考研英语阅读模拟175

［模拟］考研英语阅读模拟175

多项选择

Modernmankindcanneverreturntothewayoflifethatcharacterized

mostofhumanevolution.Settledagricultureand,toanevengreater

extent,urbanlivinghaveirrevocablyalterednatural,finelytuned

patternsofhumanreproduction.Newsocialandartificialrestraintson

fertilitymustreplacehighinfantmortalitiesandtheinvisiblebut

importantphysiologicalcontrolsthatoncelimitedfamilysize.The

variablesthatencouragesmallfamiliesarestillnotfullyunderstood,

buttheyincludeurbanization,educationalandemploymentopportunities

forwomen,andeasyaccesstofamilyplanningservices.Inatraditional

agriculturalsocietychildrenbringhopeofeconomicrewardstotheir

parentsatanearlystagebysharingintheworkthatisnecessaryto

supportthefamily,whereasinmodernindustrialsocietiesthecareand

educatingofchildrenrepresentlongyearsofheavyexpenditurebythe

parents.Thisswitchinthecostofchildrenmaybethemostimportant

factordeterminingtheadoptionoffamilyplanning.

Westernsocietiestookmorethanacenturytoreachzero

populationgrowthandadjusttotherapidexpansionofpopulationthat

accompaniedtheirindustrialization.Mostofthechangesthat

occurredinpatternsoffamilyplanningtookplacebeforepublic

familyserviceswereestablishedandatconsiderableemotionaland

physicalcoststomanycouples.Bycontrast,themajorityofthe

governmentsofcontemporaryThirdWorldcountrieshaveestablished

nationalfamilyplanningpoliciesandactivelyencouragetheuseofpublic

familyservices.TheWorldFertilitySurveyshowsthatmorecouplesin

developingcountriesdesiresmallfamiliesthanactuallyachievetheir

goals.

Thesignificanceofthechoicesfacingpolicymakersand

individualfamiliescanbeillustratedbyreferencetotrendsinfamily

planninginthePeople'sRepublicofChina.Foragenerationafterthe

Revolutionof1949nationalleadersmaintainedthataCommunisteconomy

couldaccommodateanyrateofpopulationgrowth,andfamilyplanning

services,whileavailable,werenotemphasized.Asaresultoftherapid

populationgrowthinthe1950sand'60s,however,thenumberofmarriages

inChinaexceedsby10,000,000eachyearthenumberoffertile

partnershipsbrokenbydeathorbytheonsetofthewomanJsmenopause.

Inordertotrytostabilizethepopulation,theChinesegovernmenthas

recommendedthat50percentofruralcouplesand80percentofurban

coupleshaveonlyonechild.Theapplicationofthistypeofpolicycan

haveanironiceffectonindividualwomen：olderwomenbelongtoa

i

generationthatcouldnotalwaysobtainbirthcontrolservices,and

youngerwomenmaybeencouragedor,insomecases,evenforcedtoabort

pregnanciestheywouldliketokeep.

Althoughconsensushasnotbeenreachedontherangeofbirth

controlmethodssocietyshouldoffertoindividualmembers,therightof

couplestodeterminethenumberandspacingoftheirchildrenisalmost

universally(endorsed),whilethepossibilityofcoercivefamilyplanning

isalmostaswidelycondemned.Throughouttheworld,awarenessofthe

advantagesanddisadvantagesofspecificmethodsofbirthcontrol,

thoughtfuljudgmentsaboutethics,andfurtherevolutioninmedicaland

scientificknowledgewillcontinuetobeimportanttothewelfareofthe

family,ofindividualnations,andoftheentire

globe.［526words］

第1题：

bestrepresent(s)thewayoflifethatcharacterizedmostofhuman

evolution.

A.Settledagriculture

B.Urbanliving

C.Naturalpatternsofhumanreproduction

D.Rapidexpansionofpopulation

参考答案：c

答案解析：

［注释］参看第一段第二句："Settledagriculture...have

irrevocably...alterednatural...patternsofhumanreproduction.“可以

判断出来，第一句中的“thewayoflifethatcharacterizedmostofhuman

v

evolution指的是“natural.・・patternsofhumanreproduction”o

第2题：

Inmodernindustrialsocieties,contributesmosttotheadoption

offamilyplanning.

