2019年考研英语二真题及答案解析

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2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Weighingyourselfregularlyisawonderfulwaytostayawareofanysignificantweightfluctuations.1,whendonetoooften,thishabitcansometimeshurtmorethanit2.

Asforme,weighingmyselfeverydaycausedmetoshiftmyfocusfrombeinggenerallyhealthyandphysicallyactive,tofocusing3 onthescale.Thatwasbadtomyoverallfitnessgoals.Ihadgainedweightintheformofmusclemass,butthinkingonlyof4 thenumberonthescale,Ialteredmytrainingprogram.ThatconflictedwithhowIneededtotrainto5 mygoals.

Ialsofoundthatweighingmyselfdailydidnotprovideanaccurate6ofthehardworkandprogressIwasmakinginthegym.Ittakesaboutthreeweekstoamonthtonoticesignificantchangesinyourweight7alteringyourtrainingprogram.Themost8changeswillbeobservedinskilllevel,strengthandincheslost.

Forthese9,Istoppedweighingmyselfeverydayandswitchedtoabimonthlyweighingschedule10.Sinceweightlossisnotmygoal,itislessimportantformeto11myweighteachweek.Weighingeveryotherweekallowsmetoobserveand12anysignificantweightchanges.ThattellsmewhetherIneedto13mytrainingprogram.

Iusemybimonthlyweigh-in14togetinformationaboutmynutritionaswell.Ifmytrainingintensityremainsthesame,butI’mconstantly15anddroppingweight,thisisa16thatIneedtoincreasemydailycaloricintake.

The17tostopweighingmyselfeverydayhasdonewondersformyoverallhealth,fitnessandwell-being.I’mexperiencingincreasedzealforworkingoutsinceInolongercarrytheburdenofa18morningweigh-in.I’vealsoexperienced

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greatersuccessinachievingmyspecificfitnessgoals,19 I’mtraining

accordingtothosegoals,notthenumbersonascale.

Ratherthan20 overthescale,turnyourfocustohowyoulook,feel,howyourclothesfitandyouroverallenergylevel.

1.[A]

2.[A]

3.[A]

4.[A]

Besideshelpsinitially

recording

[B]

[B]

[B]

[B]

Thereforecaressolely

lowering

[C]

[C]

[C]

[C]

Otherwisewarnsoccasionally

explaining

[D]

[D]

[D]

[D]

Howeverreducesformally

accepting

5.[A]

modify

[B]

set

[C]

review

[D]

reach

6.[A]

definition

[B]

depiction

[C]

distribution

[D]

prediction

7.[A]

dueto

[B]

regardless

of

[C]

asidefrom

[D]

alongwith

8.[A]

orderly

[B]

rigid

[C]

precise

[D]

immediate

9.[A]

claims

[B]

judgments

[C]

reasons

[D]

methods

10.[A]

instead

[B]

though

[C]

again

[D]

indeed

11.[A]

track

[B]

overlook

[C]

conceal

[D]

report

12.[A]

dependon

[B]

approveof

[C]

holdonto

[D]

accountfor

13.[A]

share

[B]

adjust

[C]

confirm

[D]

prepare

14.[A]

results

[B]

features

[C]

rules

[D]

tests

15.[A]

bored

[B]

anxious

[C]

hungry

[D]

sick

16.[A]

principle

[B]

secret

[C]

belief

[D]

sign

17.[A]

request

[B]

necessity

[C]

decision

[D]

wish

18.[A]disappointing

[B]

surprising

[C]

restricting

[D]

consuming

19.[A]if

[B]

unless

[C]

until

[D]

because

20.[A]obsessing

[B]

dominating

[C]

puzzling

[D]

triumphing

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SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartADirections:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Unlikeso-calledbasicemotionssuchassadness,fear,andanger,guiltemergesalittlelater,inconjunctionwithachild’sgrowinggraspofsocialandmoralnorms.Childrenaren’tbornknowinghowtosay“I’msorry”;rather,theylearnovertimethatsuchstatementsappeaseparentsandfriends–andtheirownconsciences.Thisiswhyresearchersgenerallyregardso-calledmoralguilt,intherightamount,tobeagoodthing.

