英语 阅读方法（English reading methods）

英语阅读方法(Englishreadingmethods)

OneormoreusesTop-downreadingmethod

Thetop-down(Top-down)readingisstartingfromthewhole

discourse,focusingontextsymbolsthroughaccessto

information,accordingtothetitleofthefirsttothecontent

andmeaningofthearticlemakeinferences,understandwhatthe

authormeant.

Thekeytousingtop-downreadingmethodistotrainstudents，

abilitytopredictandinferthecontentandmeaningofthe

article,soastoimprovetheabilityofreadingcomprehension.

Bylookingattheoverallstructureofthearticleorthetitle

ofthearticletopredictthecontentanddeepmeaningofthe

article,wecanspeculatefromthefollowingaspects:

1.whatarethecontentsofthearticle?

2.whataspectswilltheauthorelaborate?

3.howwillthecontentdevelop?

Inreading,weshouldpayattentiontodifferentEnglishstyle,

becausethestylehasagreatinfluenceontheorganizationand

layoutofinformation.Trainingandmasteringthestructural

featuresofvariousEnglishstylesarebeneficialtothe

inductionofarticlesandlogicalreasoning.Forexample,

narrativeisbasedonnarrative,whichmusthavethreeelements:

plot,characterandbackground.Thedevelopmentofplotmostly

takesthetransferoftimeandplaceasclue.Therefore,when

readingnarrative,wemustseizetheclueoftime,takethe

characterasthecenter,clearthestoryoftheoccurrence,

development,ending.Anotherexampleofargumentativeand

expositorytextshaveacommonpointthatismostlyparagraph

topicsentences(moreappearedinthefirstparagraphor

sectionattheend),tograspthetopicsentence,exploreeach

theme,makethecentralpoint,sothatmoredetailedpredict

thecontentofthewholearticle,understandthesurfaceand

deepmeaning.

Two,correctlyhandletherelationshipbetweenintensive

readingandextensivereading.

Intensivereadingandextensivereadingistoreadthetwomain

methods,combiningwithboth,onecannotreplace.

1.payattentiontothechoiceofreadingmaterials.

Choosingappropriateextensivereadingmaterialsisan

importantwaytoimproveEnglishreading.Thechoiceofwords

isabout200,followedbytheexerciseofreadingmaterialsis

appropriate.Readingmaterialsshouldbediversified:

narrative,popularscience,discussionorillustration,

advertisingandsoon.Payattentiontothepracticabilityof

thearticle.Theaccuracyoftheselectedmaterialsis60%-

70%,andthenumberofnewwordsisnotmorethan4%.

2..Intensivereadingandextensivereadingarecomplementary.

Comparedwithextensivereading,intensivereadingisapoint.

Itisnecessarytoanalyzesomearticleswhicharedifficult

towritebetter,tosumupandsummarizetheauthor，swriting

intention,trainofthoughtandcentralargument,andfinally

achievethepurposeofobtainingdetailedinformationanddeep

levelcontent.Ifintensivereadingisapoint,extensive

readingisthemostimportantthing.Onlythroughalargenumber

ofreadingcanweaccumulatealargenumberofwords,structures

andsentencepatterns,inordertoaccumulatealargenumber

ofwords,structuresandsentencepatterns,inordertoexpand

theknowledge,cultivatelanguagesense,improvetheability

torespondtotext.Inreading,accordingtothecontextto

improvetheirabilitytoguess,donotseeanewwordtothe

dictionary,toascertaintheinstructionofpronounsand

pronounrefersobject.Limityourselftoreading.A200word

difficultyreadingarticle,strivetofinishreading

comprehensionwithin6minutes.Inreading,itisnecessaryto

accumulatemoreknowledgeofsociety,history,geography,

cultureandcustomsinBritain,Americaandothercountries,

whichwillhelptoimprovereadingability.Goodreadinghabits

shouldbecultivated.Whenreading,weshouldlookupfromthe

groupofmeaning,don'treadwordbyword,anddon'tusepen

orfingertoreadaloud.Thiswillhindertheunderstandingof

themeaningofthearticle,andaffectthespeedofreading.

