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SkimmingandScanning

15Passages

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyand

answerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.

Forquestions1-7,mark

Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;

N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;

NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestions8・10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthe

passage.

Passage1

TheHouseofLords

WelcometotheHouseofLords

OneofthemostfamiliarimagesoftheHouseofLordsistheStateOpeningof

ParliamentbyHerMajestytheQueen.Thisisasplendidandcolorfulceremonial

occasion.TheQueen'sSpeech(writtenbytheGovernment)setsoutParliament's

workingagendaforthecomingyear.

ButtheHouseisnotjustaplacewheregrandceremoniestakeplace.TheHouse

hasexistedasaseparatechamberofParliamentsincethe14thcentury,andispartof

theoldestparliamentarydemocracyintheworld.Itisalsooneofthebusiest,second

onlytotheHouseofCommonsinthenumberofdaysandhoursitsits.

AmajortaskoftheHouseistoexamineandpasslegislation.TheHouseplaysa

keyroleinrevisinglegislationsentfromtheCommons.Italsoinitiateslegislation,

andsosharestheburdenofthelegislativeload.

Anotherimportantfunctionistoactasacheckongovernmentbyscrutinizingits

activities.TheHousedoesthisbyaskingquestions,debatingpolicyand,throughits

selectcommittees,takingevidencefromministersandothers.

TheHousealsohasanimportantjudicialroleasthehighestCourtofAppealin

theland.

MembersoftheHouse,collectively,haveanenormousbreadthofexperienceand,

individually,arecharacterizedbyindependenceofthought.Theycomplementthe

workoftheelectedHouseofCommons,whichreflectspoliticalandconstituency

interestsandwhich,unliketheLords,mustspendasubstantialamountoftimeon

financialandpublicexpenditureissues.

ThisbriefguidegivesaflavoroftheHouse'sworkanditscontributionto

Parliamentandthecountry.

TheHouseofLords—whatitdoes?

•Itprocessesandreviseslegislation.Billshavetogothroughvariousstagesin

bothHousesbeforetheyreceiveRoyalAssentandbecomeActs.TheLords

spendsabouttwo-thirdsofitstimerevisingorinitiatinglegislation.

•ItactsasacheckontheGovernment.MembersquestiontheGovernment

orallyorbywrittenquestions,theydebatepolicyissuesandscrutinize

secondarylegislation.

•Itprovidesaforumofindependentexpertise.SpecialistCommitteesuse

members1wide-rangingexpertise.TheEuropeanUnionCommittee's7

sub-committeesinvolvingover70memberswhovetproposedEuropean

legislation.TheScienceandTechnologyCommitteeinvolvesover20

Membersinexaminingsciencepolicy.TherearealsoCommitteesonthe

ConstitutionandEconomicaffairs.

•ItactsasafinalcourtofAppeal.TheHouse,throughitsAppellate

Committee,fulfilsthisfunctionfortheUnitedKingdomincivilcasesand

forEngland,NorthernIrelandandWalesincriminalcases.Itssittings,onthe

Committeecorridor,areopentothepublic.

Atypicalworkingday

TheChamberoftheHouseofLordsisthemainfocusforitswork,particularly

publiclegislationanddebates,butmuchwork,mainlybyselectcommitteesandon

privatelegislation,isdoneoutsidetheChamberincommitteeroomsinthemornings.

TheHousesitsat2.30p.m.untilnotlaterthan10p.m.onMondaysandTuesdays,

at3p.m.onWednesdaysandat11a.m.onThursdays.IfitsitsonaFridayitusually

startsat11a.m.

SomeimportantdatesinthehistoryoftheHouseofLords

•14thcentury-TheLordsbegintositinseparateHousefromtheCommons.

MembersoftheHouseofLordsaredrawnfromtheChurch(LordsSpiritual)

andfrommagnateschosenbytheMonarch(LordsTemporal),while

Commonsmembersrepresenttheshiresandboroughs.

