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英语阅读方法(Englishreadingmethods)
OneormoreusesTop-downreadingmethod
Thetop-down(Top-down)readingisstartingfromthewhole
discourse,focusingontextsymbolsthroughaccessto
information,accordingtothetitleofthefirsttothecontent
andmeaningofthearticlemakeinferences,understandwhatthe
authormeant.
Thekeytousingtop-downreadingmethodistotrainstudents,
abilitytopredictandinferthecontentandmeaningofthe
article,soastoimprovetheabilityofreadingcomprehension.
Bylookingattheoverallstructureofthearticleorthetitle
ofthearticletopredictthecontentanddeepmeaningofthe
article,wecanspeculatefromthefollowingaspects:
1.whatarethecontentsofthearticle?
2.whataspectswilltheauthorelaborate?
3.howwillthecontentdevelop?
Inreading,weshouldpayattentiontodifferentEnglishstyle,
becausethestylehasagreatinfluenceontheorganizationand
layoutofinformation.Trainingandmasteringthestructural
featuresofvariousEnglishstylesarebeneficialtothe
inductionofarticlesandlogicalreasoning.Forexample,
narrativeisbasedonnarrative,whichmusthavethreeelements:
plot,characterandbackground.Thedevelopmentofplotmostly
takesthetransferoftimeandplaceasclue.Therefore,when
readingnarrative,wemustseizetheclueoftime,takethe
characterasthecenter,clearthestoryoftheoccurrence,
development,ending.Anotherexampleofargumentativeand
expositorytextshaveacommonpointthatismostlyparagraph
topicsentences(moreappearedinthefirstparagraphor
sectionattheend),tograspthetopicsentence,exploreeach
theme,makethecentralpoint,sothatmoredetailedpredict
thecontentofthewholearticle,understandthesurfaceand
deepmeaning.
Two,correctlyhandletherelationshipbetweenintensive
readingandextensivereading.
Intensivereadingandextensivereadingistoreadthetwomain
methods,combiningwithboth,onecannotreplace.
1.payattentiontothechoiceofreadingmaterials.
Choosingappropriateextensivereadingmaterialsisan
importantwaytoimproveEnglishreading.Thechoiceofwords
isabout200,followedbytheexerciseofreadingmaterialsis
appropriate.Readingmaterialsshouldbediversified:
narrative,popularscience,discussionorillustration,
advertisingandsoon.Payattentiontothepracticabilityof
thearticle.Theaccuracyoftheselectedmaterialsis60%-
70%,andthenumberofnewwordsisnotmorethan4%.
2..Intensivereadingandextensivereadingarecomplementary.
Comparedwithextensivereading,intensivereadingisapoint.
Itisnecessarytoanalyzesomearticleswhicharedifficult
towritebetter,tosumupandsummarizetheauthor,swriting
intention,trainofthoughtandcentralargument,andfinally
achievethepurposeofobtainingdetailedinformationanddeep
levelcontent.Ifintensivereadingisapoint,extensive
readingisthemostimportantthing.Onlythroughalargenumber
ofreadingcanweaccumulatealargenumberofwords,structures
andsentencepatterns,inordertoaccumulatealargenumber
ofwords,structuresandsentencepatterns,inordertoexpand
theknowledge,cultivatelanguagesense,improvetheability
torespondtotext.Inreading,accordingtothecontextto
improvetheirabilitytoguess,donotseeanewwordtothe
dictionary,toascertaintheinstructionofpronounsand
pronounrefersobject.Limityourselftoreading.A200word
difficultyreadingarticle,strivetofinishreading
comprehensionwithin6minutes.Inreading,itisnecessaryto
accumulatemoreknowledgeofsociety,history,geography,
cultureandcustomsinBritain,Americaandothercountries,
whichwillhelptoimprovereadingability.Goodreadinghabits
shouldbecultivated.Whenreading,weshouldlookupfromthe
groupofmeaning,don'treadwordbyword,anddon'tusepen
orfingertoreadaloud.Thiswillhindertheunderstandingof
themeaningofthearticle,andaffectthespeedofreading.
