英语演讲的艺术week-one

AnIntroductionto

TheArtofPublicSpeakingPre-classExplanationTeacher’sself-introduction:WuDianlongCoursegrading:1.introductoryspeech(40%)2.informativespeech(40%)3.attendance(20%)Textbook:StephenE.Lucas,withYinSuya,TheArtofPublicSpeaking,10thEdition,SpeciallyAdaptedforChineseReaders(BeijingForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,2010)

StephenE.LucasandBigDragonModernfamousspeakersFranklinRooseveltMartinLutherKingMargaretThatcherNelsonMandela…etc.FranklinRoosevelt

MartinLutherKing

MargaretThatcher

NelsonMandela

EnjoyaVideofromGu

Qiubei

顾秋蓓，2003年21世纪杯全国英语演讲比赛冠军

OverviewofPublicSpeaking

CourseintroductionCourseobjectivesTypesofspeeches7elementsofcommunicationprocessSpeakconfidentlyandethicallyCourseIntroductionImproveskillsofwritingandpresentingeffectivepublicspeechesSpecialemphasisoninformativeandpersuasivediscourseBenefityouinyourfuturecareerandlifeasacitizeninaglobalageCourseObjectivesToimproveyourabilitytowriteeffectivepublicspeechesToimproveyourabilitytodelivereffectivepublicspeechesToimproveyourabilitytothinkcriticallyandtoapplytheskillsofcriticalthinkingtotheanalysisofwrittenandoraltextsToimproveyourabilitytolisteneffectivelytopublicspeechesTypesofSpeechesIntroductoryspeechInformativespeechPersuasivespeechCommemorativespeechIntroductorySpeechIntroduceyourself(oranyonearoundyou)Focusonsomeaspectofyour(anyone’s)personality,background,beliefs,oraspirationsThisisyourassignmentOnepartoffinalexaminationHandinonemanuscriptnextclassBedeliveredinweek7InformativeSpeechInformtheaudienceaboutanobject,concept,process,oreventUseofavisualaidisrequiredOnepartoffinalexaminationBedeliveredinweek13PersuasiveSpeechTopersuadetheaudiencefororagainstaquestionorpolicySeekeitherpassiveagreementorimmediateactionfromtheaudienceEmphasisisgiventoevidenceandreasoninginconstructingpersuasiveargumentsCommemorativeSpeechTopaytributeto(称赞，歌颂）aperson,agroupofpeople,aninstitution,oranideaSeektouselanguagecreativelyandimaginativelysoastoinvestthetopicwithdignity,meaning,andhonestemotion.SevenElementsofCommunicationProcessSpeaker-演讲者Message-信息Channel-渠道Listener-听众Feedback-反馈Interference-干扰Situation-场景SpeakerYoursuccessasaspeakerdependson:PersonalcredibilityKnowledgeofthesubjectPreparationofthespeechMannerofspeakingSensitivitytotheaudienceandtheoccasionEnthusiasmMessageWhateveraspeakercommunicatestosomeoneelseDependsonwhatyousay(verbalmessage)andhowyousayit(nonverbalmessage)NarrowyourtopicdowntosomethingyoucandiscussadequatelyinthetimeallowedforthespeechChoosesupportingdetailstomakeyourideasclearandconvincingOrganizeyourideaswellExpressyourmessageinaccurate,clear,vividandappropriatewordsSendamessagewithyourtoneofvoice,appearance,gestures,facialexpression,andeyecontactMakesureyournonverbalmessagenotdistractfromyourverbalmessageChannelMeansbywhichamessageiscommunicatedUseoneormorechannels,eachofwhichwillaffectthemessagereceivedbytheaudienceRadio,television,microphone,etc.Listener

PersonwhoreceivescommunicatedmessageTakeaccountoflisteners’framesofreference(参考框架，sumofperson’sknowledge,experience,goals,values,andattitudes)Audience-centeredFeedbackThemessages,usuallynonverbal,sentfromalistenertoaspeakerLeanforward;applaudinapproval;laughatyourjokes;quizzicallooksontheirfaces;shuffletheirfeetandgazeattheclockBealerttothesereactionsandadjustyourmessageaccordinglyInterference