•15thcentury-LordsTemporalbecomeknownas"peers”.

•18thcentury一ActsofUnionwithScotland(1707)andIreland(1800)entitle

ScottishandIrishpeerstoelectrepresentativestositintheLords.

・1834—ThePalaceofWestminster,includingtheHouseofLords,is

destroyedbyfire.RebuildingofthenewPalace,designedbySirCharles

BarryandAugustusPugin,beginsin1840.

•1847—TheHouseofLordsfirstsitsinitsnewchamber.

•1876一AppellateJurisdictionAct-CreatesLordsofAppealinOrdinary

(LawLords)tocarryoutthejudicialworkoftheHouseasthefinalCourtof

Appeal.

•1911and1949ParliamentActs-AllowsomebillstobecomeActswithout

theconsentoftheLordsandlimitthepowertodelayotherbillstooneyear.

•1958LifePeeragesAct-Createsbaronies"forlife"formenandwomen;

womensitintheHouseforthefirsttime.

•1963PeerageAct-Allowshereditarypeerstodisclaimtheirpeerages,and

hereditarypeeressesandallScottishpeerstositintheHouse.

•1999HouseofLordsAct-Removestherightofallexcept92hereditary

peerstositandvoteintheHouse.

•2005ConstitutionalReformAct-SetsupaSupremeCourt(fromOctober

2009),separatingthejudicialandlegislativefunctions.

Members

UnlikeMPs,Lordsareunelectedandunpaid,exceptforcertainallowancesto

coverattendancewhichisvoluntary.Thereisnoupperlimitonthetotalnumberof

Members.Currentlythereareabout700Members.Theyinclude26Archbishopsand

Bishopsand92hereditarypeersunderthetermsoftheHouseofLordsAct1999.

ApartfromthefixednumberofBishopsandhereditarypeers,numbersineachofthe

partyandcrossbenchgroupsfluctuate.UptodatefigurescanbefoundontheInternet.

PartyGroups

Eachofthethreemainpartygroups,Conservative,LaborandLiberalDemocrat,

hasaleader,whipswhoorganizethebusinessoftheHouseanddepartmental

spokesmenwhositonthefrontbench.Manypeershavenopartyaffiliationandare

knownascrossbenchers.TheyhaveaConvenerbutnowhipsystem.Their

independenceisadistinctivefeatureoftheHouseofLords.

TheLordSpeakerpresidesoverbusinessintheChamberandcanofferadvicebut,

unliketheSpeakeroftheHouseofCommons,hasnopowertocontrolproceedingsas

theHouseregulatesitself-keepingorderintheHouseistheresponsibilityofallthe

memberspresent.

OnParchment,inprint,onTVandonline

TheHouseofLords1businessisrecordedinavarietyofforms:

•Theday*sproceedingsareprintedintheOfficialReport,referredtoas

Hansardafteritsfirstprinter,andalsoavailablewithotherinformation

atvwww.parliament.uk>.

•ThetelevisingofParliamentwaspioneeredbytheHouseofLordsin1985

andtheLords*proceedingscanbeseenonBBCParliament.

•Forliveweb-castofproceedingsgotowww.parliamentlive.tv.

•Archivesfrom1497,includingoriginalActsofParliament,arekeptinthe

HouseofLordsRecordOffice(TheParliamentArchives),whichisopento

thepublic.

Questions:

1.ThepassageisabriefguideoftheHouseofLords,whichgivesan

introductionoftheHouse'sworkanditscontributiontoParliamentandthecountry.

2.GrandceremoniesliketheStateOpeningofParliamentusuallytakesplacein

theHouseofLords.

3.TheHouseofCommonsplaysakeyroleinrevisinglegislationsentfromthe

HouseofLords.

4.OnTuesdaystheHouseofLordssitsat2.30p.m.untilnotlaterthan10p.m.