Readingisacomprehensiveprocess,andtheimprovementof
readingabilityisastepbystepprocess.Onlybyperseverance
andperseverancecanthestudentsimprovetheirreadingmethods
anddeveloptheirinterestinreadingsoastoachievetwice
theresultwithhalftheeffort.
Thefactorsthataffectreadingcomprehensioncanbedivided
intoknowledgebarriersandnonknowledgebarriers.Knowledge
barriersinclude:1.vocabularybarriers,2..Grammatical
barriers3.,backgroundknowledgebarriers.Nonintellectual
barriersincluded:1.mentaldisorders2.readinghabits.3..
Readingspeed4.readingskills
(1)payattentiontotheaccumulationofEnglishvocabularyand
idiomaticusage
TheAmericanlinguistDriller(1978)pointedoutthataccording
tothefeaturesofvocabulary:ifwerecognizethe25most
commonEnglishwords,theaveragepagepaperwordswecan
recognize33%;ifknow135words,is50%;ifknow2500,itis
78%;ifknow5000,80%foronce;remember10000,upto92%.It
canbeseenthatthereadingabilityandvocabularysizeare
inseparable,moststudentshavelessvocabulary,whichisthe
mainfactoraffectingtheimprovementofreadingability.So
howcanweimprovethevocabularyofstudents?
1.wordformationmemory
Itisestimatedthatthereare1millionto1million200
thousandEnglishwords,butmostofthemaremadeupofword
formation.Wordformationincludesderivation,synthesis,and
transformation.Inteaching,letstudentsmasterthecommon
prefix(un/dis/im/il/super.)andsuffix(ly/less/ful/
ment)...Themeaningandusageofthewordcanguessits
derivativewordsaccordingtotheknownwords,soastoenlarge
thevocabulary.Iftheprefixsuperhasmorethan,beyond
meaning,youcanguessthemeaningofsupermarket(supermarket)
supernatural(supernatural),Superman(Superman),superstar
(Superstar)andotherwords..
2.associativememory
Awordisassociatedwithwordsrelatedtoit,suchasseeing
liveVIlife,associatingwithotherpartsofspeechandusage,
suchaslive,livingandsoon.
3.extensivereadingandmemory
Thefamoussaying"Toreadwell,youneedastrongvocabulary..
Tobuildastrongvocabulary,youneedtoreadwell."tellsus
therelationshipbetweenreadingandvocabulary.Ifyouwant
toreadfluently,youhavetohaveplentyofvocabulary.Alot
ofreadingcanenrichyourvocabulary.
(two)firmlygraspgrammarknowledge
Inrecentyears,thesyntacticstructureofNMETreading
comprehensionpassagestendstobecomplex,andtheroleof
grammaticalknowledgeinreadinghasbeenhighlighted.Suchas
encounteredinreadingotherpeopleunderstandthelongand
difficultsentences,youcanusethegrammar,properanalysis
oftherelationshipbetweenthepartsofthesentence,soan
accurateunderstandingofsentencemeaning.Take
Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker-itoftenmattersnotonly
whatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyoutheythinkand
whatyouthinkthinkyouthink.(NMET2000)asanexample.The
29wordsinthesentencecontainavarietyofrelations,such
assubjectclause,objectclause,coordinatesentenceand
additionaldescriptionofdashconnection.Amongthem,there
arecompoundsentencesincompoundsentencesandcompound
sentencesincompoundsentences.Onlybysortingoutthe
elementsofasentencecanwegraspitsmeaning.
(three)accumulatesomeculturalbackgroundknowledgeandlife
knowledge
TheimprovementofEnglishreadingabilitynotonlyrequires
acertainamountoflanguageknowledge,butalsohassome
culturalbackgroundknowledgeandlifeknowledge.Forexample,
intheNMET2003readingAarticle,thearticleintroducesthe
materialrelatedtogeography,twofarthest/mostdistant
inhabitedislands,aGuinnessBookofRecordsTristanDa
identifiedbyCunha;theotheristheEasterIsland(Easter
Island)appearsinthearticlemorespecificallyanoun,for
lackofexperienceofthestudentswillreadtheformationof
interference,andforthosewhounderstandtheEasterDay
backgroundknowledgeofthestudents,willberelativelybetter.