Readingisacomprehensiveprocess,andtheimprovementof

readingabilityisastepbystepprocess.Onlybyperseverance

andperseverancecanthestudentsimprovetheirreadingmethods

anddeveloptheirinterestinreadingsoastoachievetwice

theresultwithhalftheeffort.

Thefactorsthataffectreadingcomprehensioncanbedivided

intoknowledgebarriersandnonknowledgebarriers.Knowledge

barriersinclude:1.vocabularybarriers,2..Grammatical

barriers3.,backgroundknowledgebarriers.Nonintellectual

barriersincluded:1.mentaldisorders2.readinghabits.3..

Readingspeed4.readingskills

(1)payattentiontotheaccumulationofEnglishvocabularyand

idiomaticusage

TheAmericanlinguistDriller(1978)pointedoutthataccording

tothefeaturesofvocabulary:ifwerecognizethe25most

commonEnglishwords,theaveragepagepaperwordswecan

recognize33%;ifknow135words,is50%;ifknow2500,itis

78%;ifknow5000,80%foronce;remember10000,upto92%.It

canbeseenthatthereadingabilityandvocabularysizeare

inseparable,moststudentshavelessvocabulary,whichisthe

mainfactoraffectingtheimprovementofreadingability.So

howcanweimprovethevocabularyofstudents?

1.wordformationmemory

Itisestimatedthatthereare1millionto1million200

thousandEnglishwords,butmostofthemaremadeupofword

formation.Wordformationincludesderivation,synthesis,and

transformation.Inteaching,letstudentsmasterthecommon

prefix(un/dis/im/il/super.)andsuffix(ly/less/ful/

ment)...Themeaningandusageofthewordcanguessits

derivativewordsaccordingtotheknownwords,soastoenlarge

thevocabulary.Iftheprefixsuperhasmorethan,beyond

meaning,youcanguessthemeaningofsupermarket(supermarket)

supernatural(supernatural),Superman(Superman),superstar

(Superstar)andotherwords..

2.associativememory

Awordisassociatedwithwordsrelatedtoit,suchasseeing

liveVIlife,associatingwithotherpartsofspeechandusage,

suchaslive,livingandsoon.

3.extensivereadingandmemory

Thefamoussaying"Toreadwell,youneedastrongvocabulary..

Tobuildastrongvocabulary,youneedtoreadwell."tellsus

therelationshipbetweenreadingandvocabulary.Ifyouwant

toreadfluently,youhavetohaveplentyofvocabulary.Alot

ofreadingcanenrichyourvocabulary.

(two)firmlygraspgrammarknowledge

Inrecentyears,thesyntacticstructureofNMETreading

comprehensionpassagestendstobecomplex,andtheroleof

grammaticalknowledgeinreadinghasbeenhighlighted.Suchas

encounteredinreadingotherpeopleunderstandthelongand

difficultsentences,youcanusethegrammar,properanalysis

oftherelationshipbetweenthepartsofthesentence,soan

accurateunderstandingofsentencemeaning.Take

Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker-itoftenmattersnotonly

whatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyoutheythinkand

whatyouthinkthinkyouthink.(NMET2000)asanexample.The

29wordsinthesentencecontainavarietyofrelations,such

assubjectclause,objectclause,coordinatesentenceand

additionaldescriptionofdashconnection.Amongthem,there

arecompoundsentencesincompoundsentencesandcompound

sentencesincompoundsentences.Onlybysortingoutthe

elementsofasentencecanwegraspitsmeaning.

(three)accumulatesomeculturalbackgroundknowledgeandlife

knowledge

TheimprovementofEnglishreadingabilitynotonlyrequires

acertainamountoflanguageknowledge,butalsohassome

culturalbackgroundknowledgeandlifeknowledge.Forexample,

intheNMET2003readingAarticle,thearticleintroducesthe

materialrelatedtogeography,twofarthest/mostdistant

inhabitedislands,aGuinnessBookofRecordsTristanDa

identifiedbyCunha;theotheristheEasterIsland(Easter

Island)appearsinthearticlemorespecificallyanoun,for

lackofexperienceofthestudentswillreadtheformationof

interference,andforthosewhounderstandtheEasterDay

backgroundknowledgeofthestudents,willberelativelybetter.