5.Itisin1876thatwomenforthefirsttimesitintheHouseofLords.

6.TheMPsareunelectedandunpaid,exceptforcertainallowancestoover

attendancewhichisvoluntary.

7.ThereisalimitonthetotalnumberofmembersintheParliament.

8.ThemainfunctionoftheHouseofLordsistoexamineandpass.

9.WhenBillsgothroughvariousstagesinbothHousesandfinallyreceive

RoyalAssent,theybecome.

10.,LaborandLiberalDemocratarethethreemainpartygroupsin

theUK.

Passage!

EnergyintheFuture

Greatsourcesofenergyareneededifgovernmentswanttodevelopindustryand

makelifemorecomfortable.However,fuelswhichareusedtoproduceenergyatthe

momentwillsoonrunout.Itseemscertainthatpeoplewillhavetodependonnuclear

powerasthesourceofenergy.Butalotofpeopledonotwantthisformofenergy;

theythinkitisdangerousandsowouldlikesomeothersourceofpower.Many

suggestionshavebeenmade;someofthemarenotverypracticalbutotherscouldbe

usedsuccessfully.

Peoplewhoareagainstnuclearpowerwouldratherusetheforcesofnature,for

examplethewind,thesea,theriversandthesun.Itisstrangetothinkthatthese

sourcesofenergywereusedlongagoforwindmillsorforwatermillsbutthenwere

almostforgotten.Hydro-electricityisprobablythemostusedformofenergysupplied

bynature.Yetonlyasmallpartofthewaterenergywhichcouldbeusedisindeed

used.IncountriessuchasBritain,America,CanadaandRussia,therearegreat

possibilitiesfordevelopinghydro-electricitybutonlyasmallnumberofgenerators

havebeenbuilt.

Hydro-electricitycannotbedevelopedincertaincountries,however,because

mountainsorhillsareneededtogivethenecessaryforcetothewaterasitfalls.More

thanthree-quartersoftheearthiscoveredbythesea,whichisalwaysmoving.The

movementofthewaterdependsonthemoonwhichpullsattheearth.Theseamoves

firstinonedirectionandthenbackagain;thismovementbackwardsandforwardsis

calledthe"tide".Insomepartsoftheworldthetideisverystrongandwatermoves

veryquickly.Itispossibletoproduceelectricitybyusingtheforcesoftidestoturn

thebladesofaturbine.Thissourceofpoweriscalled"tidalenergy'*.Itissurprisingto

findthatonlyonecountryintheworldproducesenergyinthisway:France.

Theseacanprovideenergyinotherways.Themovementofwavesisquite

differentfromthemovementoftides.Wavesarecausedbywindsandstorms.Each

wavemovesacrossthesurfaceoftheoceanwithanupanddownmotion.Thinkof

theseaonastormyday.Youcanseetheenergyofthewaves.

Onewayofusingthemovementofwavesassourceofenergyistobuilda

Cockerellraft.Thisisactuallyaseriesofrafts.Theymoveupanddownonthewaves.

Thismovementismadeintopressure,whichisusedtoproduceelectricity.Thereare

severalotherwaysofusingwavepower.Buttheyarestillintheearlystages.There

arenocommercialschemesyet.

Anotherwaywecangetenergyfromtheseaistousethepowerfromunderthe

oceans.Sunshineanditsenergyisabsorbedbytheoceans,andstoredinthem.

Scientistsarenowlookingforwaystousethisenergy.

Onepossibilityistousethedifferenceintemperaturebetweenthewarmsurface

oftheseaandthecolderlayersofwaterunderneath.Thiscanbeusedtogenerate

electricity.Underwatercablesthencancarrytheelectricitytotheland.

Powerplantslikethisarecalledoceanthermalelectricconversion(OTEC)plants.

ThebestseasforthissortofenergyaretheCaribbeanandthePacific.There,the

temperaturedifferencebetweenthesurfaceofthewaterandthecolderlayerscanbe

asmuchas4.4℃.