AlsointheCchapter,thebook,ifyouarefamiliarwiththese,
willreducealotofreadingdifficulties.
(four)developgoodreadinghabitsandmastereffectivereading
skills
Todevelopgoodreadinghabits,weneedtoreadmoreoften,
recitewonderfulparagraphsandarticles,inordertocultivate
languagesense.Inaddition,somestudentsreadaloud,reador
readbackwhentheyread,thesebadhabitswillaffectthespeed
ofreadingandunderstandingofthearticle.Sotoovercome
thesebadhabits,donotreadback,donotread,donotread
andsoon.Onlyinthiswaycanthereadingspeedbeaccelerated,
Theaccuracyofunderstandingcanbeimproved.
Inadditiontogoodreadinghabits,butalsotomasterthe
correctreadingskills.Teachersshouldguidestudentstoform
correctthinkingmethods.Generalreadingshouldpayattention
tothefollowingpoints:
1,skimming(Skimming)istoquicklybrowsethefulltext,grasp
thearticleandthethemeofthesentence,toclarifythe
author'sattitudeandintention.
2,skip(Skipping)isaquicksearchrelatedinformation,read
toyimushihang,notrelatedtothecontentofit.
3,guessingnewwords(Guessingthenewwords),intheprocess
ofreading,inevitablyencounternewwords.Ifyoumeetanew
word,consultthedictionary,orskipit,itwillaffectthe
understandingofthearticle.Soguessthemeaningofnewwords.
Indifferentcontexts,themeaningofwordsisdifferent.So
guessaccordingtocontextcluesandwordformationandother
knowledge.
“Romewasn'tbuiltinaday"toimprovethereadingabilityis
notashortdurationoftimewillbeabletodoso.Aslongas
thecorrectreadingmethod,interest,extensivereading,
accumulationofvocabulary,anddevelopgoodreadinghabits,
readingcomprehensionwillgraduallyimprove.
Englishreadingcomprehensionskills
ThenewhighschoolEnglishsyllabusclearlystipulates:"focus
onimprovingreadingability.,,,r.ThroughouttheNMETinrecent
years,itisnotdifficulttoseethatreadingcomprehension
isthefocusofcollegeentranceexamination,frombeginning
toendoccupiesadominantposition,andthereisatrendof
increasingyearbyyear.Itisnoexaggerationtosaythatdoing
agoodjobofreadingcomprehensionisthekeytogettinghigh
scoresincollegeentranceexamination!
Themainrequirementsofreadingcomprehensiontestare:
1.readthegistandthegistofthematerial,andthefacts
anddetailstoillustratethemainideaandthemainidea.
2.understandspecificfactsaswellasabstractconcepts.
3.,notonlyunderstandthemeaningoftheliteral,butalso
understandthedeepmeaning,includingtheauthor'sattitude,
intention,etc..
4.,notonlyunderstandthemeaningofasentence,aparagraph,
butalsounderstandthelogicalrelationshipofthewhole,and
accordinglyreasoningandjudgment.
5.canbeunderstoodaccordingtotheinformationprovided,
alsocanbecombinedwiththecommonsenseofmiddleschool
studentstounderstand.Accordingtothesefiverequirements,
wecanclassifythereadingcomprehensionmultiple-choice
questionsintothefollowingquestions:detailunderstanding,
wordcomprehension,theme,theme,guessingwordmeaning,
reasoningandjudgment.Theauthorcombinestheusual
experienceinteaching,talkabouthowtodoEnglishreading
comprehensionskillsandstrategies.
First,lookattheproblem,readthearticlewithquestions.
Readthequestionsfirstandrereadtheessays.Whenreading
questions,weshouldfirstgraspthetypesofproblems,
distinguishbetweenobjectiveinformationandsubjective
judgment.Theproblemcanbefoundtheanswerinformation
directlyfromthearticle;andsubjectivejudgmenttopic
examinationistheemotionaltone,theauthordidnotaddthe
statementandcentralthemeoftheunderstanding,thiskindof
problemmustbethroughtheauthor'sattitudeandintentionof
thethesisandthedeepreasoning.Secondly,tounderstandthe
questionstemandinformationcontainedinthevariousoptions,
thentargetedtothescanning,toquicklylocaterelevant
information,thenintegratetherelatedinformation,screening,
analysis,comparison,reasonabletoexcludeinterference,
choosethecorrectanswer.Thismethodstrengthensthe
pertinenceofreading,improvestheaccuracyofdoingquestions
andsavesvaluabletime.Itisespeciallysuitablefor
understandingthethemeofgraphicsandtables.
