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英语阅读方法(Englishreadingmethods)

OneormoreusesTop-downreadingmethod

Thetop-down(Top-down)readingisstartingfromthewhole

discourse,focusingontextsymbolsthroughaccessto

information,accordingtothetitleofthefirsttothecontent

andmeaningofthearticlemakeinferences,understandwhatthe

authormeant.

Thekeytousingtop-downreadingmethodistotrainstudents,

abilitytopredictandinferthecontentandmeaningofthe

article,soastoimprovetheabilityofreadingcomprehension.

Bylookingattheoverallstructureofthearticleorthetitle

ofthearticletopredictthecontentanddeepmeaningofthe

article,wecanspeculatefromthefollowingaspects:

1.whatarethecontentsofthearticle?

2.whataspectswilltheauthorelaborate?

3.howwillthecontentdevelop?

Inreading,weshouldpayattentiontodifferentEnglishstyle,

becausethestylehasagreatinfluenceontheorganizationand

layoutofinformation.Trainingandmasteringthestructural

featuresofvariousEnglishstylesarebeneficialtothe

inductionofarticlesandlogicalreasoning.Forexample,

narrativeisbasedonnarrative,whichmusthavethreeelements:

plot,characterandbackground.Thedevelopmentofplotmostly

takesthetransferoftimeandplaceasclue.Therefore,when

readingnarrative,wemustseizetheclueoftime,takethe

characterasthecenter,clearthestoryoftheoccurrence,

development,ending.Anotherexampleofargumentativeand

expositorytextshaveacommonpointthatismostlyparagraph

topicsentences(moreappearedinthefirstparagraphor

sectionattheend),tograspthetopicsentence,exploreeach

theme,makethecentralpoint,sothatmoredetailedpredict

thecontentofthewholearticle,understandthesurfaceand

deepmeaning.

Two,correctlyhandletherelationshipbetweenintensive

readingandextensivereading.

Intensivereadingandextensivereadingistoreadthetwomain

methods,combiningwithboth,onecannotreplace.

1.payattentiontothechoiceofreadingmaterials.

Choosingappropriateextensivereadingmaterialsisan

importantwaytoimproveEnglishreading.Thechoiceofwords

isabout200,followedbytheexerciseofreadingmaterialsis

appropriate.Readingmaterialsshouldbediversified:

narrative,popularscience,discussionorillustration,

advertisingandsoon.Payattentiontothepracticabilityof

thearticle.Theaccuracyoftheselectedmaterialsis60%-

70%,andthenumberofnewwordsisnotmorethan4%.

2..Intensivereadingandextensivereadingarecomplementary.

Comparedwithextensivereading,intensivereadingisapoint.

Itisnecessarytoanalyzesomearticleswhicharedifficult

towritebetter,tosumupandsummarizetheauthor,swriting

intention,trainofthoughtandcentralargument,andfinally

achievethepurposeofobtainingdetailedinformationanddeep

levelcontent.Ifintensivereadingisapoint,extensive

readingisthemostimportantthing.Onlythroughalargenumber

ofreadingcanweaccumulatealargenumberofwords,structures

andsentencepatterns,inordertoaccumulatealargenumber

ofwords,structuresandsentencepatterns,inordertoexpand

theknowledge,cultivatelanguagesense,improvetheability

torespondtotext.Inreading,accordingtothecontextto

improvetheirabilitytoguess,donotseeanewwordtothe

dictionary,toascertaintheinstructionofpronounsand

pronounrefersobject.Limityourselftoreading.A200word

difficultyreadingarticle,strivetofinishreading

comprehensionwithin6minutes.Inreading,itisnecessaryto

accumulatemoreknowledgeofsociety,history,geography,

cultureandcustomsinBritain,Americaandothercountries,

whichwillhelptoimprovereadingability.Goodreadinghabits

shouldbecultivated.Whenreading,weshouldlookupfromthe

groupofmeaning,don'treadwordbyword,anddon'tusepen

orfingertoreadaloud.Thiswillhindertheunderstandingof

themeaningofthearticle,andaffectthespeedofreading.