AlsointheCchapter,thebook,ifyouarefamiliarwiththese,

willreducealotofreadingdifficulties.

(four)developgoodreadinghabitsandmastereffectivereading

skills

Todevelopgoodreadinghabits,weneedtoreadmoreoften,

recitewonderfulparagraphsandarticles,inordertocultivate

languagesense.Inaddition,somestudentsreadaloud,reador

readbackwhentheyread,thesebadhabitswillaffectthespeed

ofreadingandunderstandingofthearticle.Sotoovercome

thesebadhabits,donotreadback,donotread,donotread

andsoon.Onlyinthiswaycanthereadingspeedbeaccelerated,

Theaccuracyofunderstandingcanbeimproved.

Inadditiontogoodreadinghabits,butalsotomasterthe

correctreadingskills.Teachersshouldguidestudentstoform

correctthinkingmethods.Generalreadingshouldpayattention

tothefollowingpoints:

1,skimming(Skimming)istoquicklybrowsethefulltext,grasp

thearticleandthethemeofthesentence,toclarifythe

author'sattitudeandintention.

2,skip(Skipping)isaquicksearchrelatedinformation,read

toyimushihang,notrelatedtothecontentofit.

3,guessingnewwords(Guessingthenewwords),intheprocess

ofreading,inevitablyencounternewwords.Ifyoumeetanew

word,consultthedictionary,orskipit,itwillaffectthe

understandingofthearticle.Soguessthemeaningofnewwords.

Indifferentcontexts,themeaningofwordsisdifferent.So

guessaccordingtocontextcluesandwordformationandother

knowledge.

“Romewasn'tbuiltinaday"toimprovethereadingabilityis

notashortdurationoftimewillbeabletodoso.Aslongas

thecorrectreadingmethod,interest,extensivereading,

accumulationofvocabulary,anddevelopgoodreadinghabits,

readingcomprehensionwillgraduallyimprove.

Englishreadingcomprehensionskills

ThenewhighschoolEnglishsyllabusclearlystipulates:"focus

onimprovingreadingability.，，，r.ThroughouttheNMETinrecent

years,itisnotdifficulttoseethatreadingcomprehension

isthefocusofcollegeentranceexamination,frombeginning

toendoccupiesadominantposition,andthereisatrendof

increasingyearbyyear.Itisnoexaggerationtosaythatdoing

agoodjobofreadingcomprehensionisthekeytogettinghigh

scoresincollegeentranceexamination!

Themainrequirementsofreadingcomprehensiontestare:

1.readthegistandthegistofthematerial,andthefacts

anddetailstoillustratethemainideaandthemainidea.

2.understandspecificfactsaswellasabstractconcepts.

3.,notonlyunderstandthemeaningoftheliteral,butalso

understandthedeepmeaning,includingtheauthor'sattitude,

intention,etc..

4.,notonlyunderstandthemeaningofasentence,aparagraph,

butalsounderstandthelogicalrelationshipofthewhole,and

accordinglyreasoningandjudgment.

5.canbeunderstoodaccordingtotheinformationprovided,

alsocanbecombinedwiththecommonsenseofmiddleschool

studentstounderstand.Accordingtothesefiverequirements,

wecanclassifythereadingcomprehensionmultiple-choice

questionsintothefollowingquestions:detailunderstanding,

wordcomprehension,theme,theme,guessingwordmeaning,

reasoningandjudgment.Theauthorcombinestheusual

experienceinteaching,talkabouthowtodoEnglishreading

comprehensionskillsandstrategies.

First,lookattheproblem,readthearticlewithquestions.