Anothernaturalsourceofenergyiswindpower.Windisproducedbytheheating

andcoolingoftheearth;somecountrieshavemorewindthanothersbecauseofgreat

changesintheheat.Britainisagoodexampleofacountrywithstrongwindsfor

manymonthsoftheyear.SomepartsofBritainareespeciallywindyandinthese

placesenergyfromthewindcouldbegeneratedmosteasily.InthenorthofScotland,

forexample,plansweremadetobuildalargenumberofwindmills.Eachwindmill

wouldbe24metershighwiththreeblades,each7meterslong.Withenough

windmillsitwouldbepossibletogeneratepowerforthewholeofScotland.However,

thenumberofwindmillswhichwouldhavetobebuiltandthehighcostoftheplan

meansthatthisisnotverypractical.Probablyacheapersource,suchasnuclear

energy,willbeused.Butwindpowerhasnotbeenforgottencompletely.Workis

goingoninFrance,theUSAandRussiatotrytodevelopalow-costwindmill.

Insomepartsoftheworld,largeamountsofhotwaterandsteamcomeoutofthe

groundatgreatspeed.Thisisbecausetherearelakesofwaterdeepdowninsidethe

earth.Itisveryhotindeeddeepdownintheearthandsothewaterisheated;steamis

producedwhichforcesitswaytotheearth'ssurface.Thehotwaterandsteamwhich

shootintotheairarecalledgeysersandcanbefoundinAmerica,NewZealandand

Iceland.InNewZealandandIcelandtheenergyproducedbythesteamisusedfor

powerstations.Geothermalenergy,asitiscalled,isacheapsourceofenergy.After

thepowerstationshavebeenbuilttherearenofurthercostsfortheelectricitysupply.

Onlyafewcountrieshavegeysersbutitisalsopossibletoproduceenergyofthissort

bydrillingholesdeepintothegroundandpouringwaterdownthepipessothatit

becomessohotastoproducesteam.

Thesunisthemostpowerfulsourceofenergyknownontheearth.Moreenergyis

producedbythesunthanthattheworldcouldeveruse.Iftheenergyfromthesun

couldbecaughtandusedtomakeelectricity,thentheenergycrisiswoulddisappear

andtherewouldbeacheap,never-endingsourceofenergywithoutanydangerto

humanlife.Duringthelastfewyears,solarenergyhasbeenusedtoheatwaterand

makesteamtodriveaturbineforelectricity.Thisisdonebyusingmirrorstomake

thesunlightverystrong.Thissystemworksverywellinsomecountrieswithalotof

sunshine.InEurope,wherethesunisnotalwaysverystrong,thecostofmaking

electricityfromsolarenergyisnotpracticalfortheamountofelectricityproduced.

Butitispossibletoheatenoughwaterforafamilytouseeachdayforwashing,by

buildingmetalplatesintotheroofofthehouse.EventhesunlightinBritainisstrong

enoughtoheatwaterinpipesbehindthemetalplates.Thiswarmwaterthenflows

fromthewatertapsinthehouse.Inthiswayotherformsoffuelcanbesaved.During

thenextfewyearsalotofnewdesignsforsolarenergywillbeinventedand

introducedintopeople'shomes.

Questions:

1.Thepassagegivesusanoutlookofenergiesthatwehumanbeingswillusein

thefuturebecauseatthemostthefuelsusedtoproduceenergywillsoonrunout.

2.Thereasonwhymanypeopledonotwantnuclearpowerasthesourceof

energyisbecauseitistoocostlyandmostpeoplecannotaffordit.

3.Theseyearsmanycommercialschemeshavebeendevelopedtomakethebest

useofwavesasanewsourceofenergy.

4.Chinahasdonegreatworktodevelopalow-costwindmillsoastousethe

windpowerasthesourceofenergy.

