2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语一》真题及解析

2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语一》真题及解析材料题根据下列材料，回答问1-20题 Theideathatplantshavesomedegreeofconsciousnessfir（江南博哥）sttookrootintheearly2000s;theterm“plantneurobiology”was 1 aroundthenotionthatsomeaspectsofplantbehaviorcouldbe 2 tointelligenceinanimals. 3 plantslackbrains,thefiringofelectricalsignalsintheirstemsandleavesnonethelesstriggeredresponsesthat 4 consciousness,researcherspreviouslyreported. Butsuchanideaisuntrue,accordingtoanewopinionarticle.Plantbiologyiscomplexandfascinating,butit 5 sogreatlyfromthatofanimalsthatso-called 6 ofplants’intelligenceisinconclusive,theauthorswrote. Beginningin2006,somescientistshave 7 thatplantspossessneuron—likecellsthatinteractwithhormonesandneurotransmitters, 8 “aplantnervoussystem, 9 tothatinanimals,”saidleadstudyauthorLincolnTaiz,“They 10 claimedthatplantshave‘brain-likecommandcenters’attheirroottips.” This 11 makessenseifyousimplifytheworkingsofacomplexbrain, 12 ittoanarrayofelectricalpulses;cellsinplantsalsocommunicatethroughelectricalsignals. 13 ,thesignalinginaplantisonly 14 similartothefiringinacomplexanimalbrain,whichismorethan“amassofcellsthatcommunicatebyelectricity,”Taizsaid. “Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrainwithathreshold 15 ofcomplexityandcapacityisrequired,”he 16 .“Sinceplantsdon’thavenervoussystems,the 17 thattheyhaveconsciousnessareeffectivelyzero.” Andwhat’ssogreataboutconsciousness,anyway?Plantscan’trunawayfrom 18 ,soinvestingenergyinabodysystemwhich 19 athreatandcanfeelpainwouldbeavery 20 evolutionarystrategy,accordingtothearticle.查看材料1.【完形填空】第1题答案是A.coinedB.discoveredC.collectedD.issued正确答案：A参考解析：翻译：“植物神经生物学”一词是围绕着植物行为的某些方面可以与动物的智力(2)相比较的概念而(1)创造出来的。原文意思为“plantneurobiology”这个术语产生于一个概念(notion)，that后面的部位是同位语从句，修饰notion，所以空格处应该是被产生、被创造，选项A正确。A:coin创造B:discover发现，找到C:collect获得，收集D:issue发布，发表查看材料2.【完形填空】第2题答案是A.attributedB.directedC.comparedD.confined正确答案：C参考解析：A:attribute把...归因于B:direct指向，指示C:compare比较D:confine

限制翻译：“植物神经生物学”一词是围绕着植物行为的某些方面可以与动物的智力(2)相比较的概念而(1)创造出来的。将A选项代入，植物的某些行为归因于动物的智力，错误。B选项，植物的某些行为可以指向动物的智力，错误。D代入，植物行为的某些行为可能只局限于动物的智力。错误。C选项，植物的某些行为可以与动物的智力行为相比较。C正确。查看材料3.【完形填空】第3题答案是A.unlessB.whenC.onceD.though正确答案：D参考解析：A:unless除非B:when当.....C:once曾经；一...就...D:though尽管翻译：研究人员此前曾报道称，(3)尽管植物缺乏大脑，但它们的茎和叶子中发出的电信号却引发了(4)暗示其意识的反应。尽管植物没有大脑，但是它还有电信号的反应，前后两句有转折，D正确。查看材料4.【完形填空】第4题答案是A.copedwithB.consistedofC.hintedatD.extended正确答案：C参考解析：A:copewith解决，处理B:consistof由...构成C:hintat暗指D:extend延伸翻译：研究人员此前曾报道称，(3)尽管植物缺乏大脑，但它们的茎和叶子中发出的电信号却引发了(4)暗示其意识的反应。选项C符合题意。查看材料5.【完形填空】第5题答案是A.suffersB.benefitsC.developsD.differs正确答案：D参考解析：A:suffer忍受B:benefit好处C:develop