Readingisacomprehensiveprocess,andtheimprovementof

readingabilityisastepbystepprocess.Onlybyperseverance

andperseverancecanthestudentsimprovetheirreadingmethods

anddeveloptheirinterestinreadingsoastoachievetwice

theresultwithhalftheeffort.

Thefactorsthataffectreadingcomprehensioncanbedivided

intoknowledgebarriersandnonknowledgebarriers.Knowledge

barriersinclude:1.vocabularybarriers,2..Grammatical

barriers3.,backgroundknowledgebarriers.Nonintellectual

barriersincluded:1.mentaldisorders2.readinghabits.3..

Readingspeed4.readingskills

(1)payattentiontotheaccumulationofEnglishvocabularyand

idiomaticusage

TheAmericanlinguistDriller(1978)pointedoutthataccording

tothefeaturesofvocabulary:ifwerecognizethe25most

commonEnglishwords,theaveragepagepaperwordswecan

recognize33%;ifknow135words,is50%;ifknow2500,itis

78%;ifknow5000,80%foronce;remember10000,upto92%.It

canbeseenthatthereadingabilityandvocabularysizeare

inseparable,moststudentshavelessvocabulary,whichisthe

mainfactoraffectingtheimprovementofreadingability.So

howcanweimprovethevocabularyofstudents?

1.wordformationmemory

Itisestimatedthatthereare1millionto1million200

thousandEnglishwords,butmostofthemaremadeupofword

formation.Wordformationincludesderivation,synthesis,and

transformation.Inteaching,letstudentsmasterthecommon

prefix(un/dis/im/il/super.)andsuffix(ly/less/ful/

ment)...Themeaningandusageofthewordcanguessits

derivativewordsaccordingtotheknownwords,soastoenlarge

thevocabulary.Iftheprefixsuperhasmorethan,beyond

meaning,youcanguessthemeaningofsupermarket(supermarket)

supernatural(supernatural),Superman(Superman),superstar

(Superstar)andotherwords..

2.associativememory

Awordisassociatedwithwordsrelatedtoit,suchasseeing

liveVIlife,associatingwithotherpartsofspeechandusage,

suchaslive,livingandsoon.

3.extensivereadingandmemory

Thefamoussaying"Toreadwell,youneedastrongvocabulary..

Tobuildastrongvocabulary,youneedtoreadwell."tellsus

therelationshipbetweenreadingandvocabulary.Ifyouwant

toreadfluently,youhavetohaveplentyofvocabulary.Alot

ofreadingcanenrichyourvocabulary.

(two)firmlygraspgrammarknowledge

Inrecentyears,thesyntacticstructureofNMETreading

comprehensionpassagestendstobecomplex,andtheroleof

grammaticalknowledgeinreadinghasbeenhighlighted.Suchas

encounteredinreadingotherpeopleunderstandthelongand

difficultsentences,youcanusethegrammar,properanalysis

oftherelationshipbetweenthepartsofthesentence,soan

accurateunderstandingofsentencemeaning.Take

Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker-itoftenmattersnotonly

whatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyoutheythinkand

whatyouthinkthinkyouthink.(NMET2000)asanexample.The

29wordsinthesentencecontainavarietyofrelations,such

assubjectclause,objectclause,coordinatesentenceand

additionaldescriptionofdashconnection.Amongthem,there

arecompoundsentencesincompoundsentencesandcompound

sentencesincompoundsentences.Onlybysortingoutthe

elementsofasentencecanwegraspitsmeaning.

(three)accumulatesomeculturalbackgroundknowledgeandlife

knowledge

TheimprovementofEnglishreadingabilitynotonlyrequires

acertainamountoflanguageknowledge,butalsohassome

culturalbackgroundknowledgeandlifeknowledge.Forexample,

intheNMET2003readingAarticle,thearticleintroducesthe

materialrelatedtogeography,twofarthest/mostdistant

inhabitedislands,aGuinnessBookofRecordsTristanDa

identifiedbyCunha;theotheristheEasterIsland(Easter

Island)appearsinthearticlemorespecificallyanoun,for

lackofexperienceofthestudentswillreadtheformationof

interference,andforthosewhounderstandtheEasterDay

backgroundknowledgeofthestudents,willberelativelybetter.

