中国传统建筑力与美-英文

3、独特的单体造型Thetimberframebuildingcanbedividedintothreeparts:thebase,thehouseandtheroof.Thebaseincludesthefoundationofthebuilding,theretainingwall,etc.,andthemasonryisbuiltoutside.1）台基Thefoundationalsoreferstothestructureunderthecolumn,whichisgenerallydividedintothreeparts:thecolumntopstonedirectlybearingthecolumn,thepiercingpierunderthecolumntopstone,andthelimesoilunderthepier.UndertheTaijiLumingsection,useastoneflatpad,called"landliningstone."Atthecornerofthefourcornersoftheplatform,thereisacornerstone,andthestonesurfaceisflattenedalongtheedgeofthebase.Itiscalled"stepstone".带勾栏台基不带勾栏台基Thecolumnfoundationisastonememberplacedonthecolumnfoundationtosupportthecolumn.Thebaseofthecolumniscalledthetopstoneinthenorth,thepierinthesouth,andthepillarintheFujianarea.Theguardrailisgenerallyinstalledontheedgeoftheplatformortheedgeoftheplatformtoactasabarrierandenclosure.Thetypesofguardrailsaregenerallythreetypes:stonerailings,woodenrailings,andlowwalls.Stonerailingsarealsocalled"canerailings",whichconsistofthreeparts:thecellar,thepillar,andthefence.2）屋身

屋身：

Itconsistsofawoodenframewitharetainingstructureanddoorsandwindows.Thetimberframeisaframespacecomposedofcolumns,beams,rafts,rafts,etc.,usingwoodasaload-bearingmember.（1）Column:Verticalforcemember.Accordingtothelocation,itcanbedividedintocolumn,cornercolumn,goldcolumn,mountaincolumn,middlecolumn,aswellasmeloncolumn,boycolumn,Leigongcolumn,verticalcolumn,grassframecolumn,qingzhucolumnandsoon.宋（左）、清（右）立柱与斗栱比较（2）Beam:Itisabentmemberthatisplacedalongthedepthofthebuilding.Accordingtoitslocationandlengthintheframe,theQingstylemainlyhasthreebeams,fivebeams,sevenbeams,andbeams.Theroofstructureoftheshedhasmoonbeams,fourbeamsandsixbeams;IntheDajinshenbuilding,therearesingle-stepbeams,double-stepbeams,andthree-stepbeams.Inthefour-sidedslopebuildings,therearecornerbeams,straightbeams,trussbeams,hornbeams,andanglebeams.,Taipingliang,wearingbeams,ceilingbeams,etc.挑尖梁头（5）屋面木基层Onthetopofthewoodenframe,itisthebaseoftheroofingwood.Thispartmainlyconsistsofscorpions,scorpions,flails,andslabs.Thescorpionsarecalledsputum,flowerbuds,andcerebralpalsyaccordingtotheirdifferentpositions.Ontopofit,thereisalayerofscorpioncalledFeifei.Thepartoftheflyingraftisslightlytiltedup,makingthefar-reachingeavesintoananti-uniform,whichisconducivetoindoorlighting,andcanalsothrowtherainwaterflowingdowntherooffarther.望砖

（6）斗栱ThefightwascalledthepavilionintheSongDynasty,anditwascalledthebranchintheQingDynasty.BrawlisoneofthemoststrikingfeaturesofancientChinesewoodenframebuildings,anditisoneoftheimportantsignstoshowthelevelofarchitecture.Thebucketisacombinationofoverlappingarchedandbucket-shapedblocks,whichisatransitionalmemberbetweenthecolumnandthebeam.Themainroleofthefightistoincreasetheexit,transferload,andreducethespan.一斗三升隔架斗栱单翘单昂平身科斗栱斗口单昂柱头科斗栱3）屋顶Theroofformsmainlyincludefivebasicforms:hardmountain,hangingmountain,mountain,temple,andspire.Amongthem,thetopofthetemplehasasingletemple,andthetopofthetempleisdivided;thetopofthemountainhasasinglemountain,amountain,amountain,amountain,andamountain.Thehardmountainandthehangingmountainhaveasinglelayer.Therearealsotwolayers;theapexapexhasvariousformssuchastriangle,square,pentagonal,hexagonal,octagonal,round,single,heavy,andmulti-layered.Inaddition,therearefan-shaped,square-shaped,double-ring,andbook-rolling,aswellascompositebuildingsoftwoormoretypes.（1）硬山顶Hardmountaintop:twoslopesinfrontofthehouse,theleftandrightgablesintersectwiththeroof,andthemasonrybeamsareallenclosedinthegables.Theherringbonewapostopsatthegableanddoesnotgoout.Therearefourverticalridgesandonelargeridge.Hardmountainarchitectureisthemostcommonformofancientarchitecture.Itiscommoninsmallstyles.Forexample,theseven-storysmall,six-small,five-small,andthelikelistedinthe"EngineeringPractices"example,Thebuildingisthelargestandmostprominentbuildinginthesmall-scaledwellings,andisoftenusedasthemainhouseorthehall.Therearealsomanylarge-scaleexamplesofhardmountainbuildings.Therearetwotypesofarchesandarches,whicharefoundinpalacesandtemples.硬山顶（2）悬山顶Suspendedthetop:Alsoknownasthemountain,themountain,theSongstyleisnotbuiltintwo.Therearetwoslopesinfrontofthehouse,andthetwomountainroofsaresuspendedfromthegableorthemountaintruss.Thescorpionsofthehanginghillswerepickedtogetherandnailedontheheadofthescorpion.Thetopofthecliffisalsoafourridgesandalargeridge.Hangingmountainsareusedinresidentialbuildings,andarerarelyusedinthenorth.Inthesouth,duetothelargeamountofrainandmostlymudwalls,theyarewidelyused.悬山顶（3）歇山顶Restingthemountainmeansthatthehouseisrestingintheroof.Theshapeissimilartothelowerpartofthetopofthetempleandtheupperpartofthesuspendedceiling.Theupperparthastheimageandcharacteristicsofthehangingmountain-stylebuilding.Forexample,theroofisdividedintotwofrontandrearslopes,thetipoftheraftispickedouttothemountainsurface,theouterendoftheraftisinstalledwithaslatboard,andthelowerparthastheimageandcharacteristicsoftheporchbuilding.Forexample,iftherearefourslopesontheroof,thetwoslopesonthemountainsurfaceintersectwiththetwoslopesonthesurfacetoformfourridges.Therearenineridgesonthetopofthemountain,includingtheridge,theridgeandtheridge.Thelevelissecondonlytothetemple.Theclosingofthemountainisthepracticeoftakingthemountainflowersonbothsidesoftheroofofthebuildingfromthetopofthemountainfromthecenterline.重檐歇山顶单檐歇山顶（4）庑殿顶AlsoknownasthefourATemple,fiveridgetem