发展D:differ有区别翻译：作者写道，植物生物学既复杂又迷人，但它与动物生物学有着巨大的(5)不同，以至于所谓的植物智力的(6)证据是没有说服力的。differ(...)from...与...不同，固定搭配，D正确。查看材料6.【完形填空】第6题答案是A.acceptanceB.evidenceC.cultivationD.creation正确答案：B参考解析：A:acceptance接受B:evidence证据C:cultivation培养D:creation创造翻译：作者写道，植物生物学既复杂又迷人，但它与动物生物学有着巨大的(5)不同，以至于所谓的植物智力的(6)证据是没有说服力的。查看材料7.【完形填空】第7题答案是A.doubtedB.deniedC.arguedD.requested正确答案：C参考解析：A:doubt怀疑B:deny否认C:argue主张，认为D:request要求本段大意为：从2006年开始，一些科学家(7)认为植物具有类似神经元的细胞，可以与激素和神经递质相互作用，(8)形成“植物神经系统，”主要研究作者林肯·塔伊兹说，“他们甚至声称植物的根尖有‘(9)类似大脑的命令中心’。”查看材料8.【完形填空】第8题答案是A.adaptingB.formingC.repairingD.testing正确答案：B参考解析：A:adapt适应，适合B:form形成，构成C:repair修理，修补D:test测试翻译：从2006年开始，一些科学家(7)认为植物具有类似神经元的细胞，可以与激素和神经递质相互作用，(8)形成“植物神经系统，”主要研究作者林肯·塔伊兹说，“他们甚至声称植物的根尖有‘(9)类似大脑的命令中心’。”这里填写一个动名词，根据题意，这些类似于神经元的细胞构成了一个植物神经系统。B正确。查看材料9.【完形填空】第9题答案是A.analogousB.essentialC.suitableD.sensitive正确答案：A参考解析：A:analogous类似的，相似的B:essential基本的，必不可少的C:suitable合适的，适当的D:sensitive敏感的翻译：从2006年开始，一些科学家(7)认为植物具有类似神经元的细胞，可以与激素和神经递质相互作用，(8)形成“植物神经系统，”主要研究作者林肯·塔伊兹说，“他们甚至声称植物的根尖有‘(9)类似大脑的命令中心’。”文章一直在用动物和植物做对比，代入analogousto（类似于），符合题意，A正确。查看材料10.【完形填空】第10题答案是A.justB.everC.stillD.even正确答案：D参考解析：A:just仅仅B:ever曾经C:still仍然D:even甚至本句大意：他们(10)甚至声称植物在根尖有一个动物大脑一样的指挥中心。空格处填写一个副词，根据上下文，第一句plantspossessneuron-likecellsthatinteractwithhormonesandneurotransmitters(植物拥有类似于神经元的细胞)，本段他们声称植物拥有动物大脑一样的指挥中心，两句话为递进关系，D正确。查看材料11.【完形填空】第11题答案是A.restrictionB.experimentC.perspectiveD.demand正确答案：C参考解析：A:restriction限定，限制B:experiment

经验，体验C:perspective看法，景色D:demand

要求，需要翻译：这个(11)看法合乎情理，如果你把复杂大脑的职能简化，将其(12)简化为一系列电脉冲；植物中的细胞也通过电信号进行交流。空格处填写一个名词，结合题意，应该是观点合乎情理，所以C选项正确。查看材料12.【完形填空】第12题答案是A.attachingB.reducingC.returningD.exposing正确答案：B参考解析：A:attach赋予，附加B:reduce减少，缩小C:return返回，回应D:expose揭发，暴露大意：这个(11)看法合乎情理，如果你把复杂大脑的职能简化，将其(12)简化为一系列电脉冲；植物中的细胞也通过电信号进行交流。查看材料13.【完形填空】第13题答案是A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.Otherwise正确答案：A参考解析：A:however然而B:moreover此外，而且C:therefore因此D:otherwise除此之外，否则大意：(13)然而，Taiz说，植物中的信号传递只是在(14)表面上与复杂的动物大脑中的信号传递相似，动物的细胞不仅仅是“大量通过电进行交流的细胞”。空格填写一个连词，体现两个句子之间的关系，根据植物与动物的对比，植物细胞是通过电信号交流的，但是动物细胞更复杂，所以前后两句表转折。A正确。查看材料14.【完形填空】第14题答案是A.temporarilyB.literallyC.superficiallyD.imaginarily正确答案：C参考解析：A:temporarily暂时地B:literally字面地，真正地C:superficially表面地，肤浅地D:imaginarily想象中地大意：(13)然而，Taiz说，植物中的信号传递只是在(14)表面上与复杂的动物大脑中的信号传递相似，动物的细胞不仅仅是“大量通过电进行交流的细胞”。根据前后文可知植物细胞跟动物细胞是不同的。查看材料15.【完形填空】第15题答案是A.listB.levelC.labelD.local正确答案：B参考解析：A:list清单B:level等级C:label标签D:local本地的大意：为了让意识能够不断进化，大脑需要有一定程度的复杂度，和一定的容量。大脑需要有一定的容量，容纳新的东西，也需要有一定程度的复杂度，大脑越进化，容量会越大，复杂程度会更高。查看材料16.【完形填空】第16题答案是A.recalledB.agreedC.questionedD.added正确答案：D参考解析：A:recall回忆，使想到B:agree同意，赞同C:question质疑D:add补充，增加前一句描述了为了使意识进化，大脑要具备一些能力，后一句，因为没有神经系统，所以它有意识的可能性几乎为零，后一句是对前一句的补充，D正确。查看材料17.【完形填空】第17题答案是A.chancesB.risksC.excusesD.assumptions正确答案：A参考解析：A:chance机会B:risk风险C:excuse借口D:assumption假定大意：因为植物没有神经系统，所以植物具有意识的(17)机会实际上为零。空格处填写一个名词，后面thattheyhaveconsciousness修饰这个名词，宾语为zero动词为are，所以根据题意，应该是植物拥有意识的概率、机会为零。A正确。查看材料18.【完形填空】第18题答案是A.dangerB.failureC.warningD.control正确答案：A参考解析：A:danger危险B:failure失败C:warning警告D:control控制大意：意识到底有什么好处呢？根据这篇文章提及，植物无法逃离(18)危险，所以将能量投入到一个能够(19)认识到威胁并能感到痛苦的身体系统上，将是一种非常(20)糟糕的进化策略。因为植物是不能移动的，A正确。查看材料19.【完形填空】第19题答案是A.representsB.includesC.revealsD.recognizes正确答案：D参考解析：A:represent代表，象征B:include包括C:reveal揭示，展示D:recognize认出，识别大意：意识到底有什么好处呢？根据这篇文章提及，植物无法逃离(18)危险，所以将能量投入到一个能够(19)认识到威胁并能感到痛苦的身体系统上，将是一种非常(20)糟糕的进化策略。