Two,readingthetext,understandthemainideatheme.
Thepurposeofreadingistoobtaininformation.Aperson's
readingabilitydetermineswhetherhecanquicklyand
efficientlyabsorbusefulinformation.Readingability
generallyreferstotwoaspects:readingspeedand
comprehensionability.Readingspeedisthemostbasicability
toread.Withoutacertainreadingspeed,youcannotsmoothly
inputinformation,nottomentiontheuseofenglish.Inrecent
years,thereadingrateofthecollegeentranceexaminationis
about40wordsperminute.Candidatesmustbeinaverylimited
timeusingskimming,scanningandskimmingtechniquessuchas
fastreading,searchkeywordsandtopicsentences,capture,
sequence,plot,characters,view,
Andclarifythecontextofthetext,grasptheessenceofthe
text.
Graspthetopicsentence,whichisthemainwaytoquicklygrasp
themainideaofthearticle.Thetopicsentenceusuallyappears
atthebeginningandendofthearticle.Thearticleswritten
byinductionaresentencesthatexpressdetails.Beforethe
generalization,thesentencesareintheback.Atthispoint,
thetopicsentenceisthelastsentenceofthearticle.Usually
writtenindeductiveessay,mostfollowfromgeneralto
individualwritingprogram,whichwillstartfromtheoverview,
supplementedby.Atthispoint,thetopicsentenceisthefirst
sentenceofthearticle.Ofcourse,somearticlesdonothave
thematicsentences,whichrequirereaderstogeneralize
themselves.Topicsentencesoftengiveclues,enlightenment,
generalizationandinductiontothefulltext.Themaintheme,
thesummaryquestion,thecentralquestionoftenfindthe
answerdirectlyfromthetopicsentence.
Tryit.Canyoufindthetopicsentenceofthefollowing
passage?
Thepandaisapopularanimal.Storiesaboutthepandainthe
WashingtonZooarealwaysfrontpagenewsandimportant
featuresontelevisionnewscasts.Stuffedpandasareamongthe
mostpopulartoysforchildren,andpandapostcardsarealways
indemandinzoogiftshops.
Itisnotdifficulttoseethatthefirstsentenceofthearticle
isthetopicsentence,andthebacksentencesareallaround
thesentence.
Three,readthedetailscarefully,straightenoutideasand
context.
Thisisnotastackofirrelevantsentencesoutoforder.The
authorisWen,andhasthepulsetofollow.Asanarrativeto
thecharacterasthecenter,intimeorspaceastheclue,
developedintheoccurrence,developmentandoutcomeofthe
story;thisbodycontainstheargumentsandconclusionsof
threeelements,throughtheexplanation,exampleelaborates
theviewpoint.Youcanaccordingtothefeaturesofthearticle,
readthedetails,verbs,timeandlocation,eventsand
causalityforclues,findoutthekeywords,theuseof''drawing
list”,outliningthecognitivemapacompleteclearthemeand
details.
Four,logicalreasoning,deepunderstandingoftheproblem.
Intheactualreading,sometimestheauthordoesnotsaythe
intention,thereadershouldaccordingtothe1iteralmeaning,
throughthetextuallogicrelations,researchdetailsofthe
hint,theauthor(sattitude,understandthemeaningofthe
article.Thisiswhatwecalldeepunderstanding.Deep
understandingmainlyincludesinductivesummaryquestions
(centralidea,addingtitle,etc.)andreasoningandjudgment
questions,whicharedifficultpointsinreadingcomprehension.
Deepunderstandingisakindofcreativethinkingactivity.It
mustbefaithfultothefacts;andprovidecluesforthebasis,
basedontheknowninferenceisunknown,notimagined,random
speculation;itrequiresthereadertoanalyzethesurface
informationoftextmining,andlogicalreasoning,notfactual,
Overgeneralization.Onlyunderstandtheliteralmeaningofthe
article,isthepremiseandbasisofreasoning.