Readthequestionsfirstandrereadtheessays.Whenreading

questions,weshouldfirstgraspthetypesofproblems,

distinguishbetweenobjectiveinformationandsubjective

judgment.Theproblemcanbefoundtheanswerinformation

directlyfromthearticle;andsubjectivejudgmenttopic

examinationistheemotionaltone,theauthordidnotaddthe

statementandcentralthemeoftheunderstanding,thiskindof

problemmustbethroughtheauthor'sattitudeandintentionof

thethesisandthedeepreasoning.Secondly,tounderstandthe

questionstemandinformationcontainedinthevariousoptions,

thentargetedtothescanning,toquicklylocaterelevant

information,thenintegratetherelatedinformation,screening,

analysis,comparison,reasonabletoexcludeinterference,

choosethecorrectanswer.Thismethodstrengthensthe

pertinenceofreading,improvestheaccuracyofdoingquestions

andsavesvaluabletime.Itisespeciallysuitablefor

understandingthethemeofgraphicsandtables.

Two,readingthetext,understandthemainideatheme.

Thepurposeofreadingistoobtaininformation.Aperson's

readingabilitydetermineswhetherhecanquicklyand

efficientlyabsorbusefulinformation.Readingability

generallyreferstotwoaspects:readingspeedand

comprehensionability.Readingspeedisthemostbasicability

toread.Withoutacertainreadingspeed,youcannotsmoothly

inputinformation,nottomentiontheuseofenglish.Inrecent

years,thereadingrateofthecollegeentranceexaminationis

about40wordsperminute.Candidatesmustbeinaverylimited

timeusingskimming,scanningandskimmingtechniquessuchas

fastreading,searchkeywordsandtopicsentences,capture,

sequence,plot,characters,view,

Andclarifythecontextofthetext,grasptheessenceofthe

text.

Graspthetopicsentence,whichisthemainwaytoquicklygrasp

themainideaofthearticle.Thetopicsentenceusuallyappears

atthebeginningandendofthearticle.Thearticleswritten

byinductionaresentencesthatexpressdetails.Beforethe

generalization,thesentencesareintheback.Atthispoint,

thetopicsentenceisthelastsentenceofthearticle.Usually

writtenindeductiveessay,mostfollowfromgeneralto

individualwritingprogram,whichwillstartfromtheoverview,

supplementedby.Atthispoint,thetopicsentenceisthefirst

sentenceofthearticle.Ofcourse,somearticlesdonothave

thematicsentences,whichrequirereaderstogeneralize

themselves.Topicsentencesoftengiveclues,enlightenment,

generalizationandinductiontothefulltext.Themaintheme,

thesummaryquestion,thecentralquestionoftenfindthe

answerdirectlyfromthetopicsentence.

Tryit.Canyoufindthetopicsentenceofthefollowing

passage?

Thepandaisapopularanimal.Storiesaboutthepandainthe

WashingtonZooarealwaysfrontpagenewsandimportant

featuresontelevisionnewscasts.Stuffedpandasareamongthe

mostpopulartoysforchildren,andpandapostcardsarealways

indemandinzoogiftshops.

Itisnotdifficulttoseethatthefirstsentenceofthearticle

isthetopicsentence,andthebacksentencesareallaround

thesentence.

Three,readthedetailscarefully,straightenoutideasand

context.

Thisisnotastackofirrelevantsentencesoutoforder.The

authorisWen,andhasthepulsetofollow.Asanarrativeto

thecharacterasthecenter,intimeorspaceastheclue,

developedintheoccurrence,developmentandoutcomeofthe

story;thisbodycontainstheargumentsandconclusionsof

threeelements,throughtheexplanation,exampleelaborates

theviewpoint.Youcanaccordingtothefeaturesofthearticle,

readthedetails,verbs,timeandlocation,eventsand

causalityforclues,findoutthekeywords,theuseof''drawing

list”,outliningthecognitivemapacompleteclearthemeand

details.

Four,logicalreasoning,deepunderstandingoftheproblem.

Intheactualreading,sometimestheauthordoesnotsaythe

intention,thereadershouldaccordingtothe1iteralmeaning,

throughthetextuallogicrelations,researchdetailsofthe

hint,theauthor(sattitude,understandthemeaningofthe

article.Thisiswhatwecalldeepunderstanding.Deep

understandingmainlyincludesinductivesummaryquestions

(centralidea,addingtitle,etc.)andreasoningandjudgment

questions,whicharedifficultpointsinreadingcomprehension.

