkeyandIranfavortheMuslimsofBosnia(whichareIslamic).Indeed,theBalkanshavebeenatinderboxofconflictforhundredsofyearspreciselybecausetheylieattheconvergenceofthreemajorcivilizations(orreligions)andthecultureswhichthesereligionsundergird:WesternChristianity(Slovenia,Croatia,etc.);OrthodoxChristianity(Serbia,Bulgaria,Russia,etc.);andIslam(Turkey,Albania,etc.).Ithink,we'reinaNewAxialAge.TheideaofAxialAgewasproposedbyGermanphilosopherKarlJaspers(1883-1969),definedasaround500B.C.whengreatthinkersappearedalmostsimultaneousinAncientGreece,Israel,IndiaandChina,contributingtheiroriginalideastotheproblemsconcerningtheexistenceofhumanbeing.DistinctiveculturaltraditionswerethenformedrespectivelybySocratesandPlatoinAncientGreece,Lai-ziandConfuciusinChina,SakyamuniinIndia,andJewishprophetsinIsrael,which,aftermorethantwothousandyearsofprogress,havebecometheprinciplepartofhumanintellectualwealth.Theselocalculturaltraditionswereindependentinbirth,withoutmutualinfluence."UntiltodaymankindhaslivedbywhathappenedduringtheAxialPeriod,bywhatwasthoughtandcreatedduringthatperiod.Ineachnewupwardflightitreturnsinrecollectiontothisperiodandisfiredanewbyit.EvensincethenithasbeenthecasethatrecollectionsandreawakeningsofthepotentialitiesoftheAxialPeriod-renaissances-affordaspiritualimpetus."Forexample,theEuropeansinRenaissancehadrecollectedtheoriginoftheirculture,AncientGreece,whichhadfiredanewtheEuropeancivilizationandleftitsmarkonglobalculture.Similarly,theSongandMingNeo-ConfucianisminChinawasstimulatedbytheimpactsofIndianBuddhism;theConfucianthinkers,by"recollecting"ConfuciusandMenciusinpre-QingPeriod,hadpromotedtheingeniousChinesephilosophytoanewheight.Inacertainsense,thecontemporaryprogressofglobalculturesmightbeanewleaponthebasisofAxialAge.Hasthecontemporaryhumanculturecreated,orwillcreate,aNewAxialAgethen?--Judgedfromcertainevidences,itmightbe.IfChineseculturehopestocontributetothe"coexistenceofcivilizations"incontemporaryhumansociety,itmustneedstoknowitself,whichmeansaculturalself-consciousness.Theso-called"culturalself-consciousness"istheseriousself-reflectionbycertainpeopleincertainculturaltraditionontheirownculture'sorigin,itshistoryofformation,itscharacters(includingbothadvantagesanddisadvantages)anditstendencyofprogress.TherenewalofChinesenationisontheeve.Toachievethisgoal,wemusthaveaself-knowledgeaboutChineseculture,posititonaproperplace,andsearchwithenthusiasmthegenuinespiritofthisculturewithalonghistory,inordertopresentitsessencetomodernhumansociety.Besides,wemustreflectthedisadvantagesofourcultureaswell,tobettertheabsorptionsofothercultures'essences,andtore-interpretitinamodernwayadaptingtothegeneraltendencyofprogressofmodernsociety.Onlyafterthisretrospectivereflectioncouldourcountrymarchasvanguardintheprogressofglobalculture,andcreateabravenewworldtogetherwithothercultures.ConfucianismandTaoismwereprincipleschoolsofthinkingintraditionalChineseculture,usuallyregardedasmutualcomplementary-ofcourse,afterIndianBuddhismwasintroducedintoChina,italsoplayedanimportantroleinChinesesocietyandculture.NowI'dliketodiscusswhethertheConfucianandTaoistthinkingcouldprovidemeaningfulsourcesforthedoctrineof"coexistenceofcivilizations".(1)TheConfuciandoctrineofRen(仁:benevolence,virtue)isaresourceofthinkingwithpositivemeaningforthe"coexistenceofcivilizations"."TheWayoriginatesinEmotion"(道始于情),asprescribedin"DestinyistheresourceofHumannature"(性自命出),manuscriptinGuodianBambooSlips(《郭店竹简》)."TheWay"heremeans"theWayofHuman"(人道),i.e.theprinciplesindealingwithhuman(orinantherword,social)relationships,whichisdifferentfrom"theWayofHeaven"(天道),i.e.thelawsofnatureorofuniverse.Humanrelationshipsareestablishedonthebasisofemotion,whichisthestartingpointofConfuciandoctrineofRen.OnceadisciplenamedFanChiaskedConfucius:"WhatisRen?"Th