Inthepopularimagination,ofcourse,guiltstillgetsabadrap.Itisdeeplyuncomfortable–it’stheemotionalequivalentofwearingajacketweightedwithstones.Yetthisunderstandingisoutdated.“Therehasbeenakindofrevivalorarethinkingaboutwhatguiltisandwhatroleguiltcanserve,”saysAmrishaVaish,apsychologyresearcherattheUniversityofVirginia,addingthatthisrevivalispartofalargerrecognitionthatemotionsaren’tbinary–feelingsthatmaybeadvantageousinonecontextmaybeharmfulinanother.Jealousyandanger,forexample,mayhaveevolvedtoalertustoimportantinequalities.Toomuchhappinesscanbedestructive.

Andguilt,bypromptingustothinkmoredeeplyaboutourgoodness,canencouragehumanstomakeupforerrorsandfixrelationships.Guilt,inotherwords,canhelpholdacooperativespeciestogether.Itisakindofsocialglue.

Viewedinthislight,guiltisanopportunity.WorkbyTinaMalti,apsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofToronto,suggeststhatguiltmaycompensateforanemotionaldeficiency.Inanumberofstudies,Maltiandothershaveshownthatguiltandsympathymayrepresentdifferentpathwaystocooperationandsharing.Somekidswhoarelowinsympathymaymakeupforthatshortfallbyexperiencingmoreguilt,whichcanreinintheirnastierimpulses.Andviceversa:Highsympathycansubstituteforlowguilt.

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Ina2014study,forexample,Maltilookedat244children.Usingcaregiver

assessmentsandthechildren’sself-observations,sheratedeachchild’soverallsympathylevelandhisorhertendencytofeelnegativeemotionsaftermoraltransgressions.Thenthekidswerehandedchocolatecoins,andgivenachancetosharethemwithananonymouschild.Forthelow-sympathykids,howmuchtheysharedappearedtoturnonhowinclinedtheyweretofeelguilty.Theguilt-proneonessharedmore,eventhoughtheyhadn’tmagicallybecomemoresympathetictotheotherchild’sdeprivation.

“That’sgoodnews,”Maltisays.“Wecanbeprosocialbecausewecausedharmandwefeelregret.”

Researchersthinkthatguiltcanbeagoodthingbecauseitmayhelp.

regulateachild’sbasicemotions

improveachild’sintellectualability

fosterachild’smoraldevelopment

intensifyachild’spositivefeelings

AccordingtoParagraph2,manypeoplestillconsiderguilttobe.

deceptive

burdensome

addictive

inexcusable

Vaishholdsthattherethinkingaboutguiltcomesfromanawarenessthat.

emotionsarecontext-independent

emotionsaresociallyconstructive

emotionalstabilitycanbenefithealth

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[D]anemotioncanplayopposingroles

Maltiandothershaveshownthatcooperationandsharing.

mayhelpcorrectemotionaldeficiencies

canresultfromeithersympathyorguilt

canbringaboutemotionalsatisfaction

maybetheoutcomeofimpulsiveacts

Theword“transgressions”(Line4,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto.

teachings

discussions

restrictions

wrongdoings

Text2

Forestsgiveusshade,quietandoneoftheharderchallengesinthefightagainstclimatechange.Evenaswehumanscountonforeststosoakupagoodshareofthecarbondioxideweproduce,wearethreateningtheirabilitytodoso.Theclimatechangewearehasteningcouldonedayleaveuswithforeststhatemitmorecarbonthantheyabsorb.

Thankfully,thereisawayoutofthistrap–butitinvolvesstrikingasubtlebalance.Helpingforestsflourishasvaluable“carbonsinks”longintothefuturemayrequirereducingtheircapacitytoabsorbcarbonnow.Californiaisleadingtheway,asitdoesonsomanyclimateefforts,infiguringoutthedetails.

Thestate’sproposedForestCarbonPlanaimstodoubleeffortstothinoutyoungtreesandclearbrushinpartsoftheforest.Thistemporarilylowerscarbon-carryingcapacity.Buttheremainingtreesdrawagreatershareoftheavailablemoisture,sotheygrowandthrive,restoringtheforest’scapacitytopullcarbonfromthe

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air.Healthytreesarealsobetterabletofendoffinsects.Thelandscapeisrendered

lesseasilyburnable.Evenintheeventofafire,fewertreesareconsumed.

Theneedforsuchplanningisincreasinglyurgent.Already,since2010,droughtandinsectshavekilledover100milliontreesinCalifornia,mostofthemin2016alone,andwildfireshaveburnedhundredsofthousandsofacres.