A.easyaccesstofamilyplanningservices

B.thetremendousincreaseinthecostofchildrearing

C.hopeofeconomicrewards

D.thecareandeducatingofchildren

参考答案：B

答案解析：

［注释］由第一段的最后一句"Thisswitchinthecostofchildrenmaybe

themostimportantfactordeterminingtheadoptionoffamilyplanning.”

2

可矢口选项B.thetremendousincreaseinthecostofchildrearing对采取

计划生育措施起的作用最大。

第3题：

InthePeople'sRepublicofChina,.

A.thenumberofnewly-marriedcoupleseachyearisnolessthan10

millions

B.thenumberoffertilepartnershipseachyearishalfthatof

marriages

C.familyplanningserviceshavealwaysbeenemphasized

D.familyplanningserviceswerenotemphasizeduntilearly1970s

参考答案：D

答案解析：

［注释］第三段第四行"Asaresultoftherapidpopulationgrowthinthe

1950sand'60s,•・.”含有中国在五、六十年代没有重视计划生育的意思，隐含

“到七十年代中国才开始重视计划生育”，所以应选选项“D.Familyplanning

serviceswerenotemphasizeduntil1970s”。

第4题：

Theunderlinedword“endorsed“inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans

A.approved

B.coerced

C.condemned

D.enforced

参考答案：D

答案解析：

［注释］由划线词“endorsed”所在句中的让步状语从句uAlthoughconsensus

hasnotbeenreachedontherangeofbirthcontrolmethodssocietyshould

offertoindividualmembers,...［虽然对于社会向个人提供的计划生育措

施应该达到多大范围尚未取得一致意见］，可以推知主句"therightofcouples

todeterminethenumberandspacingoftheirchildrenisalmost

universallyendorsedv的意思应为：“夫妇双方有权决定生育子女的个数及间

隔的时间是天经地义的"。所以，“endorsed”的意思应为："approved"。所

以，选项D应为答案。

Muchcontemporarygrowththeorycanbeviewedasanattempttodevelop

atheoreticalmodelthatwouldbringtherateofgrowthofdemandandthe

rateofgrowthofsupplyintoline,sinceamodelimplyingthatcapitalist

systemsareinherentlyunstablewouldnotcorrespondtothehistorical

facts.Modelsofgrowthmaybeclassifiedaccordingtowhetherthey

emphasizeadjustmentsindemand(supply-determinedmodels)oradjustments

3

insupply(demand-determinedmodels).Oneofthebetter-knownexamples

ofthesupply-determinedmodelwasdevelopedbytheBritisheconomistJ.

R.Hicks.Hicksassumedthatthespendingpropensitiesofconsumersand

investorsweresuchastocausedemandtogrowatarateinexcessofthe

rateofgrowthofmaximumoutput.Thisassumptionmeantthatduringany

“boom"theeconomywouldeventuallyrunintoa“ceiling”that,whilealso

movingupward,wasmovinglessrapidlythandemand.Thelong-runrateof

growthoftheeconomywouldbedeterminedbytherateof(ascent)ofthe

ceiling,whichinturnwoulddependuponsupplyfactorssuchastherate

ofgrowthofthelabourforceandtherateofgrowthoftechnicalprogress

orproductivity.Ifforsomereasontheseweretogrowmorerapidly,

thenoutputwouldalsogrowmorerapidlyasdemandadjustedupwardtothe

morerapidgrowthofsupply.

Anexampleofademand-determinedmodelofgrowthisone

developedbytheAmericaneconomistJ.S.Duesenberry.IntheDuesenberry

model,spendingpropensitiesofconsumersandinvestorsaresuchasto

generatesteadygrowthindemand.Assumethatinsteadofspending

nine-tenthsofanychangeinincomeonconsumergoods,asinthemultiplier

exampleabove,theychoosetospend0.95.Thisincreasewillcausethe

rateofgrowthofdemandtoincrease.Thequestioniswhetheritwillalso

causetherateofgrowthofproductiontoincreaseorwhetheritwill

merelyresultinpriceincreases.Ifproductivityortechnicalprogress

respondstoahigherrateofgrowthofdemand,asDuesenberryassumes,

thenproductioncangrowmorerapidly.AlthoughinboththeHicksand

Duesenberrymodelsdemandandsupplygrowatthesamerate,theadjustment

mechanismsareentirelydifferent.IntheDuesenberrymodelsupply

adjuststodemand；intheHicksmodeldemandadjuststosupply.

Othermodelsofgrowthalsoillustratethisdistinctionbetween

demand-determinedandsupply-determinedgrowth.TheBritisheconomistN.