此处应该是识别威胁，和感受疼痛，这也是神经系统的作用。C正确。查看材料20.【完形填空】第20题答案是A.humbleB.poorC.practicalD.easy正确答案：B参考解析：A:humble谦逊B:poor低劣的C:practical可行的、有用的D:easy简单的大意：意识到底有什么好处呢？根据这篇文章提及，植物无法逃离(18)危险，所以将能量投入到一个能够(19)认识到威胁并能感到痛苦的身体系统上，将是一种非常(20)糟糕的进化策略。因为植物不能移动，所以进化然后感受到疼痛和威胁，对植物来说，是一件吃力不讨好的事，所以这个进化策略是非常糟糕的。B正确。材料题根据以下材料，回答21-25题 Peopleoftencomplainthatplasticsaretoodurable.Waterbottles,shoppingbags,andothertrashlittertheplanet,fromMountEveresttotheMarianaTrench,becauseplasticsareeverywhereanddon’tbreakdowneasily.Butsomeplasticmaterialschangeovertime.Theycrackandfrizzle.They“weep”outadditives.Theymeltintosludge.Allofwhichcreateshugeheadachesforinstitutions,suchasmuseums,tryingtopreserveculturallyimportantobjects.Thevarietyofplasticobjectsatriskisdizzying:earlyradios,avant-gardesculptures,celluloidanimationstillsfromDisneyfilms,thefirstartificialheart. Certainartifactsareespeciallyvulnerablebecausesomepioneersinplasticartdidn’talwaysknowhowtomixingredientsproperly,saysTheavanOosten,apolymerchemistwho,untilretiringafewyearsago,workedfordecadesattheCulturalHeritageAgencyoftheNetherlands.“It’slikebakingacake:Ifyoudon’thaveexactamounts,itgoeswrong,”shesays.“Theobjectyoumakeisalreadyatimebomb.” Andsometimes,it’snottheartist’sfault.Inthe1960s,theItalianartistPicroGilardibegantocreatehundredsofbright,colorfulfoampieces.Thosepiecesincludedsmallbedsofrosesandotheritemsaswellasafewdozen“naturecarpets”—largerectanglesdecoratedwithfoampumpkins,cabbages,andwatermelons.Hewantedviewerstowalkaroundonthecarpets—whichmeanttheyhadtobedurable. Unfortunately,thepolyurethanefoamheusedisinherentlyunstable.It’sespeciallyvulnerabletolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilardi’spumpkins,roses,andotherfiguresweresplittingandcrumbling.Museumslockedsomeofthemawayinthedark.SovanOostenandhercolleaguesworkedtopreserveGilardi’ssculptures.Theyinfusedsomewithstabilizingandconsolidatingchemicals.VanOostencallsthosechemicals“sunscreens”becausetheirgoalwastopreventfurtherlightdamageandrebuildwornpolymerfibers.Sheisproudthatseveralsculptureshaveevengoneondisplayagain,albeitsometimesbeneathprotectivecases. DespitesuccessstorieslikevanOosten’s,preservationofplasticswilllikelygetharder.Oldobjectscontinuetodeteriorate.Worse,biodegradableplasticsdesignedtodisintegrate,areincreasinglycommon.Andmoreisatstakeherethanindividualobjects.JoanaLiaFerreira,anassistantprofessorofconservationandrestorationattheNOVASchoolofScienceandTechnology,notesthatarchaeologistsfirstdefinedthegreatmaterialagesofhumanhistory—StoneAge,IronAge,andsoon—afterexaminingartifactsinmuseums.Wenowliveinanageofplastic,shesays,“andwhatwedecidetocollecttoday,whatwedecidetopreserve...willhaveastrongimpactonhowinthefuturewe’llbeseen.”查看材料21.【阅读理解PartA】AccordingtoParagraph1,museumsarefacedwithdifficultiesin    .A.maintainingtheirplasticitemsB.obtainingdurableplasticartifactsC.handlingoutdatedplasticexhibitsD.classifyingtheirplasticcollections正确答案：A参考解析：定位至原文第一段第三句：Butsomeplasticmaterialschangeovertime.Theycrackandfrizzle.They“weep”outadditives.Theymeltintosludge.Allofwhichcreateshugeheadachesforinstitutions,suchasmuseums,tryingtopreserveculturallyimportantobjects.