Californiaplanstotreat35,000acresofforestayearby2020,and60,000by2030–financedfromtheproceedsofthestate’semissions-permitauctions.That’sonlyasmallshareofthetotalacreagethatcouldbenefit,abouthalfamillionacresinall,soitwillbevitaltoprioritizeareasatgreatestriskoffireordrought.

Thestrategyalsoaimstoensurethatcarboninwoodymaterialremovedfromtheforestsislockedawayintheformofsolidlumberorburnedasbiofuelinvehiclesthatwouldotherwiserunonfossilfuels.Newresearchontransportationbiofuelsisalreadyunderway.

Stategovernmentsarewellaccustomedtomanagingforests,buttraditionallythey’vefocusedonwildlife,watershedsandopportunitiesforrecreation.Onlyrecentlyhavetheycometoseethevitalpartforestswillhavetoplayinstoringcarbon.California’splan,whichisexpectedtobefinalizedbythegovernornextyear,shouldserveasamodel.

Bysaying“oneoftheharderchallenges,”theauthorimpliesthat.

globalclimatechangemaygetoutofcontrol

peoplemaymisunderstandglobalwarming

extremeweatherconditionsmayarise

forestsmaybecomeapotentialthreat

Tomaintainforestsasvaluable“carbonsinks,”wemayneedto.

preservethediversityofspeciesinthem

acceleratethegrowthofyoungtrees

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[C]strikeabalanceamongdifferentplants

[D]lowertheirpresentcarbon-absorbingcapacity

California’sForestCarbonPlanendeavorsto.

cultivatemoredrought-resistanttrees

reducethedensityofsomeofitsforests

findmoreeffectivewaystokillinsects

restoreitsforestsquicklyafterwildfires

WhatisessentialtoCalifornia’splanaccordingtoParagraph5?

Tohandletheareasinseriousdangerfirst.

Tocarryitoutbeforetheyearof2020.

Toperfecttheemissions-permitauctions.

Toobtainenoughfinancialsupport.

Theauthor’sattitudetoCalifornia’splancanbestbedescribedas.

ambiguous

tolerant

supportive

cautious

Text3

Americanfarmershavebeencomplainingoflaborshortagesforseveralyears.Thecomplaintsareunlikelytostopwithoutanoverhaulofimmigrationrulesforfarmworkers.

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Congresshasobstructedeffortstocreateamorestraightforwardvisafor

agriculturalworkersthatwouldletforeignworkersstaylongerintheU.S.andchangejobswithintheindustry.Ifthisdoesn’tchange,Americanbusinesses,communities,andconsumerswillbethelosers.

PerhapshalfofU.S.farmlaborersareundocumentedimmigrants.Asfewersuchworkersenterthecountry,thecharacteristicsoftheagriculturalworkforcearechanging.Today’sfarmlaborers,whilestillpredominantlyborninMexico,aremorelikelytobesettledratherthanmigratingandmorelikelytobemarriedthansingle.They’realsoaging.Atthestartofthiscentury,aboutone-thirdofcropworkerswereovertheageof35.Nowmorethanhalfare.Andpickingcropsishardonolderbodies.Oneoft-debatedcureforthislaborshortageremainsasimplausibleasit’sbeenallalong:NativeU.S.workerswon’tbereturningtothefarm.

Mechanizationisn’ttheanswer,either–notyet,atleast.Productionofcorn,cotton,rice,soybeans,andwheathasbeenlargelymechanized,butmanyhigh-value,labor-intensivecrops,suchasstrawberries,needlabor.Evendairyfarms,whererobotsdoasmallshareofmilking,havealongwaytogobeforethey’reautomated.

Asaresult,farmshavegrownincreasinglyreliantontemporaryguestworkersusingtheH-2Avisatofillthegapsintheworkforce.Startingaround2012,requestsforthevisasrosesharply;from2011to2016thenumberofvisasissuedmorethandoubled.TheH-2Avisahasnonumericalcap,unliketheH-2Bvisafornonagriculturalwork,whichislimitedto66,000ayear.Evenso,employerscomplaintheyaren’tgivenalltheworkerstheyneed.Theprocessiscumbersome,expensive,andunreliable.OnesurveyfoundthatbureaucraticdelaysledtheaverageH-2Aworkertoarriveonthejob22dayslate.Theshortageiscompoundedbyfederalimmigrationraids,whichremovesomeworkersanddriveothersunderground.