Kaldorassumedthatthereisamechanismatworkgeneratingfull

employment.Simplystated,inhismodelaninadequaterateofinvestment

willbeoffsetbyshiftsinthedistributionofincomebetweenprofits

andwages,whichwillcauseconsumptiontochangeinacompensatingmanner

sothatoveralldemandisunchanged.Whilethereareimportantdifferences

betweentheHicksandKaldormodels,bothcanbedescribedasmodelsof

supply-determinedgrowth.

[469words]

□

第5题：

Accordingtothispassage,theHicksmodel.

4

A.impliedthatcapitalistsystemsareinherentlyunstable

B.failstobringintolinetherateofgrowthofdemandandtherate

ofgrowthofsupply

C.assumesthatsupplyadjuststodemand

D.emphasizestheadjustmentindemand

参考答案：D

答案解析：

［注释］由第一段第六行可知:theHicksmodel是supply-determinedmodel

的一个著名例证。而由该段第四行的.whethertheyemphasizeadjustments

indemand(supply-determinedmodels)or...”可矢口supply-determined

model"往往重视"adjustmentsindemand"。从第一段最后一句话中的"asdemand

adjustedupwardtothemorerapidgrowthofsupply”,也可以印证这一点。

第6题：

Theunderlinedword"ascent”inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans

A.acceleration

B.transformation

C.upwardmovement

D.downwardmovement

参考答案：C

答案解析：

［注释］由.runintoa'ceiling'that,whilealsomovingupward,・・.”

可知"ceiling”在向上运动。所以，此处的uascentofceiling”中的“ascend”

意为“upwardmovement。

第7题：

Accordingtothispassage,theDuesenberrymodel.

A.impliesthatcapitalistsocietiesareinherentlystable

B.succeededinbringingtherateofgrowthofdemandandtherateof

growthofsupplyintoline

C.assumesthatsupplyadjuststodemand

D.assumesthatdemandadjuststosupply

参考答案：C

答案解析：

［注释］由第二段倒数第五行"Ifproductivityortechnicalprogress

respondstoahigherrateofgrowthofdemand,asDuesenberryassumes,

thenproductioncangrowmorerapidly.”可矢口^productivity,productionv

即supply随demand增长。

第8题:

5

Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.BoththeHicksandDuesenberrymodelsassumethesameadjustment

mechanisms.

B.BoththeHicksandDuesenberrymodelsassumethatdemandandsupply

growatthesamerate.

C.BoththeHicksandKaldormodelsattempttokeepoveralldemand

unchanged.

D.BoththeHicksandKaldormodelsattempttokeeptherateofgrowth

ofdemandalwaysbelowthatofsupply.

参考答案：B

答案解析：

［注释］由第二段倒数第四行"AlthoughinboththeHicksandDuesenberry

modelsdemandandsupplygrowatthesamerate,...”可矢口选项B正确。

Intelligencetestscoresfollowanapproximately(normal

distribution)，meaningthatmostpeoplescorenearthemiddleofthe

distributionofscoresandthatscoresdropofffairlyrapidlyin

frequencyasonemovesineitherdirectionfromthecentre.Forexample,

ontheIQscale,abouttwooutofthreescoresfallbetweenIQsof85and

115,andabout19outof20scoresfallbetween70and130,Putanother

way,onlyoneoutof20scoresdiffersfromtheaverageIQ(100)bymore

than30points.

IthasbeencommontoassociatecertainlevelsofIQwithlabels.

Forexample,attheupperend,thelabel“gifted”issometimesassigned

topeoplewithIQsoveracertainpoint,suchas130.Andatthelower

end,mentalretardationhasbeenclassifiedintodifferentdegrees

dependinguponIQ,sothat,forexample,IQsof70-84havebeenclassified

asborderlineretarded,IQsof55-69asmildlyretarded,IQsof40-54as

moderatelyretarded,IQsof25-39asseverelyretarded,andIQsbelow25

asprofoundlyretarded.Labelingschemeslikethese,however,have

pitfallsandareinsomewaysdangerous.