（但一些塑料材料会随着时间的推移而发生变化。它们裂开了，变形了，消耗掉了添加剂，融化成沉淀物。所有这些都给博物馆等试图保护重要文化物品的机构带来了巨大的麻烦。）所以博物馆所面临的的问题是如何维护塑料产品。A正确。查看材料22.【阅读理解PartA】VanOostenbelievesthatcertainplasticobjectsare    .A.immunetodecayB.improperlyshapedC.inherentlyflawedD.complexinstructure正确答案：B参考解析：定位至原文第二段第一句：Certainartifactsareespeciallyvulnerablebecausesomepioneersinplasticartdidn’talwaysknowhowtomixingredientsproperly.（某些文物尤其脆弱，因为一些塑料艺术的先驱并不总是知道如何正确地混合材料。）don’tknowhowtomixingredientsproperly与improperlyshaped同义。B正确。查看材料23.【阅读理解PartA】MuseumsstoppedexhibitingsomeofGilardi’sartworksto    .A.keepthemfromhurtingvisitorsB.duplicatethemforfuturedisplayC.havetheiringredientsanalyzedD.preventthemfromfurtherdamage正确答案：D参考解析：定位至原文第四段：Unfortunately,thepolyurethanefoamheusedisinherentlyunstable.It’sespeciallyvulnerabletolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilardi’spumpkins,roses,andotherfiguresweresplittingandcrumbling.Museumslockedsomeofthemawayinthedark.SovanOostenandhercolleaguesworkedtopreserveGilardi’ssculptures.（不幸的是，他使用的聚氨酯泡沫本身就不稳定。它特别容易受到光的损坏，到了20世纪90年代中期，吉拉尔迪的南瓜、玫瑰和其他雕像开始分裂和破碎。博物馆把其中一些锁了起来。因此，范·奥斯汀和她的同事们努力保护吉拉尔迪的雕塑。）所以博物馆不再展示Gilardi的艺术作品是为了保护它不再受到进一步的破坏，D正确。查看材料24.【阅读理解PartA】Theauthorthinksthatpreservationofplasticsis    .A.costlyB.unworthyC.unpopularD.challenging正确答案：D参考解析：定位至原文第五段前两句：DespitesuccessstorieslikevanOosten’s,preservationofplasticswilllikelygetharder.Oldobjectscontinuetodeteriorate.Worse,biodegradableplasticsdesignedtodisintegrate,areincreasinglycommon.（尽管有像范·奥斯汀这样的成功故事，但塑料的保存可能会变得更加困难。旧的物品继续损耗。更糟糕的是，可分解的生物可降解塑料越来越普遍。）由题意得，作者认为preservationofplasticsischallenging（有挑战的），D正确。查看材料25.【阅读理解PartA】InFerreira’sopinion,preservationofplasticartifacts    .A.willinspirefuturescientificresearchB.hasprofoundhistoricalsignificanceC.willhelpusseparatethematerialagesD.hasanimpactontoday’sculturallife正确答案：B参考解析：定位至原文最后一段的最后：Wenowliveinanageofplastic,shesays,“andwhatwedecidetocollecttoday,whatwedecidetopreserve...willhaveastrongimpactonhowinthefuturewe’llbeseen.”（她说，我们现在生活在一个充斥着塑料的时代，“我们今天决定收集什么，我们决定保存什么……这将对未来产生强烈的影响。”）haveastrongimpacton与profoundhistoricalsignificance同义。B正确背景材料材料题根据以下材料，回答26-30题 Asthelatestcropofstudentspentheirundergraduateapplicationformandweighuptheiroptions,itmaybeworthconsideringjusthowthepoint,purposeandvalueofadegreehaschangedandwhatGenerationZneedtoconsiderastheystartthethirdstageoftheireducationaljourney. Millennialsweretoldthatifyoudidwellinschool,gotadecentdegree,youwouldbesetupforlife.Butthatpromisehasbeenfoundwanting.Asdegreesbecameuniversal,theybecamedevalued.Educationwasnolongerasecurerouteofsocialmobility.Today,28percentofgraduatesintheUKareinnon-graduateroles,apercentagewhichisdoubletheaverageamongOECDcountries. Thisisnottosaythatthereisnopointingettingadegree,butratherstressthatadegreeisnotforeveryone,thattheswitchfromclassroomtolecturehallisnotaninevitableoneandthatotheroptionsareavailable. Thankfully,therearesignsthatthisisalreadyhappening,withGenerationZseekingtolearnfromtheirmillennialpredecessors,evenifparentsandteacherstendtobestillsetinthedegreemindset.Employershavelongseentheadvantagesofhiringschoolleaverswhooftenprovethemselvestobemorecommittedandloyalemployeesthangraduates.Manytooareseeingtheadvantagesofscrappingadegreerequirementforcertainroles. Forthoseforwhomadegreeisthedesiredroute,considerthatthismaywellbethefirstofmany.Inthisageofgeneralists,itpaystohavespecificknowledgeorskills.Postgraduatesnowearn40percentmorethangraduates.Whenmoreandmoreofushaveadegree,itmakessensetohavetwo. ItisunlikelythatGenerationZwillbedonewitheducationat18or21;theywillneedtobeconstantlyup-skillingthroughouttheircareertostayemployable.Ithasbeenestimatedthatthisgeneration,duetothepressuresoftechnology,thewishforpersonalfulfilmentanddesirefordiversity,willworkfor17differentemployersoverthecourseoftheirworkinglifeandhavefivedifferentcareers.Education,andnotjustknowledgegainedoncampus,willbeacorepartofGenerationZ’scareertrajectory. Oldergenerationsoftentalkabouttheirdegreeinthepresentandpersonaltense:‘Iamageographer’or‘Iamaclassist’.Theirsonsordaughterswouldneversaysuchathing;it’sasiftheyalreadyknowthattheirdegreewon’tdefinetheminthesameway.查看材料26.【阅读理解PartA】theauthorsuggeststhatGenerationZshould    .A.becarefulinchoosingacollegeB.bediligentateacheducationalstageC.reassessthenecessityofcollegeeducationD.postponetheirundergraduateapplication正确答案：C参考解析：定位至原文第一段：Asthelatestcropofstudentspentheirundergraduateapplicationformandweighuptheiroptions,itmaybeworthconsideringjusthowthepoint,purposeandvalueofadegreehaschangedandwhatGenerationZneedtoconsiderastheystartthethirdstageoftheireducationaljourney.（当最新一批学生填写本科申请表并权衡他们的选择时，或许值得思考的是学位的意义、目的和价值发生了怎样的变化，以及Z世代在开启他们教育旅程的第三阶段时需要考虑什么）generationZ需要重新评估大学学习的重要性，C正确。查看材料27.【阅读理解PartA】ThepercentageofUKgraduatesinnon-graduaterolesreflect    .A.Millennial’sopinionsaboutworkB.theshrinkingvalueofadegreeC.publicdiscontentwitheducationD.thedesiredrouteofsocialmobility正确答案：B参考解析：定位至原文第二段第二句：Asdegreesbecameuniversal,theybecamedevalued.Educationwasnolongerasecurerouteofsocialmobility.Today28percentofgraduatesintheUKareinnon-graduateroles.（随着学位的普及，它们开始贬值了。教育不再是社会流动的安全途径。如今，英国有28%的毕业生扮演着非毕业生的角色。）因为教育普及了，学历开始贬值了，B正确。查看材料28.【阅读理解PartA】Theauthorconsidersitagoodsignthat    .A.GenerationZareseekingtoearnadecentdegreeB.SchoolleaversarewillingtobeskilledworkersC.EmployersaretakingarealisticattitudetodegreeD.Parentsarechangingtheirmindsabouteducation正确答案：C参考解析：定位至原文第四段第二句：Employershavelongseentheadvantagesofhiringschoolleaverswhooftenprovethemselvestobemorecommittedandloyalemployeesthangraduates.Manytooareseeingtheadvantagesofscrappingadegreerequirementforcertainroles.（雇主早就看到了雇用中学毕业生的好处，因为中学毕业生经常证明他们是比大学毕业生更尽职、更忠诚的员工）作者认为这是一个好迹象，是因为许多人也看到了取消对某些职位的学位要求的好处，即雇主们对学位的态度越来越实际、明智。C正确。查看材料29.