AlsointheCchapter,thebook,ifyouarefamiliarwiththese,

willreducealotofreadingdifficulties.

(four)developgoodreadinghabitsandmastereffectivereading

skills

Todevelopgoodreadinghabits,weneedtoreadmoreoften,

recitewonderfulparagraphsandarticles,inordertocultivate

languagesense.Inaddition,somestudentsreadaloud,reador

readbackwhentheyread,thesebadhabitswillaffectthespeed

ofreadingandunderstandingofthearticle.Sotoovercome

thesebadhabits,donotreadback,donotread,donotread

andsoon.Onlyinthiswaycanthereadingspeedbeaccelerated,

Theaccuracyofunderstandingcanbeimproved.

Inadditiontogoodreadinghabits,butalsotomasterthe

correctreadingskills.Teachersshouldguidestudentstoform

correctthinkingmethods.Generalreadingshouldpayattention

tothefollowingpoints:

1,skimming(Skimming)istoquicklybrowsethefulltext,grasp

thearticleandthethemeofthesentence,toclarifythe

author'sattitudeandintention.

2,skip(Skipping)isaquicksearchrelatedinformation,read

toyimushihang,notrelatedtothecontentofit.

3,guessingnewwords(Guessingthenewwords),intheprocess

ofreading,inevitablyencounternewwords.Ifyoumeetanew

word,consultthedictionary,orskipit,itwillaffectthe

understandingofthearticle.Soguessthemeaningofnewwords.

Indifferentcontexts,themeaningofwordsisdifferent.So

guessaccordingtocontextcluesandwordformationandother

knowledge.

“Romewasn'tbuiltinaday"toimprovethereadingabilityis

notashortdurationoftimewillbeabletodoso.Aslongas

thecorrectreadingmethod,interest,extensivereading,

accumulationofvocabulary,anddevelopgoodreadinghabits,

readingcomprehensionwillgraduallyimprove.

Englishreadingcomprehensionskills

ThenewhighschoolEnglishsyllabusclearlystipulates:"focus

onimprovingreadingability.,,,r.ThroughouttheNMETinrecent

years,itisnotdifficulttoseethatreadingcomprehension

isthefocusofcollegeentranceexamination,frombeginning

toendoccupiesadominantposition,andthereisatrendof

increasingyearbyyear.Itisnoexaggerationtosaythatdoing

agoodjobofreadingcomprehensionisthekeytogettinghigh

scoresincollegeentranceexamination!

Themainrequirementsofreadingcomprehensiontestare:

1.readthegistandthegistofthematerial,andthefacts

anddetailstoillustratethemainideaandthemainidea.

2.understandspecificfactsaswellasabstractconcepts.

3.,notonlyunderstandthemeaningoftheliteral,butalso

understandthedeepmeaning,includingtheauthor'sattitude,

intention,etc..

4.,notonlyunderstandthemeaningofasentence,aparagraph,

butalsounderstandthelogicalrelationshipofthewhole,and

accordinglyreasoningandjudgment.

5.canbeunderstoodaccordingtotheinformationprovided,

alsocanbecombinedwiththecommonsenseofmiddleschool

studentstounderstand.Accordingtothesefiverequirements,

wecanclassifythereadingcomprehensionmultiple-choice

questionsintothefollowingquestions:detailunderstanding,

wordcomprehension,theme,theme,guessingwordmeaning,

reasoningandjudgment.Theauthorcombinestheusual

experienceinteaching,talkabouthowtodoEnglishreading

comprehensionskillsandstrategies.

First,lookattheproblem,readthearticlewithquestions.

Readthequestionsfirstandrereadtheessays.Whenreading

questions,weshouldfirstgraspthetypesofproblems,

distinguishbetweenobjectiveinformationandsubjective

judgment.Theproblemcanbefoundtheanswerinformation

directlyfromthearticle;andsubjectivejudgmenttopic

examinationistheemotionaltone,theauthordidnotaddthe

statementandcentralthemeoftheunderstanding,thiskindof

problemmustbethroughtheauthor'sattitudeandintentionof

thethesisandthedeepreasoning.Secondly,tounderstandthe

questionstemandinformationcontainedinthevariousoptions,

thentargetedtothescanning,toquicklylocaterelevant

information,thenintegratetherelatedinformation,screening,

analysis,comparison,reasonabletoexcludeinterference,

choosethecorrectanswer.Thismethodstrengthensthe

pertinenceofreading,improvestheaccuracyofdoingquestions

andsavesvaluabletime.Itisespeciallysuitablefor

understandingthethemeofgraphicsandtables.