First,thelabelsassumethatconventionalintelligencetests

providesufficientinformationtoclassifysomeoneaseithergifted,

ontheonehand,ormentallyretarded,ontheother.Butmostauthorities

wouldagreethatthisassumptionisalmostcertainlyfalse.Conventional

intelligencetestsareusefulinprovidinginformationaboutsomepeople

someofthetime,buttheinformationtheyprovideisaboutafairlynarrow

rangeofabilities.Tolabelsomeoneasmentallyretardedsolelyonthe

basisofasingletestscoreistoriskdoingapotentiallygreat

disserviceandinjusticetothatperson.Mostpsychologistsandother

authoritiesrecognizethatsocialaswellasstrictlyintellectualskills

areimportantinclassifyingapersonasretarded.Ifapersonadaptswell

totheenvironment,thenitseemsinappropriatetorefertothatperson

6

asmentallyretarded,atermwithinescapablypejorativeconnotations.

Second,giftednessisgenerallyrecognizedasmorethanjust

adegreeofintelligence,evenbroadlydefined.Mostpsychologistswho

havestudiedgiftedpersonsagreethatavarietyofaspectsmakeup

giftedness.HowardE：Gruber,theSwisspsychologist,believesthat

giftednessunfoldsoverthecourseofalifetimeandinvolvesachievement

atleastasmuchasintelligence.Giftedpeople,hecontends,havelife

plansthattheyseektorealize,andtheseplansdevelopoverthecourse

ofmanyyears.Tomeasuregiftednessmerelyintermsofasingletestscore

wouldbe,forGruber,atrivializationoftheconcept.

Third,agiventestscorecanmeandifferentthingstodifferent

people.AnIQscoreforapersonwhohasgrownupinaghettohomeand

gonetoaninadequateschooldoesnothavethesamemeaningasthesame

IQscoreforsomeonewhohasgrownupinanupper-middle-classsuburban

environmentandgonetoawell-endowedschool.AnIQscorealsodoesnot

meanthesamethingforapersonwhosefirstlanguageisnotEnglishbut

whotakesatestinEnglish,asitdoesforanativeEnglish-speaker.

Anotherfactoristhatsomepeopleare"test-anxious“andmaydopoorly

onalmostanystandardizedtest.Basedontheseandsimilardrawbacks,

ithascometobebelievedgenerallythatscoreshavetobeinterpreted

carefullyonanindividualbasis.

PsychologistsnowbelievethatIQrepresentsonlyapartof

intelligence,andintelligenceisonlyonefactorinbothretardationand

giftedness.Earlierrigidconceptsinthefieldofintelligence

measurement,whichledtolabeling,havehadundesirableeffects.The

growthofamorerecentconcept,themalleabilityofintelligence,has

alsoservedtodiscreditlabeling.

[624words]

a

第9题:

Theunderlinedexpression“normaldistributionninthefirstsentenceof

thispassagemostprobablymeans.

A.ordinarystatistics

B.probabilitycurve

C.probabilitytheory

D.expectedscattering

参考答案：B

答案解析：

［注释］“statistics”以及选项C中的“theory”都与题目中所问的

7

“distribution”意思不一致。选项D中的“expected"（预期的）,侧重在“人

们所期望的”；与题目中所问的“normal”（正态的）意思不一致。由第一段对

unormaldistribution”的描述可知，答案应为选项B.probabilitycurve0

第10题:

Theauthorbelievesthatconventionalintelligencetestscanprovide

A.sufficientinformationtomeasurethelevelofanindividuaTs

intelligence

B.sufficientinformationtoclassifyanindividualaseithergifted

ormentallyretarded

C.someusefulinformationtomeasuresomeaspectsofaperson，s

intelligence

D.someusefulinformationtojudgeanindividual'sabilitytoadapt

totheenvironment

参考答案：C

答案解析：

［注释］由第三段前三句话可知，作者并不认为"conventionalintelligence

tests”提供了^sufficientinformation...v,所以,选项A和B不正确。由

第三段最后一句"Ifapersonadaptswelltotheenvironment,thenitseems

inappropriatetorefertothatpersonasmentallyretarded,atermwith

inescapablypejorativeconnotations.可知:根据“aperson'sabilityto

adapttotheenvironment”可以判断这个人是否“retarded"。此处并没有说，

"conventionalintelligencetests”为判断其适应环境的能力提供信息。由

该段第三句uConventionalintelligencetestsareusefulinproviding

informationaboutsomepeoplesomeofthetime,buttheinformationthey

provideisaboutafairlynarrowrangeofabilities.“口J知，选项C应为

答案。

第11题：

Ithascometobebelievedgenerallythat.