Deepunderstandingisakindofcreativethinkingactivity.It

mustbefaithfultothefacts;andprovidecluesforthebasis,

basedontheknowninferenceisunknown,notimagined,random

speculation;itrequiresthereadertoanalyzethesurface

informationoftextmining,andlogicalreasoning,notfactual,

Overgeneralization.Onlyunderstandtheliteralmeaningofthe

article,isthepremiseandbasisofreasoning.

Thecommonlyusedwordsinreasoningquestionsare:infer,

imply,suggest,indicateandsoon.

Forexample,collegeentranceexaminationquestions:

Annealing

Annealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthen

lettingitcoolveryslowly.Ifmetalisheatedandthencooled

veryquickly,forexamplebydippingitinwater(DIP),itwill

beveryhardbutalsoverybrittle-thatis,itwillbreakeasily.

Metalthathasbeenannealedissoftbutdoesnotbreakaseasily.

Itispossibletomakemetalashardorassoftasitiswished,

byannealingit.Themetalisheated,andallowedtocoolslowly

foracertainlengthoftime.Thelongertheheatedmetaltakes

tocoolslowly,thesofteritbecomes.Annealingcanalsobe

usedonothermaterial,suchasglass.

One

为什么人们把铁水放在水里?

使它变硬。使它柔软。

使凉爽。使它变脆。

2o在退火，所需金属硬度取决于_。

水的用量B金属的温度。

金属的柔软度D操作的时间

三.正如文中所建议的，玻璃怎么能变得不那么易碎呢？

它可以加热，然后很快冷却。

它可以被冷却，然后慢慢加热。

可以加热，然后慢慢冷却。

它可以被冷却，然后很快加热。

1、答案为，此题属推断归纳题。文中第二句说如果把金属加热，然

后迅速放到水里冷却，也就会变得非常硬，但也变得脆。硬是工艺的

主观目的。脆是伴随的客观结果，故选一而不选DB项明显错误；C

项是手段不是目的，因此，都可排除。

2、答案为D,此题属概括归纳题。定时是时间的选择。本答案的依

据是5和6两句，“金属被加热，…时间。”、“长…软就”酷的时

间是可以控制的，时间越长越软，即硬度就越低。由此我们可得出结

论：在退火过程中，金属的硬度是受到冷却的时间长短影响的。

3、答案为C此题属推理判断题。文中提到“金属”。最后一句说退

火工艺同样可用于象玻璃一类的其他材料。文中我们已知“退火”就

是先“热”后"慢慢冷却”。由此推断c是正确的。

五、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。

猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准

确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课

外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词，语法，定义，同位,

对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。

A.定义法

如：退火是一种金属软加热它，然后让它慢慢冷却。

句子给予退火以明确的定义，即“退火”。

它会很硬，但也很脆，也就是说，它很容易破碎。

从后面的解释中我们可以了解到脆是“脆”的意思。

牧民，谁照看羊，一年收入约650yuan。

定语从句中照看羊就表明了牧民的词义为“牧人”。

B同位法

如：

他们走了很长的路，最后到达了一座城堡，一座古老的大建筑物。

同位语部分在旧时代给出了城堡的确切词义大型建筑，即“城堡”。

我们上夜班，从午夜到凌晨8点。

两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明夜班是“夜班”的意思。

C.对比法

她通常上课都很准时，但今天她上了第一节课。

但一词表转折，因此但前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天”

第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”

的结论。

D.

Wordformation(prefix,suffix,compound,derivation,etc.)

Perhaps,wecanseesomepossibilitiesfornextfiftyyears,

nextButthehundred?

Possibilitypossibleisthecognatenoun,whichcanjudgethe

possibilitymeaning"possibility”.

E.causalitymethod

Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimes

theweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythe

sportagain.

Fromthelatterresult"nevermoveagain”,wecaninfer

permanent

Reference:Baidu

Answer:Redbullets-levelFour2006-6-309:11

NewOrientalreading

Foursteps:

Ascan,providedunderlinethekeywords:readonlystem.

Two,readthroughthefulltext,seizethecenter:

Readthroughthefulltexttograsptwokeypoints:1,thefirst

paragraphofthearticle;2,therestoftheparagraphsofthe

headandtail.