Thecommonlyusedwordsinreasoningquestionsare:infer,
imply,suggest,indicateandsoon.
Forexample,collegeentranceexaminationquestions:
Annealing
Annealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthen
lettingitcoolveryslowly.Ifmetalisheatedandthencooled
veryquickly,forexamplebydippingitinwater(DIP),itwill
beveryhardbutalsoverybrittle-thatis,itwillbreakeasily.
Metalthathasbeenannealedissoftbutdoesnotbreakaseasily.
Itispossibletomakemetalashardorassoftasitiswished,
byannealingit.Themetalisheated,andallowedtocoolslowly
foracertainlengthoftime.Thelongertheheatedmetaltakes
tocoolslowly,thesofteritbecomes.Annealingcanalsobe
usedonothermaterial,suchasglass.
One
为什么人们把铁水放在水里?
使它变硬。使它柔软。
使凉爽。使它变脆。
2o在退火,所需金属硬度取决于_。
水的用量B金属的温度。
金属的柔软度D操作的时间
三.正如文中所建议的,玻璃怎么能变得不那么易碎呢?
它可以加热,然后很快冷却。
它可以被冷却,然后慢慢加热。
可以加热,然后慢慢冷却。
它可以被冷却,然后很快加热。
1、答案为,此题属推断归纳题。文中第二句说如果把金属加热,然
后迅速放到水里冷却,也就会变得非常硬,但也变得脆。硬是工艺的
主观目的。脆是伴随的客观结果,故选一而不选DB项明显错误;C
项是手段不是目的,因此,都可排除。
2、答案为D,此题属概括归纳题。定时是时间的选择。本答案的依
据是5和6两句,“金属被加热,…时间。”、“长…软就”酷的时
间是可以控制的,时间越长越软,即硬度就越低。由此我们可得出结
论:在退火过程中,金属的硬度是受到冷却的时间长短影响的。
3、答案为C此题属推理判断题。文中提到“金属”。最后一句说退
火工艺同样可用于象玻璃一类的其他材料。文中我们已知“退火”就
是先“热”后"慢慢冷却”。由此推断c是正确的。
五、猜词悟义,扫除阅读拦路虎。
猜词是应用英语的重要能力,也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准
确无误地理解上下文,而且要有较大的泛读量,掌握或认识较多的课
外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”,通过构词,语法,定义,同位,
对比,因果,常识,上下文等线索确定词义。
A.定义法
如:退火是一种金属软加热它,然后让它慢慢冷却。
句子给予退火以明确的定义,即“退火”。
它会很硬,但也很脆,也就是说,它很容易破碎。
从后面的解释中我们可以了解到脆是“脆”的意思。
牧民,谁照看羊,一年收入约650yuan。
定语从句中照看羊就表明了牧民的词义为“牧人”。
B同位法
如:
他们走了很长的路,最后到达了一座城堡,一座古老的大建筑物。
同位语部分在旧时代给出了城堡的确切词义大型建筑,即“城堡”。
我们上夜班,从午夜到凌晨8点。
两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明夜班是“夜班”的意思。
C.对比法
她通常上课都很准时,但今天她上了第一节课。
但一词表转折,因此但前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天”
第一节上了一半才来”,因此反向推理,可得出她平时一向“准时”
的结论。
D.
Wordformation(prefix,suffix,compound,derivation,etc.)
Perhaps,wecanseesomepossibilitiesfornextfiftyyears,
nextButthehundred?
Possibilitypossibleisthecognatenoun,whichcanjudgethe
possibilitymeaning"possibility”.
E.causalitymethod
Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimes
theweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythe
sportagain.
Fromthelatterresult"nevermoveagain”,wecaninfer
permanent
Reference:Baidu
Answer:Redbullets-levelFour2006-6-309:11
NewOrientalreading
Foursteps:
Ascan,providedunderlinethekeywords:readonlystem.
Two,readthroughthefulltext,seizethecenter:
Readthroughthefulltexttograsptwokeypoints:1,thefirst
paragraphofthearticle;2,therestoftheparagraphsofthe
headandtail.