Ina2012survey,71percentoftree-fruitgrowersandalmost80percentofraisinandberrygrowerssaidtheywereshortoflabor.SomewesternfarmershaverespondedbymovingoperationstoMexico.From1998to2000,14.5percentofthefruitAmericansconsumedwasimported.Littlemorethanadecadelater,theshareofimportswas25.8percent.

Ineffect,theU.S.canimportfoodoritcanimporttheworkerswhopickit.

Whatproblemshouldbeaddressedaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?

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[A]DiscriminationagainstforeignworkersintheU.S.

BiasedlawsinfavorofsomeAmericanbusinesses.

FlawsinU.S.immigrationrulesforfarmworkers.

DeclineofjobopportunitiesinU.S.agriculture.

OnetroublewithU.S.agriculturalworkforceis.

therisingnumberofillegalimmigrants

thehighmobilityofcropworkers

thelackofexperiencedlaborers

theagingofimmigrantfarmworkers

Whatisthemuch-arguedsolutiontothelaborshortageinU.S.farming?

Toattractyoungerlaborerstofarmwork.

TogetnativeU.S.workersbacktofarming.

Tousemorerobotstogrowhigh-valuecrops.

Tostrengthenfinancialsupportforfarmers.

AgriculturalemployerscomplainabouttheH-2Avisaforits.

slowgrantingprocedures

limitondurationofstay

tightenedrequirements

controlofannualadmissions

Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthistext?

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[A]U.S.AgricultureinDecline?

ImportFoodorLabor?

AmericaSavedbyMexico?

Manpowervs.Automation?

Text4

ArnoldSchwarzenegger,DiaMirzaandAdrianGrenierhaveamessageforyou:It’seasytobeatplastic.They’repartofabunchofcelebritiesstarringinanewvideoforWorldEnvironmentDay–encouragingyou,theconsumer,toswapoutyoursingle-useplasticstapleslikestrawsandcutlerytocombattheplasticscrisis.

ThekeymessagesthathavebeenputtogetherforWorldEnvironmentDaydoincludeacallforgovernmentstoenactlegislationtocurbsingle-useplastics.Buttheoverarchingmessageisdirectedatindividuals.

Myconcernwithleavingituptotheindividual,however,isourlimitedsenseofwhatneedstobeachieved.Ontheirown,takingourownbagstothegrocerystoreorquittingplasticstraws,forexample,willaccomplishlittleandrequireverylittleofus.Theycouldevenbedetrimental,satisfyinganeedtohave“doneourbit”withouteverprogressingontobigger,bolder,moreeffectiveactions–akindof“morallicensing”thatallaysourconcernsandstopsusdoingmoreandaskingmoreofthoseincharge.

Whiletheconversationaroundourenvironmentandourresponsibilitytowarditremainscenteredonshoppingbagsandstraws,we’reignoringthebalanceofpowerthatimpliesthatas“consumers”wemustshopsustainably,ratherthanas“citizens”holdourgovernmentsandindustriestoaccounttopushforrealsystemicchange.

It’simportanttoacknowledgethattheenvironmentisn’teveryone’spriority

–orevenmostpeople’s.Weshouldn’texpectittobe.Inherlatestbook,WhyGoodPeopleDoBadEnvironmentalThings,WellesleyCollegeprofessorElizabethR.DeSombrearguesthatthebestwaytocollectivelychangethebehavioroflargenumbersofpeopleisforthechangetobestructural.

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Thismightmeanimplementingpolicysuchasaplastictaxthataddsacostto

environmentallyproblematicaction,orbanningsingle-useplasticsaltogether.Indiahasjustannounceditwill“eliminateallsingle-useplasticinthecountryby2022.”Therearealsoincentive-basedwaysofmakingbetterenvironmentalchoiceseasier,suchasensuringrecyclingisatleastaseasyastrashdisposal.

DeSombreisn’tsayingpeopleshouldstopcaringabouttheenvironment.It’sjustthatindividualactionsaretooslow,shesays,forthattobetheonly,orevenprimary,approachtochangingwidespreadbehavior.

Noneofthisisaboutwritingofftheindividual.It’sjustaboutputtingthingsintoperspective.Wedon’thavetimetowait.Weneedprogressivepoliciesthatshapecollectiveaction(andreininpollutingbusinesses),alongsideengagedcitizenspushingforchange.