Seizethecenter(leaving1minutesofconsideration)1,

themaincontentdescribedinthisarticle;2.Arethereany

coreconceptsmentionedinthisarticle?3,theauthor,s

generalattitude

Three,carefullyexaminesthetopic,returntotheoriginal

Positioningprinciple:1)keywordpositioningprinciple:

usuallystartingfromtheproblem,lookingforkeywordsinthe

problem,preferredcapitalletters,names,placenames,time,

etc..

2)theprincipleofdefiningthenaturalparagraph:theorder

ofthequestionsisroughlyconsistentwiththeorderofthe

lines.

Four,overlappingoptions,gettheanswer

Wordsforreadingcomprehension:newsyllabus,5500words

Difficultpoint:

1,thenumberofwordsissmall,sentencestructureiscomplex:

newwordsuperrigidityrate3%

2,theauthor，spointofviewhascertainconcealment

3,theoptionsareratherconfusing.

Mistakesindoingexercises:

1,readtooquickly,dothequestionsbyimpressionand

intuition

2,spendalotoftimereadingarticles,topicsquicklymissed

3,donotknowwhentomark;markingthetitleis1)iconic,

indicativeinformation:time,place,nameandothernouns;2)

chapterstructureofthewords:suchas,but,futhermore3)

emotionalwordsexpressingtheauthor'sattitude

Reviewmethodofreading:(56precisionbreakingmethod)

56papersinthepastyear,theaccuracyofeacharticle

1words

2,theanalysisofdifficultsentences,remembersomekey

difficultsentences-fromeachofwhich5to10hugesumsof

money,eachtranslationrepeatitdown

4,analysisofthetopic,organizetheirownideas

Thereasonsinvolvedineachquestion,eachoption,analysis,

nonoptions,andoptions

Extensivereading:

Befamiliarwithbackgroundknowledge,understandEnglishand

Americanwritingmethods,andtrytofindwordsaslittleas

possible

ReadanEnglishnewspapereveryweek(suchastwenty-first

Century),readsomethingrelatedtothepostgraduateentrance

examandwhatyoulike

ReadingaEnglishmagazine:TIMENEWSWEEKECONOMISTS

Internetwww.yahoo,com,www.times,com,www.cnn.com,etc.

Reviewfocus:70%20%10%Zhentireadingexercises

Theapplicationofpunctuationmarksinreading:

1,fullstop:sentencesegmentation,asgoodasaunit,eight

segmentsintoblocks,andthenbreak

2,comma:betweenthetwocommaisasupplementaryexplanation,

canskipfirst,notread

3,colon:thecolonisthecomplementoftheprecedingcontent,

andthereisaprocessfromspecifictoabstractbeforeand

afterthecolon

4,semicolon:frontandbackcoordinatestructure1)semantic

juxtaposition,2)juxtapositionofstructures

5,dashes,betweentwodashesarecomplementaryinstructions,

whichcannotberead

6,quote:1)quotesomeone'spointofview2)ironyirony-and

thenreadbackwhenyouseetheproblem

7,parentheses:1)additionalinstructions,2)explainnew

words.

Microreadingmethod;

1,graspthetrunk-seizetheverbisthekey

2,lookatpunctuationmarks

3,thereductionofnegation(doublenegationaccordingto

affirmativereading)

4,passiveactive

5,theNewPunctuation:payparticularattentionto1inkssuch

asandaswellas

6,

Controlmethod:catchsomekeywords:1)1ikewiseetal.2)the

transitionalrelationword3)progressiverelativeword4means

importantword

7,payattentiontoripewordbusiness

Macroreadingmethod:

1,thereisonlyonelogicalthemeforanyarticle

2canskipinformation:1)examplecontent2)referenced

content3)specificdigital4)supplementthecolonpart

3,payattentiontograspthetwotypesofwriting:1)

argumentative:seizethecentralargumentandtheauthor's

attitude:2)descriptionoftheobjectandgrasptheexposition

totheattitude

4,payattentiontoseethearticleiscomposedofseveral

naturalparagraph,payattentiontoparagr