Two,readingthetext,understandthemainideatheme.

Thepurposeofreadingistoobtaininformation.Aperson's

readingabilitydetermineswhetherhecanquicklyand

efficientlyabsorbusefulinformation.Readingability

generallyreferstotwoaspects:readingspeedand

comprehensionability.Readingspeedisthemostbasicability

toread.Withoutacertainreadingspeed,youcannotsmoothly

inputinformation,nottomentiontheuseofenglish.Inrecent

years,thereadingrateofthecollegeentranceexaminationis

about40wordsperminute.Candidatesmustbeinaverylimited

timeusingskimming,scanningandskimmingtechniquessuchas

fastreading,searchkeywordsandtopicsentences,capture,

sequence,plot,characters,view,

Andclarifythecontextofthetext,grasptheessenceofthe

text.

Graspthetopicsentence,whichisthemainwaytoquicklygrasp

themainideaofthearticle.Thetopicsentenceusuallyappears

atthebeginningandendofthearticle.Thearticleswritten

byinductionaresentencesthatexpressdetails.Beforethe

generalization,thesentencesareintheback.Atthispoint,

thetopicsentenceisthelastsentenceofthearticle.Usually

writtenindeductiveessay,mostfollowfromgeneralto

individualwritingprogram,whichwillstartfromtheoverview,

supplementedby.Atthispoint,thetopicsentenceisthefirst

sentenceofthearticle.Ofcourse,somearticlesdonothave

thematicsentences,whichrequirereaderstogeneralize

themselves.Topicsentencesoftengiveclues,enlightenment,

generalizationandinductiontothefulltext.Themaintheme,

thesummaryquestion,thecentralquestionoftenfindthe

answerdirectlyfromthetopicsentence.

Tryit.Canyoufindthetopicsentenceofthefollowing

passage?

Thepandaisapopularanimal.Storiesaboutthepandainthe

WashingtonZooarealwaysfrontpagenewsandimportant

featuresontelevisionnewscasts.Stuffedpandasareamongthe

mostpopulartoysforchildren,andpandapostcardsarealways

indemandinzoogiftshops.

Itisnotdifficulttoseethatthefirstsentenceofthearticle

isthetopicsentence,andthebacksentencesareallaround

thesentence.

Three,readthedetailscarefully,straightenoutideasand

context.

Thisisnotastackofirrelevantsentencesoutoforder.The

authorisWen,andhasthepulsetofollow.Asanarrativeto

thecharacterasthecenter,intimeorspaceastheclue,

developedintheoccurrence,developmentandoutcomeofthe

story;thisbodycontainstheargumentsandconclusionsof

threeelements,throughtheexplanation,exampleelaborates

theviewpoint.Youcanaccordingtothefeaturesofthearticle,

readthedetails,verbs,timeandlocation,eventsand

causalityforclues,findoutthekeywords,theuseof''drawing

list”,outliningthecognitivemapacompleteclearthemeand

details.

Four,logicalreasoning,deepunderstandingoftheproblem.

Intheactualreading,sometimestheauthordoesnotsaythe

intention,thereadershouldaccordingtothe1iteralmeaning,

throughthetextuallogicrelations,researchdetailsofthe

hint,theauthor(sattitude,understandthemeaningofthe

article.Thisiswhatwecalldeepunderstanding.Deep

understandingmainlyincludesinductivesummaryquestions

(centralidea,addingtitle,etc.)andreasoningandjudgment

questions,whicharedifficultpointsinreadingcomprehension.

Deepunderstandingisakindofcreativethinkingactivity.It

mustbefaithfultothefacts;andprovidecluesforthebasis,

basedontheknowninferenceisunknown,notimagined,random

speculation;itrequiresthereadertoanalyzethesurface

informationoftextmining,andlogicalreasoning,notfactual,

Overgeneralization.Onlyunderstandtheliteralmeaningofthe

article,isthepremiseandbasisofreasoning.