Somecelebritiesstarinanewvideoto.

demandnewlawsontheuseofplastics

urgeconsumerstocuttheuseofplastics

invitepublicopinionontheplasticscrisis

disclosethecausesoftheplasticscrisis

Theauthorisconcernedthat“morallicensing”may.

misleadusintodoingworthlessthings

preventusfrommakingfurtherefforts

weakenoursenseofaccomplishment

suppressourdesireforsuccess

Bypointingoutouridentity“citizens”,theauthorindicatesthat.

ourfocusshouldbeshiftedtocommunitywelfare

ourrelationshipwithlocalindustriesisimproving

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[C]wehavebeenactivelyexercisingourcivilrights

[D]weshouldpressourgovernmenttoleadthecombat

DeSombrearguesthatthebestwayforacollectivechangeshouldbe.

awin-winarrangement

aself-drivenmechanism

acost-effectiveapproach

atop-downprocess

Theauthorconcludesthatindividualefforts.

canbetooaggressive

canbetooinconsistent

arefarfromsufficient

arefarfromrational

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Inchoosinganewhome,CamilleMcClain’skidshaveasingledemand:abackyard.

McClain’slittleonesaren’ttheonlykidswhohaveanopinionwhenitcomestohousing,andinmanycasesyoungsters’viewsweighheavilyonparents’realestatedecisions,accordingtoa2018HarrisPollsurveyofmorethan2,000U.S.adults.

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Whilemorefamiliesbuckanolder-generationproclivitytoleavekidsinthedark

aboutrealestatedecisions,realtyagentsandpsychologistshavemixedviewsaboutthefinancial,personalandlong-termeffectskids’opinionsmayhave.

Theideaofinvolvingchildreninabigdecisionisagreatideabecauseitcanhelpthemfeelasenseofcontrolandownershipinwhatcanbeanoverwhelmingprocess,saidRyanHooper,clinicalpsychologistinChicago.

“Childrenmayfaceseriousdifficultiesincopingwithsignificantmoves,especiallyifitremovesthemfromtheircurrentschoolorsupportsystem,”hesaid.

GregJaroszewski,realestatebrokerwithGagliardoRealtyAssociates,saidhe’snotconvincedthatkidsshouldbeinvolvedinselectingahome–buttheiropinionsshouldbeconsideredinregardstoproximitytofriendsandsocialactivities,ifpossible.

Youngerchildrenshouldfeellikethey’rechoosingtheirhome–withoutactuallygettingachoiceinthematter,saidAdamBailey,realestateattorneybasedinNewYork.

Askingthemquestionsaboutwhattheylikeaboutthebackyardofapotentialhomewillmakethemfeellikethey’rebeingincludedinthedecision-makingprocess,Baileysaid.

Manyoftheaspectsofhomebuyingaren’taconsiderationforchildren,saidTraceyHampson,arealestateagentbasedinSantaClarita,Calif.Andplacingtoomuchemphasisontheiropinionscanruinafantastichomepurchase.

“Speakingwithyourchildrenbeforeyoumakearealestatedecisioniswise,butIwouldn’tbasethepurchasingdecisionsolelyontheiropinions.”Hampsonsaid.

Theotherissueisthatmanychildren–especiallyolderones–maybasetheirrealstateknowledgeonHGTVshows,saidAaronNorrisofTheNorrisGroupinRiverside,Calif.

“TheyloveChipandJoannaGainesjustasmuchastherestofus,”hesaid.“HGTVhasseriouslychangedhowpeopleviewrealestate.It’snotshelter,it’salifestyle.Withthatmindsetchangecomesomeseriousmoneyconsequences.”

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Kidstendtogetstuckinthefeaturesandtheimmediatebenefitstothem

personally,Norrissaid.

Parentsneedtoremindtheirchildrenthattheirneedsanddesiresmaychangeovertime,saidJulieGurner,arealestateanalystwithFitSmallB.

“Theiropinionscanchangetomorrow,”Gurnersaid.“Harshasitmaybetosay,thatdecisionshouldlikelynotbemadecontingentonachild’sopinions,butrathermadeforthemwithgreatconsiderationintowhathomecanmeettheirneedsbest

–andgivethemanopportunitytocustomizeitabitandmakeittheirown.”

Thisadviceismorerelevantnowthaneverbefore,evenasmoreparentswanttoembracetheideasoftheirchildren,despitethecurrenthousingcrunch.

[A]remarksthatsignificantmovesmayposechallengestochildren.

41.RyanHooper

[B]saysthatitiswisetoleavekidsinthedarkaboutrealestatedecisions.

42.AdamBailey

[C]advisesthathomepurchasesshouldnotbebasedonlyonchildren’sopinions.

43.Trace