【阅读理解PartA】ItisadvisedinParagraph5thatthosewithonedegreeshould    .A.makeanearlydecisionontheircareerB.attendonthejobtrainingprogramsC.teamupwithhigh-paidpostgraduatesD.furthertheirstudiesinaspecificfield正确答案：D参考解析：定位至原文第五段：Forthoseforwhomadegreeisthedesiredroute,considerthatthismaywellbethefirstofmany.Inthisageofgeneralists,itpaystohavespecificknowledgeorskills.Postgraduatesnowearn40percentmorethangraduates.Whenmoreandmoreofushaveadegree,itmakessensetohavetwo.（对于很多人来说学位是所需的，学位可能是第一个需要考虑的问题。在这个多元化的时代，拥有特定的知识或技能是值得的。研究生现在的收入比毕业生高出40%。当我们中越来越多的人拥有一个学位时，获得第二个学位也是合乎情理的。）所以那些有一个学位的人，应该进一步学习。D正确。查看材料30.【阅读理解PartA】WhatcanbeconcludedaboutGenerationZfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Lifelonglearningwilldefinethem.B.Theywillmakequalifiededucators.C.Depresswillnolongerappealthem.D.Theywillhavealimitedchoiceofjobs.正确答案：A参考解析：定位到第六段第一句：theywillneedtobeconstantlyup-skillingthroughouttheircareertostayemployable（他们需要在整个职业生涯中不断提升技能，以保持就业能力），结合第三句中Education,andnotjustknowledgegainedoncampus,willbeacorepartofGenerationZ’scareertrajectory（教育以及不仅仅是在校园里获得的知识，将成为Z世代职业轨迹的核心部分）可知，Z世代将终身学习。选项A正确。材料题根据以下材料，回答31-35题 Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.TheseweresomeofthewordsthatNaturereadersusedtodescribetheirexperienceofart-sciencecollaborationsinaseriesofarticlesonpartnershipsbetweenartistsandresearchers.Nearly40%oftheroughly350peoplewhorespondedtoanaccompanyingpollsaidtheyhadcollaboratedwithartists;andalmostallsaidtheywouldconsiderdoingsoinfuture. Suchanencouragingresultisnotsurprising.Scientistsareincreasinglyseekingoutvisualartiststohelpthemcommunicatetheirworktonewaudiences.“Artistshelpscientistsreachabroaderaudienceandmakeemotionalconnectionsthatenhancelearning.”Onerespondentsaid. OneexampleofhowartistsandscientistshavetogetherrockedthesensescamelastmonthwhentheSydneySymphonyOrchestraperformedareworkedversionofAntonioVivaldi’sTheFourSeasons.Theyreimaginedthe300-year-oldscorebyinjectingthelatestclimatepredictiondataforeachseason—providedbyMonashUniversity’sClimateChangeCommunicationResearchHub.TheperformancewasacreativecalltoactionaheadofNovember’sUnitedNationsClimateChangeConferenceinGlasgow,UK. Butagenuinepartnershipmustbeatwo-waystreet.FewerartiststhanscientistsrespondedtotheNaturepoll;however,severalrespondentsnotedthatartistsdonotsimplyassistscientistswiththeircommunicationrequirements.Norshouldtheirworkbeconsideredonlyasanobjectofstudy.Thealliancesaremostvaluablewhenscientistsandartistshaveasharedstakeinaproject,areabletojointlydesignitandcancritiqueeachother’swork.Suchanapproachcanbothpromptnewresearchaswellasresultinpowerfulart. Morethanhalfacenturyago,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyopeneditsCenterforAdvancedVisualStudies(CAVS)toexploretheroleoftechnologyinculture.Thefoundersdeliberatelyfocusedtheirprojectsaroundlight—hencethe“visualstudies”inthename.Lightwasasomethingthatbothartistsandscientistshadaninterestin,andthereforecouldformthebasisofcollaboration.Asscienceandtechnologyprogressed,anddividedintomoresub-disciplines,thecentrewassimultaneouslylookingtoatimewhenleadingresearcherscouldalsobeartists,writersandpoets,andviceversa. Nature’spollfindingssuggestthatthistrendisasstrongasever,but,tomakeacollaborationwork,bothsidesneedtoinvesttime,andembracesurpriseandchallenge.Thereachofart-sciencetie-upsneedtogobeyondthenecessarypurposeofresearchcommunication,andparticipantsmustnotfallintothetrapofstereotypingeachother.Artistsandscientistsalikeareimmersedindiscoveryandinvention,andchallengeandcritiquearecoretoboth,too.