A.anindividualwithahighIQscoreiscertainlygifted

B.anindividualwithalowIQscoremustbementallyretarded

C.anindividualwithahighIQscoremaybenolessmentallyretarded

thanonewithalowIQscore

D.IQscoresareinfluencedbyvariousfactors

参考答案：D

答案解析：

［注释］“certainly”所表达的程度与原文的意思不符。选项B中的，ustbe”

与原文的意思不一'致。选项C.anindividualwithahighIQmaybenoless

mentallyretardedthanonewithalowIQscore.（智商高的人和智商低的

人一样头脑迟钝。）与原文的意思不符。由倒数第二段第一句中的“giventest

8

scorecanmeandifferentthingstodifferentpeople”以及该段的分析,

可知选项D.IQscoresareinfluencedbyvariousfactors.应为答案。

第12题：

Thepropertitleforthispassageshouldbe______.

A.IntelligenceTestScores

B.TheDistributionofIQScores

C.TheAssociationofIQScoreswithLabels

D.TheUndesirableEffectsofIntelligenceMeasurement

参考答案：B

答案解析：

［注释］本文全文围绕“智力测验成绩的正态分布”这个主题展开了论述。选项

B.TheDistributionofIQScores与全文的论述范围一致，应是答案。选项

A.IntelligenceScores超出了本文论述的范围。选项C.TheAssociationof

IQScoreswithLabels仅涉及到本文第二段论述的内容，没有囊括全文的意思。

选项D所说的“智力测验引起的问题”，虽然在文章最后提到了，但只是文章的

枝节意思而已。

Somepoliticalpressurescanhavenegativeeffectsonthegrowthof

knowledge,whileotherscanhavepositiveeffects.Examplesofsome

positiveeffectsofotherpoliticalmovementsonsciencearetheroles

playedbytheenvironmentalmovements,AIDSactivism,therace-basedcivil

rightsmovement,and,mostrecently,thenutritionandanti-smoking

movements.Attention,also,toissuesthatconcernwomen，smovementscan

enhanceourunderstandingofthephilosophicalandsocialaspectsof

scienceandtechnology.

Considertwochangesinthetraditionalphilosophyofscience

towhichwomen，smovementshavecontributed.Thefirsthastodowiththe

assumptionofneutralityintheresearchprocess.Ismaximizingthe

objectivityofresearchalwaysadvancedbymaximizingthesocial

neutralityofresearchprocesses?Theneutralityidealismaximally

effectivewhenitisinvokedincontextswheresocialbeliefsdifferamong

membersofthescientificcommunity.Buthowisitusefulindetecting

socialassumptionssharedbyanentirescientificcommunity-womenand

menalike—suchasassumptionsaboutwomen'sbiologicalinferiority?In

suchcasesittakespoliticalinvolvementtomovescientificinstitutions

toquestionprevailingassumptions.Moreover,theneutralityidealcannot

recognizeorprovideresourcesfordistinguishingbetweensocialor

politicalassumptionsthattendtoobstructthegrowthofknowledgeand

thosethatcouldadvanceit.Weneed“strongobjectivitytodetectthe

mostfoundationalassumptionsthatshapeourownbeliefsystems.

Inarelatedway,attentiontowomen，sconcernshashelpedto

revealthevalueofcognitivediversityinthescientificprocess.Just

9

asbiodiversityisinvaluableforhumanwell-being,so,too,iscognitive

diversity.Fewanylongerquestionwomen，sabilitytoapplythescientific

methodortoorganizecomplexresearchprojects,eveniftheydosometimes

approachtheirworkinwayslessfavoredbytheirmalecolleagues.The

humanintellectualrepertoireconsistsofmanystylesandmanywaysof

organizingtheproductionofknowledge.Thereexistsnojustifiable

scientificorphilosophicreasontorestrictthemtothesmallnumbers

thathavebeenfavoredatparticulartimesandplaces.“The"scientific

methodcanbeenhancedbyourappreciationofthewealthofintellectual

resourcestobegainedbyvaluingandpromotingcognitivediversity.

“Women's"issuesmattertowomeninscienceandtechnology

fields,andinsocietyatlarge.Ihavesuggestedhowtheyalsomatter

tothesciencesassuch,inwaysperhapsinitiallyunexpected.The

resourcesthatwomen7sissuesmakeavailabletothescienceshavenotbeen

fullyrealized.Toooftenwomen，sinterestsinanddesiresforknowledge

arecompromisedtosatisfycompetingeconomicorpoliticalagendas.Often

theyarewatereddownorcooptedandthebusinessofscienceandtechnology

institutionscontinueswithlittlechange.Moreover,aslongaspoverty,

racism,environmentaldestruction,andglobalinjusticesprevail,women,

aswellasmen,willnotrealizethefullbenefitsofscienceandtechnology.