AnythingthatimpedesthecommunicationofamessageExternal:trafficoutside,people’sconversationinthehall,aroomthatisstiflinghotorfreezingcoldInternal:toothache,anyotherpain,worryabouttheCET4/6,broodaboutanargumentwithhisgirlfriendSituationThetimeandplaceinwhichspeechcommunicationoccursCertainsituations:funerals,weddings,graduationceremonies,openceremoniesPhysicalsetting:aspeechispresentedindoorsorout,toadenselypackedcrowdortoahandfulofscatteredsoulsSpeakConfidentlyandEthicallyBecomingaconfidentspeaker:a)nervousnessisnormalb)dealingwithnervousnessBeinganethicalspeakera)guidelinesforethicalspeakingb)plagiarismBecomingaConfidentSpeakerStagefright:anxietyovertheprospectofgivingaspeechinfrontofanaudienceUSnationalsurvey:42%ofrespondents-givingaspeechastopfear;incomparison,only28%saidthey’reafraidofdyingNervousnessisNormalStagefrightisacommonoccurrenceGreatestpublicspeakersinhistorysufferedfromit:MahatmaGandhi,AbrahamLincoln,WinstonChurchillRecently:LiYang-stagefrightbeforehisfirstCrazyEnglishlecture;LeonardoDiCaprioDiCaprionervousaboutgivinganacceptancespeechwhenwinningtheAcademyAwardActorsnervousbeforeaplay,musiciansbeforeaconcert,athletesbeforeagameMostexperiencedspeakershavestagefright:athroatconstrictedwithterrorandafuriouslythumpingheartThequestionis:Howcanyoucontrolyournervousnessandmakeitworkforyouratherthanagainstyou?DealingWithNervousnessNottrytoeliminatestagefrightTransformitfromanegativeforceintopositivenervousness-azesty,enthusiastic,livelyfeelingStagefrightisconsideredasstageexcitementorstageenthusiasmWaysofMakingItAcquirespeakingexperiencePrepare,prepare,prepareThinkpositivelyUsethepowerofvisualizationKnowthatmostnervousnessisnotvisibleDon’texpectperfectionAdditionaltipsAcquireSpeakingExperienceStagefright:fearoftheunknownProceedbytrialandterrorAstimegoeson,fearswillgraduallyrecedeFinallyreplacedbyonlyahealthynervousnessbeforeyourisetospeakPrepare,Prepare,PreparePickspeechtopicsyoutrulycareaboutPrepareyourspeechthoroughlyEachminuteofspeaking-onetotwohoursofpreparationtime,perhapsmoreProperpreparationcanreducestagefrightbyupto75%StudyyouraudienceandselectatopicthatwillinterestthemPracticeitseveraltimesbeforetwoorthreetrustedfriendsThinkPositivelyConfidenceisthewell-knownpowerofpositivethinkingIfyouthinkyoucandoit,youusuallycanIfyoupredictdisasteranddoom,thatisalmostalwayswhatyouwillgetWaysofTransformingNegativeThoughtsintoPositiveOnesIwishIdidn’thavetogivethisspeech-ThisspeechisachanceformetosharemyideasandgainexperienceasaspeakerI’mnotagreatpublicspeaker-Noone’sperfect,butI’mgettingbetterwitheachspeechIgiveI’malwaysnervouswhenIgiveaspeech-Everyone’snervous.Ifotherpeoplecanhandleit,IcantooNoonewillbeinterestedinwhatIhavetosay-IhaveagoodtopicandI’mfullyprepared.Ofcoursethey’llbeinterestedForeachnegativethought,counterwithatleastfivepositiveonesUsethePowerofVisualizationMentalimaginginwhichaspeakervividlypictureshimselforherselfgivingasuccessfulpresentationRepeatthisvisualizationseveraltimesinthedaysbeforeyouspeakItdoesn’tguaranteeyoursuccess,butwillhelpcontrolyournervousnessandcraftasuccessfulpresentationKnowThatMostNervousnessIsnotVisibleNovicespeakersworryaboutappearingnervoustotheaudienceHardtospeakwithpoiseandassuranceifyouthinkyoulooktenseandinsecureYournervoussystemmaybegivingyouathousandshocks,buttheviewerscanseeonlyafewofthemMakeyourselflookcalmDon’tExpectPerfectionThere’snosuchthingasaperfectspeechEveryspeakersaysordoessomethingthatdoesn’tcomeacrossexactlyasheorshehadplannedIfyoumomentarilyloseyourplace,reversetheorderofacouplestatements,orforgettopauseatacertainspot,justproceed

asifnothinghappenedMartinLutherKing’s“IHaveaDream”,hestumblesoverhiswordstwiceDon’tpanicaboutbeingperfectoraboutwhatwillhappenifyoumakeamistakeFreeyourselfoftheseburdens,gainconfidenceandenthusiasmAdditionalTipsBeatyourbestphysicallyandmentallyAsyou’rewaitingtospeak,quietlytightenandrelaxyourlegmuscles,orsqueezeyourhandstogetherandthenreleasethemTakeacoupleslow,deepbreathsbeforeyoustarttospeakWorkespeciallyhardonyourintroductionMakeeyecontactwithmembersofyouraudienceConcentrateoncommunicatingwithyouraudienceratherthanworryingaboutyourstagefrightUsevisualaidsBeinganEthicalSpeakerEthics:thebranchofphilosophythatdealswithissuesofrightandwronginhumanaffairsWhetheracourseofactionismoralorimmoral,fairorunfair,justorunjust,honestordishonestGuidelinesforEthicalSpeakingMakesureyourgoalsareethicallysound2.Befullypreparedforeachspeech3.Behonestinwhatyousay4.PutethicalprinciplesintopracticeMakeSureYourGoalsAreEthicallySoundSpeaker’sfirstresponsibility:whetheryourgoalsethicallysoundDuringWWII,HitlerstirredthatGermanpeopletocondonewar,invasion,andgenocideSupportBeijing’sbidforthe2008SummerOlympicGames;Reportonabusinessproject;RaisemoneyandhelpastudentwhoisillBearesponsiblepublicspeakerBeFullyPreparedforEachSpeechAspeechisasolemnresponsibilitynotonlytoyourself,buttoyourlistenersFullybepreparedforyourspeech:analyzingyouraudience,creatingvisualaids,organizingyourideas,rehearsingyourdeliveryNotcommunicateerroneousinformationormisleadingadviceBeHonestinWhatYousayPublicspeakingrestsupon:wordscanbetrustedandpeoplewillbetruthfulDishonestyinpublicspeaking:jugglingstatistics,quotingoutofcontext,misrepresentingsources,paintingtentativefindingsasfirmconclusions,portrayingafewdetailsasthewholestory,substitutinginnuendoandhalf-truthsforevidenceandproof.PutEthicalPrinciplesintoPracticeEasytopaylipservicetotheimportanc