5.NewZealandandIcelandhaveusedthegeothermalenergyforpowerstations,

whichisproducedbyhotwaterandsteamdeepdowntheearth.

6.Itissuggestedbytheauthorthatsolarenergyshouldbeusedtoeasethe

energycrisisbecauseitischeap,lasting,powerful,andharmlesstohumanlife.

7.Accordingtothepassage,somecountriescannotdevelopthehydro-electricity

duetothelackofgovernmentsupport.

8.Accordingtothepassage,amongalltheenergiessuppliedbynature,___is

probablythemostusedform.

9.Theonlycountryintheworldthatproducestidalenergyis.

10.The-andthePacificarethebestseastogenerateelectricityby

theuseoftheunderwatercables.

Passage3

E-mail

Imaginebeingabletosendalettertosomeone,anywhereintheworld,that

includedpicturesandsoundsaswellaswrittenwords,andnotevenhavetoputa

stamponit.Withe-mailyoucandojustthat.E-mailallowsyoutosendmessages

quicklyandeasilytootherpeopleusingcomputersratherthanthepostalservice.To

theInternetuser,theordinarypostisknownas"snailmail“becauseitissomuch

slowerthane-mail,whichcandeliveritsmessagetotheothersideoftheworldin

seconds.

Insomeways,e-mailislikeacrossbetweenaletterandatelephonecall.You

typeanoteoraletteronyourscreenandthenyousenditdownthetelephonelineto

anotherpersonforaslittleasitcostsyoutocallyourserviceprovider.Whetheryour

messageisgoingtoCalgaryinCanadaortoCopenhageninDenmark,itwillcostthe

same.Youcanevenattachafilefromyourcomputer,whetheritbeasound,animage

oratext,toyoure-mailmessage.

E-mailaddressesaremadeupoftwodistinctparts,separatedbythesign.

Thefirstpartoftheaddressidentifiesthespecificuser.Manypeopleusetheirnames,

ortheirinitialsoranickname.Afterthe@signcomesthehostaddressornodename,

whichistheactualplacewheretheuser'selectronicmailboxissituated.Hereisan

example.Mye-mailaddressis”november@dircon.co.uk."Ipicked"November”

becausethatwasthemonthinwhichIwasborn,and"dircon”istheDirect

Connection,myserviceprovider,acommercialcompanybasedmtheUK.Easy,isn*t

it?

WhenanewuserjoinstheInternetforthefirsttime,heorshewillgetane-mail

addressthatallowstheuserbothtosendandreceivemessages.Justasyouneedto

putthecorrectaddressonanenvelopetomakesureitgetstotherightplace,soyou

mustalsoputthecorrecte-mailaddressonyourelectroniccorrespondence.

Computersarenotsounderstandingaspostmenandwomen,whocansometimes

workoutwhereawronglyaddressedletterismeanttogo.Ifyoumakeaslight

mistakewithyouraddress,yourmessagewillsimplybebouncedrightbacktoyou.

Howdoyoufindoutwhatsomeone'se-mailaddressis?Naturally,theeasiestand

bestwayissimplytoaskthem.Becausethereisnooneinchargeofthewhole

Internetandbecauseitisexpandingsorapidly,thereisnocompleterecordanywhere

ofeveryonewhoisconnected.

Whensomeonesendsyouamessageviae-mail,itwillbestoredonthecomputer

atyourserviceprovider,orifyourschoolhasitsownconnectiontotheInternet,on

themainserver.OnceyouhaveloggedontotheNetyoucanlaunchyoure-mail

program.Eudoraisoneofthemostpopularandeasy-to-useprogramsandis

availableforbothMacintoshandIBMcompatibles.Thereisaversionthatyoucan

download4fromtheInternet.Manyprogramswillautomaticallysearchfornew

messageswhentheyarefirstlaunched.