Thecommonlyusedwordsinreasoningquestionsare:infer,

imply,suggest,indicateandsoon.

Forexample,collegeentranceexaminationquestions:

Annealing

Annealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthen

lettingitcoolveryslowly.Ifmetalisheatedandthencooled

veryquickly,forexamplebydippingitinwater(DIP),itwill

beveryhardbutalsoverybrittle-thatis,itwillbreakeasily.

Metalthathasbeenannealedissoftbutdoesnotbreakaseasily.

Itispossibletomakemetalashardorassoftasitiswished,

byannealingit.Themetalisheated,andallowedtocoolslowly

foracertainlengthoftime.Thelongertheheatedmetaltakes

tocoolslowly,thesofteritbecomes.Annealingcanalsobe

usedonothermaterial,suchasglass.

One

为什么人们把铁水放在水里?

使它变硬。使它柔软。

使凉爽。使它变脆。

2o在退火,所需金属硬度取决于_。

水的用量B金属的温度。

金属的柔软度D操作的时间

三.正如文中所建议的,玻璃怎么能变得不那么易碎呢?

它可以加热,然后很快冷却。

它可以被冷却,然后慢慢加热。

可以加热,然后慢慢冷却。

它可以被冷却,然后很快加热。

1、答案为,此题属推断归纳题。文中第二句说如果把金属加热,然

后迅速放到水里冷却,也就会变得非常硬,但也变得脆。硬是工艺的

主观目的。脆是伴随的客观结果,故选一而不选DB项明显错误;C

项是手段不是目的,因此,都可排除。

2、答案为D,此题属概括归纳题。定时是时间的选择。本答案的依

据是5和6两句,“金属被加热,…时间。”、“长…软就”酷的时

间是可以控制的,时间越长越软,即硬度就越低。由此我们可得出结

论:在退火过程中,金属的硬度是受到冷却的时间长短影响的。

3、答案为C此题属推理判断题。文中提到“金属”。最后一句说退

火工艺同样可用于象玻璃一类的其他材料。文中我们已知“退火”就

是先“热”后"慢慢冷却”。由此推断c是正确的。

五、猜词悟义,扫除阅读拦路虎。

猜词是应用英语的重要能力,也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准

确无误地理解上下文,而且要有较大的泛读量,掌握或认识较多的课

外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”,通过构词,语法,定义,同位,

对比,因果,常识,上下文等线索确定词义。

A.定义法

如:退火是一种金属软加热它,然后让它慢慢冷却。

句子给予退火以明确的定义,即“退火”。

它会很硬,但也很脆,也就是说,它很容易破碎。

从后面的解释中我们可以了解到脆是“脆”的意思。

牧民,谁照看羊,一年收入约650yuan。

定语从句中照看羊就表明了牧民的词义为“牧人”。

B同位法

如:

他们走了很长的路,最后到达了一座城堡,一座古老的大建筑物。

同位语部分在旧时代给出了城堡的确切词义大型建筑,即“城堡”。

我们上夜班,从午夜到凌晨8点。

两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明夜班是“夜班”的意思。

C.对比法

她通常上课都很准时,但今天她上了第一节课。

但一词表转折,因此但前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天”

第一节上了一半才来”,因此反向推理,可得出她平时一向“准时”

的结论。

D.

Wordformation(prefix,suffix,compound,derivation,etc.)

Perhaps,wecanseesomepossibilitiesfornextfiftyyears,

nextButthehundred?

Possibilitypossibleisthecognatenoun,whichcanjudgethe

possibilitymeaning"possibility”.

E.causalitymethod

Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimes

theweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythe

sportagain.

Fromthelatterresult"nevermoveagain”,wecaninfer

permanent

Reference:Baidu

Answer:Redbullets-levelFour2006-6-309:11

NewOrientalreading

Foursteps:

Ascan,providedunderlinethekeywords:readonlystem.

Two,readthroughthefulltext,seizethecenter:

Readthroughthefulltexttograsptwokeypoints:1,thefirst

paragraphofthearticle;2,therestoftheparagraphsofthe

headandtail.