Seizethecenter(leaving1minutesofconsideration)1,
themaincontentdescribedinthisarticle;2.Arethereany
coreconceptsmentionedinthisarticle?3,theauthor,s
generalattitude
Three,carefullyexaminesthetopic,returntotheoriginal
Positioningprinciple:1)keywordpositioningprinciple:
usuallystartingfromtheproblem,lookingforkeywordsinthe
problem,preferredcapitalletters,names,placenames,time,
etc..
2)theprincipleofdefiningthenaturalparagraph:theorder
ofthequestionsisroughlyconsistentwiththeorderofthe
lines.
Four,overlappingoptions,gettheanswer
Wordsforreadingcomprehension:newsyllabus,5500words
Difficultpoint:
1,thenumberofwordsissmall,sentencestructureiscomplex:
newwordsuperrigidityrate3%
2,theauthor,spointofviewhascertainconcealment
3,theoptionsareratherconfusing.
Mistakesindoingexercises:
1,readtooquickly,dothequestionsbyimpressionand
intuition
2,spendalotoftimereadingarticles,topicsquicklymissed
3,donotknowwhentomark;markingthetitleis1)iconic,
indicativeinformation:time,place,nameandothernouns;2)
chapterstructureofthewords:suchas,but,futhermore3)
emotionalwordsexpressingtheauthor'sattitude
Reviewmethodofreading:(56precisionbreakingmethod)
56papersinthepastyear,theaccuracyofeacharticle
1words
2,theanalysisofdifficultsentences,remembersomekey
difficultsentences-fromeachofwhich5to10hugesumsof
money,eachtranslationrepeatitdown
4,analysisofthetopic,organizetheirownideas
Thereasonsinvolvedineachquestion,eachoption,analysis,
nonoptions,andoptions
Extensivereading:
Befamiliarwithbackgroundknowledge,understandEnglishand
Americanwritingmethods,andtrytofindwordsaslittleas
possible
ReadanEnglishnewspapereveryweek(suchastwenty-first
Century),readsomethingrelatedtothepostgraduateentrance
examandwhatyoulike
ReadingaEnglishmagazine:TIMENEWSWEEKECONOMISTS
Internetwww.yahoo,com,www.times,com,www.cnn.com,etc.
Reviewfocus:70%20%10%Zhentireadingexercises
Theapplicationofpunctuationmarksinreading:
1,fullstop:sentencesegmentation,asgoodasaunit,eight
segmentsintoblocks,andthenbreak
2,comma:betweenthetwocommaisasupplementaryexplanation,
canskipfirst,notread
3,colon:thecolonisthecomplementoftheprecedingcontent,
andthereisaprocessfromspecifictoabstractbeforeand
afterthecolon
4,semicolon:frontandbackcoordinatestructure1)semantic
juxtaposition,2)juxtapositionofstructures
5,dashes,betweentwodashesarecomplementaryinstructions,
whichcannotberead
6,quote:1)quotesomeone'spointofview2)ironyirony-and
thenreadbackwhenyouseetheproblem
7,parentheses:1)additionalinstructions,2)explainnew
words.
Microreadingmethod;
1,graspthetrunk-seizetheverbisthekey
2,lookatpunctuationmarks
3,thereductionofnegation(doublenegationaccordingto
affirmativereading)
4,passiveactive
5,theNewPunctuation:payparticularattentionto1inkssuch
asandaswellas
6,
Controlmethod:catchsomekeywords:1)1ikewiseetal.2)the
transitionalrelationword3)progressiverelativeword4means
importantword
7,payattentiontoripewordbusiness
Macroreadingmethod:
1,thereisonlyonelogicalthemeforanyarticle
2canskipinformation:1)examplecontent2)referenced
content3)specificdigital4)supplementthecolonpart
3,payattentiontograspthetwotypesofwriting:1)
argumentative:seizethecentralargumentandtheauthor's
attitude:2)descriptionoftheobjectandgrasptheexposition
totheattitude
4,payattentiontoseethearticleiscomposedofseveral
naturalparagraph,payattentiontoparagr
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