E-mailhasobviousadvantagesforschoolsandbusinessesthatwanttokeeptrack

oftheirmessages.Forexample,itallowsyoutoquoteallorpartofthemessageyou

arereplyingto,withouthavingtotypeitalloutagain.Thehandythingaboutthis

featureisthatifyouareansweringquestions,youcankeeptheminyourreply.This

savestheotherpersonhavingtoreferbackto5theoriginaldocumentswhenheorshe

getsyourreply.

Anotherthinge-mailallowsyoutodoistoforwardamessageontosomeone

else.Ifsomeonesendsyouapieceofinformationthatyoufeelwouldbeofinterestto

anotherperson,youcansendacopyofthemessagetohim.

Againthisisinvaluableforlargeorganizationsthatmighthaveofficesallover

theworld.Forexample,someoneintheLondonofficemightsendaqueryoranew

ideatosomeoneelseinNewYorkintheUnitedStates.He,realizingthatthisis

somethingthatanotherpersoninSydneyinAustraliahasbeenworkingon,passesthe

messageonalmostinstantly.

Ifyouwanttosendagraphicsfile(onecontainingapicture),asoundfile,a

documentoravideoclipwithyoure-mail,youcandothattoo.Moste-mailreaders

haveamenuitemthatallowsyoutoattachafileusinganinstruction,orcommand,

called"attachfile"orsomethingsimilar.Todothisthee-mailprogramuses

MultipurposeInternetMailExtensions(MIME)toattachthefileandprocessitinto

thechunksoftherightsizeforsendingviae-mail.

IftheInternethasanylastingeffectonourlivesitmaywellbethroughtheuseof

e-mail.Aswehaveseen,therearemanyadvantagesthate-mailenjoysoversnail

mailintermsofspeedandusefulness.Italsohasabigadvantageoveramessage

takenoverthetelephone-youcannotprintoutatelephonecall.Probablymore

peoplejointheInternettogetaccesstoe-mailthanforanyotherreason.

E-mailiseasytouseanditsavestimeandmoney.Thedifferencesintimein

differentpartsoftheworlddonotmatterwhensendinge-mail.Itisa

twenty-four-hourservicethatallowsyoutosendinformationatanytimeoftheday

ornight.IfyouwanttoknowwhatitisliketoliveintheArctic,sendamessagetoa

schoolinAlaskaandfindout.Ifacompanywantstoknowhowmuchitcoststoprint

abookintheFarEast,itcane-mailsomeprintersinSingaporeorHongKong.The

messagewillbetherethenexttimesomeoneattheotherendswitchesonhisorher

computerandlogson.Noonehastobetheretoanswerthetelephone.Itdoesnot

matteriftheyareinbedwhenyousendthemessage,oryouarewatchingafilmat

thecinemawhentheysendareply.

IfyouwanttomakefriendsontheInternet,itisjustaswelltohavegood

manners.Oneofthemostimportantrulestofollowis,DON'TTYPEALLOF

YOURMESSAGESINCAPITALLETTERS.ItistheInternetequivalentof

shoutingdownthetelephone.Becarefulhowyousaythings.Becauseitissofastand

easytosende-mailmessages,peopleoftendonotbothertocheckwhattheyhave

writtenbeforepressingthe"send"button.Writeyoure-mailwiththesamecareand

attentionyouwoulduseforotherformsofcommunication.Replytoyourmessages

promptly.Ifsomeonehastakenthetroubletowritetoyou,takethetroubletowrite

back.Itisonlypolite.

Questions:

1.Inthepassage,thewriterhaslistedsomeadvantagesofe-mailsasanewway

ofcommunication,andfinallygivesussuggestionsaboutmakingfriendsonInternet.

2.Thecostofsendingane-mailtoafriendinCanadaismuchhigherthanthatof

inDenmark.

3.Sometimesifthereisawrongdeliveryofmailsinthepostalservice,the

postmenorwomenwouldtrytheirbesttodeliveragainuntiltheygettotheright

place.