Seizethecenter(leaving1minutesofconsideration)1,

themaincontentdescribedinthisarticle;2.Arethereany

coreconceptsmentionedinthisarticle?3,theauthor,s

generalattitude

Three,carefullyexaminesthetopic,returntotheoriginal

Positioningprinciple:1)keywordpositioningprinciple:

usuallystartingfromtheproblem,lookingforkeywordsinthe

problem,preferredcapitalletters,names,placenames,time,

etc..

2)theprincipleofdefiningthenaturalparagraph:theorder

ofthequestionsisroughlyconsistentwiththeorderofthe

lines.

Four,overlappingoptions,gettheanswer

Wordsforreadingcomprehension:newsyllabus,5500words

Difficultpoint:

1,thenumberofwordsissmall,sentencestructureiscomplex:

newwordsuperrigidityrate3%

2,theauthor,spointofviewhascertainconcealment

3,theoptionsareratherconfusing.

Mistakesindoingexercises:

1,readtooquickly,dothequestionsbyimpressionand

intuition

2,spendalotoftimereadingarticles,topicsquicklymissed

3,donotknowwhentomark;markingthetitleis1)iconic,

indicativeinformation:time,place,nameandothernouns;2)

chapterstructureofthewords:suchas,but,futhermore3)

emotionalwordsexpressingtheauthor'sattitude

Reviewmethodofreading:(56precisionbreakingmethod)

56papersinthepastyear,theaccuracyofeacharticle

1words

2,theanalysisofdifficultsentences,remembersomekey

difficultsentences-fromeachofwhich5to10hugesumsof

money,eachtranslationrepeatitdown

4,analysisofthetopic,organizetheirownideas

Thereasonsinvolvedineachquestion,eachoption,analysis,

nonoptions,andoptions

Extensivereading:

Befamiliarwithbackgroundknowledge,understandEnglishand

Americanwritingmethods,andtrytofindwordsaslittleas

possible

ReadanEnglishnewspapereveryweek(suchastwenty-first

Century),readsomethingrelatedtothepostgraduateentrance

examandwhatyoulike

ReadingaEnglishmagazine:TIMENEWSWEEKECONOMISTS

Internetwww.yahoo,com,www.times,com,www.cnn.com,etc.

Reviewfocus:70%20%10%Zhentireadingexercises

Theapplicationofpunctuationmarksinreading:

1,fullstop:sentencesegmentation,asgoodasaunit,eight

segmentsintoblocks,andthenbreak

2,comma:betweenthetwocommaisasupplementaryexplanation,

canskipfirst,notread

3,colon:thecolonisthecomplementoftheprecedingcontent,

andthereisaprocessfromspecifictoabstractbeforeand

afterthecolon

4,semicolon:frontandbackcoordinatestructure1)semantic

juxtaposition,2)juxtapositionofstructures

5,dashes,betweentwodashesarecomplementaryinstructions,

whichcannotberead

6,quote:1)quotesomeone'spointofview2)ironyirony-and

thenreadbackwhenyouseetheproblem

7,parentheses:1)additionalinstructions,2)explainnew

words.

Microreadingmethod;

1,graspthetrunk-seizetheverbisthekey

2,lookatpunctuationmarks

3,thereductionofnegation(doublenegationaccordingto

affirmativereading)

4,passiveactive

5,theNewPunctuation:payparticularattentionto1inkssuch

asandaswellas

6,

Controlmethod:catchsomekeywords:1)1ikewiseetal.2)the

transitionalrelationword3)progressiverelativeword4means

importantword

7,payattentiontoripewordbusiness

Macroreadingmethod:

1,thereisonlyonelogicalthemeforanyarticle

2canskipinformation:1)examplecontent2)referenced

content3)specificdigital4)supplementthecolonpart

3,payattentiontograspthetwotypesofwriting:1)

argumentative:seizethecentralargumentandtheauthor's

attitude:2)descriptionoftheobjectandgrasptheexposition

totheattitude

4,payattentiontoseethearticleiscomposedofseveral

naturalparagraph,payattentiontoparagr

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