Wecanatleasthopethatthegainsmadeininstitutionalpracticesand

inthegrowthofknowledgeduringthelastthreedecades-theresultof

positiveinteractionbetweenwomen，smovementsandscientificand

technologicalinstitutions-willpersist.

[509words]

第13题:

Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorprimarilyintendstotellusthe.

A.rolesplayedbysomepoliticalmovementsinscience

B.positiveeffectsofwomen，smovementsonscience

C.negativeeffectsofsomepoliticalmovementsonscience

D.positiveeffectsofsomepoliticalmovementsonscience

参考答案：B

答案解析：

［注释］第一段共三句。前两句指出某些政治活动对科学可能产生积极作用。第

三句特别指出，对妇女运动的关注也会有益于理解科学。联想到本文后三段主要

谈的是：关注妇女问题在科技领域带来的好处，因此，第一段的重点是第三句。

所以，选项B正确，应为答案。

10

第14题：

Intheauthor，sopinion,thesocialneutralityofresearchprocesses

A.isthemostfundamentalassumption

B.tendstobeineffective

C.sometimesenhancestheobjectivityofresearch

D.hasnotbeenjustified

参考答案：C

答案解析：

［注释］第二段第4行“Theneutralityidealismaximallyeffectivewhen

itisinvokedincontextswheresocialbeliefsdifferamongmembersof

thescientificcommunity.隐含有“科研过程的中立立场有时对研究的客观

性很有益处”这样的意思。所以，选项C应为答案。

第15题：

Wecanlearnfromthispassagethat.

A.biodiversityisofnovalueatall

B.cognitivediversityisofnovalueatall

C.cognitivediversityisasvaluelessasbiodiversity

D.cognitivediversityisofgreatvaluetoscience

参考答案：D

答案解析：

［注释］由第三段第2行“Justasbiodiversityisinvaluableforhuman

well-being,so,too,iscognitivediversity."可知,“人认知的差异性和

人的生物差异性一样，都极其宝贵。”由第三段最后一句"‘The'scientific

methodcanbeenhancedbyourappreciationofthewealthofintellectual

resourcestobegainedbyvaluingandpromotingcognitivediversity.”

可知，重视人认知的差异性有益于改进科学研究方法。所以，选项D正确，应为

答案。

第16题：

Thispassageismainlyabout.

A.attentiontowomen，sissues

B.intellectualresources

C.thebenefitsofscienceandtechnology

D.women?sinterestsinanddesireforknowledge

参考答案：A

答案解析：

［注释］本文共四段。第一段重点指出：对妇女运动的关注也会有益于理解科学。

后三段详细分析了关注妇女运动方面的问题在科技领域带来的各种好处。所以，

选项A正确，应为答案。

11

TheAmericanFederationofLaborwasfoundedin1886.Itsfirst

president,SamuelGompers,heldthatposition,exceptforoneyear,until

hisdeath38yearslater.Underhisleadership,theorganizationgrewfrom

ahandfulofstrugglinglaborunionstobecomethedominantorganization

withintheLaborMovementintheUnitedStatesandCanada.

Line(5)GomperswasborninLondonin1850,learnedcigarmaking,

andemigratedwithhisfamilytoNewYorkin1863.Lifewasdifficultin

thecrowdedslumsofNewYork.Therewereafewrelativelylargecigar

makingshops,perhapswithasmanyas75employees；butmuchofthework

wasdoneinathousandormoresweatshops,oftenthesamecrowded

apartmentswheretheworkerslived.Thousandsoflittlechildrenworked

inNewYorksweatshopsandfactories,astheyhelped

Line(10)theirparentsekeoutaliving.

In1881GomperswassentasthedelegateoftheCigarMakers

toaconferenceofvariousunions,whichcreatedalooseconfederation,

tobecalledtheFederationofOrganizedTradesandLaborCouncils.

AlthoughwithoutthetitleofPresident,asheadofthelegislative

committee,Gompersbecameitsleader,practicallyspeaking；althoughthe

organizationwasstructurallyweakand

Line(15)ine