4.WecanfindafriendonInternetaccordingtotherecordofpeopleconnected.

5.Wedon'thavetorewritethemessagereceivedifwewanttosenditto

someoneelse.

6.Itispossibleforustosendasoundfiletoafriendviae-mailwithoutany

considerationaboutthesizeofit.

7.Onebigweaknessoftelephonecommunicationisthatwecannotkeepa

writtenrecordofthemessagestakenoverthephone.

8.Comparedwithe-mail,thepostalserviceissoslowthattheInternetusersgive

itanicknameas.

9.Peopleusuallyusetheirnames,birthdays,anicknameorsomethingelseto

identifythemselvesinthepartoftheiremailaddress.

10.Itissuggestedbythewriterthatweshouldnotwriteoure-mailsallin

letters.

Passage4

SigmundFreud'sSelf-Analysis

Freud'sself-analysisstartedinthemid1890*storeachitsclimaxesin1895and

1900.Incertainauthors*opinion,itwascontinueduptohisdeathin1939.

Nevertheless,wehavetosetaclearboundarybetweenthetimeofFreud'sdiscovery

oftheOedipuscomplexandotheressentialcontentsofpsychoanalysisandroutine

self-analysisheperformedtocheckhisunconsciouspsychiclife.

Thefirstphaseisfullofunexpectedaspectsandinventiveness-theproductive,

creativestage.Thesecondbecomesanobligationderivedfromhisprofessionasa

psychoanalyst.

Freud'sdiscoveriesduringhisfirststageofself-analysisareknowntohavebeen

includedintwoofhismainbooks:"TheInterpretationofDreams"and"The

PsychopathologyofEverydayLife".

"TheInterpretationofDreams"providesplentyofFreud'sdreamsinhisown

interpretation,amongwhichthefamousdreamofIrma'sinjection,whichheconsiders

akeyissueinunderstandingthemysteriesofdreamlife.ItopensChapterII("The

MethodOfInterpretingDreams:AnAnalysisOfASpecimenDream")andprovides

materialforananalysiscoveringseveralpagesahead.

JustasFreudhimselfmaintained,theanalysisofthedreamisnotcompletebutit

washerethatFreudforthefirsttimeassertedthatdreamsarethedisguisedfulfillment

ofunconsciouswishes.

Theexplanationofthedreamisquitesimple:ittriestohideFreud'slackof

satisfactionwiththetreatmentgiventoapatientofhis,Irma,andthrowtheguiltof

partialfailureuponothers,exonerateFreudofotherprofessionalerrorsitalsohintsat.

Dreaminterpretationalsoprovidesadreampsychologyandmanyotherissues.

Thevolumeisextremelyinventiveandrichininformation,and,initsauthor'sview,it

ishismostimportantwork.

“ThePsychopathologyofEverydayLife",offersFreudroomtofocusonthe

analysisoffaultyandsymptomaticactions,theimportantthingtoemphasizehere

beingthatthisvolumerepresentsFreud'stransferfromtheclinicaltonormallife一it

provesneuroticfeaturesarepresentnotonlyinsicknessbutalsoinhealth.The

differencedoesnotlieinqualitybutinquantity.Repressionisgreaterwiththesick

andthefreelibidoissensiblydiminished.Therefore,itisforthefirsttimeinthe

historyofpsychopathologythatFreudoverrulesthedifferencebetweenpathologyand

health.Thatmakesitpossibletoapplypsychoanalysistoso-callednormallife.

DiscoveryoftheOedipusComplex

ThediscoveryofOedipus*complexisindicatedinahistoricletterFreudwroteto

Fliess,hisfriendandconfidante.

Ihavefound,inmyowncasetoo,[thephenomenonof]beinginlovewithmy

motherandjealousofmyfather,andInowconsideritauniversaleventinearly

childhood,evenifnotsoearlya