查看材料31.【阅读理解PartA】Accordingtoparagraph1,art-sciencecollaborationshave    .A.caughttheattentionofcriticsB.receivedfavorableresponsesC.promotedacademicpublishingD.sparkedheatedpublicdisputes正确答案：B参考解析：定位至原文第一段：Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.TheseweresomeofthewordsthatNaturereadersusedtodescribetheirexperienceofart-sciencecollaborationsinaseriesofarticlesonpartnershipsbetweenartistsandresearchers.（有启迪，有挑战性，有刺激，有乐趣。这些是《自然》杂志的读者在一系列关于艺术家和研究人员合作关系的文章中用来描述他们艺术-科学合作的经历。）Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun这些都是积极向上的词，所以艺术-科学的合作，收到了赞美。B正确。查看材料32.【阅读理解PartA】ThereworkedversionofTheFourSeasonsismentionedtoshowthat    .A.artcanofferaudienceseasyaccesstoscienceB.sciencecanhelpwiththeexpressionofemotionsC.publicparticipationinsciencehasapromisingfutureD.artiseffectiveinfacilitatingscientificinnovations正确答案：A参考解析：定位至原文第二段：

Scientistsareincreasinglyseekingoutvisualartiststohelpthemcommunicatetheirworktonewaudiences.“Artistshelpscientistsreachabroaderaudienceandmakeemotionalconnectionsthatenhancelearning.”（科学家们越来越多地寻找视觉艺术家来帮助他们向新的观众传达他们的作品。“艺术家们帮助科学家接触到更广泛的受众，并建立情感联系，从而促进学习能力。”）后以versionofTheFourSeasons为一个例子，科学家和艺术家是如何协作的，所以ThereworkedversionofTheFourSeasons是为了观众更好地接近，认识科学。A正确。查看材料33.【阅读理解PartA】Someartistsseemtoworryaboutintheart-sciencepartnership    .A.theirrolemaybeunderestimatedB.theirreputationmaybeimpairedC.theircreativitymaybeinhibitedD.theirworkmaybemisguided正确答案：A参考解析：定位至原文第四段：FewerartiststhanscientistsrespondedtotheNaturepoll;however,severalrespondentsnotedthatartistsdonotsimplyassistscientistswiththeircommunicationrequirements.Norshouldtheirworkbeconsideredonlyasanobjectofstudy.Thealliancesaremostvaluablewhenscientistsandartistshaveasharedstakeinaproject,areabletojointlydesignitandcancritiqueeachother’swork.Suchanapproachcanbothpromptnewresearchaswellasresultinpowerfulart.（回应《自然》杂志调查的艺术家比科学家少；然而，一些受访者指出，艺术家并不仅仅是帮助科学家完成他们的沟通要求。他们的工作也不应仅仅被视为一个研究的对象。当科学家和艺术家在一个项目中拥有共同的利益时，能够共同设计它，并能够批评彼此的作品时，这些联盟是最有价值的。这种方法既可以促进新的研究，也可以产出伟大的艺术。）当科学家和艺术家在一个项目中，这些结盟是最有价值的，由此得出，艺术家担心自己仅仅被视为一个用来沟通的工具，自己重要性被低估了低估了，A正确。查看材料34.【阅读理解PartA】WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutCAVS?A.ItwasheadedalternatelybyartistsandscientistsB.Itexemplifiedvaluableart-sciencealliancesC.ItsprojectsaimedatadvancingvisualstudiesD.Itsfounderssoughttoraisethestatusofartists正确答案：B参考解析：Lightwasasomethingthatbothartistsandscientistshadaninterestin,andthereforecouldformthebasisofcollaboration.（光是艺术家和科学家都感兴趣的东西，因此可以形成合作的基础。）B选项“CAVS是典型的有价值的艺术-科学联盟”，正确。查看材料35.【阅读理解PartA】Inthelastparagraph,theauthorholdsthatart-sciencecollaborations    .A.arelikelytogobeyondpublicexpectationsB.willintensifyinterdisciplinarycompetitionC.shoulddomorethancommunicatingscienceD.arebecomingmorepopularthanbefore正确答案：C参考解析：Thereachofart-sciencetie-upsneedstogobeyondthenecessarypurposeofresearchcommunication,andparticipants.（艺术-科学合作达成需要超越研究交流的必要目的，和参与这个合作的人的必要目的。）选项C“艺术-科学合作应该不仅仅是为了表达科学”，正确。背景材料材料题根据以下材料，回答36-40题 ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsofNewZealand’sEmploymentRelationsAct2000(ERA)preventanemployerfromfiringanemployeewithoutgoodcause.Instead,dismissalsmustbejustified.Employersmustbothshowcauseandactinaprocedurallyfairway. Personalgrievanceproceduresweredesignedtoguardthejobsofordinaryworkersfrom“unjustifieddismissals”.Thepremisewasthatthecommonlawofcontractlackedsufficientsafeguardsforworkersagainstarbitraryconductbymanagement.Longgonearethedayswhenabosscouldsimplygiveanemployeecontractualnotice. Buttheseprovisionscreatedifficultiesforbusinesseswhenappliedtohighlypaidmanagersandexecutives.Ascountlessboardsandbusinessownerswillattest,constrainingfirmsfromfiringpoorlyperforming,high-earningmanagersisahandbrakeonboostingproductivityandoverallperformance.ThedifferencebetweenC-gradeandA-grademanagersmayverywellbethedifferencebetweenbusinesssuccessorfailure.Betweenpreservingthejobsofordinaryworkersorlosingthem.Yetmediocrityisnolongerenoughtojustifyadismissal. Consequently—andparadoxically—lawsintroducedtoprotectthejobsofordinaryworkersmaybeplacingthosejobsatrisk. Ifnotplacingjobsatrisk,totheextentemploymentprotectionlawsconstrainbusinessownersfromdismissingunder-performingmanagers,thoselawsactasaconstraintonfirmproductivityandthereforeonworkers’wages.Indeed,in“AnInternationalPerspectiveonNewZealand’sProductivityParadox”(2014),theProductivityCommissionsingledoutthelowqualityofmanagerialcapabilitiesasacauseofthecountry’spoorproductivitygrowthrecord. NorarehighlypaidmanagersthemselvesimmunefromtheharmcausedbytheERA’sunjustifieddismissalprocedures.Becauseemploymentprotectionlawsmakeitcostliertofireanemployee,employersaremorecautiousabouthiringnewstaff.Thismakesitharderforthemarginalmanagertogainemployment.Andfirmspaystafflessbecausefirmscarrytheburdenoftheemploymentarrangementgoingwrong. Societyalsosuffersfromexcessiveemploymentprotections.Stringentjobdismissalregulationsadverselyaffectproductivitygrowthandhamperbothprosperityandoverallwell-being. AcrosstheTasmanSea,Australiadealswiththeunjustifieddismissalparadoxbyexcludingemployeesearningaboveaspecified“high-incomethreshold”fromtheprotectionofitsunfairdismissallaws.InNewZealand,a2016privatemembers’Billtriedtopermitfirmsandhigh-incomeemployeestocontractoutoftheunjustifieddismissalregime.However,themechanismsproposedwereunwieldyandtheBillwasvoteddownfollowingthechangeingovernmentlaterthatyear.查看材料36.【阅读理解PartA】ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsoftheERAareintendedto    .A.punishdubiouscorporatepracticesB.improvetraditionalhiringproceduresC.exemptemployersfromcertaindutiesD.protecttherightsofordinaryworkers正确答案：D参考解析：定位至原文第一