2019年考研英语一真题

2019年英语(一)考研真题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationapps

areavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.

Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithouta

phoneoracompass,andyou4can'tfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate5to

civilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland...

Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswer

twoquestions:Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwater

source?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyou

headdownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.

Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights一youmaybe11

howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.

Another12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindense

forest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpaths

peoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizon

fbr17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflight

pollution.

18,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookfbrthe19weleaveon

thelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.

1.[A]Some[B]Most[CIFewfD]All

2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come

3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until

4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally

5.[A]backfB]next[C]around[D]away

6.fA]ontofB]offfC]across[Dlalone

7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar

8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place

9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides

10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually

11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused

12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result

13.[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample

14.[AlbridgefB]avoid[C]spot[D]separate

15.[A]from[B]throughfC]beyond[D]under

16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks

17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited

18.fA]Finally[B]Consequently[C]incidentally[D]Generally

19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings

20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]expose

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,

B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

FinancialregulationsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbig

banks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsif

theirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”rule

istoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancial

institution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelongtermdecision-making

notonlybybanksbutalsobuallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuture

generations.

“Short・termisrrTorthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytraded

companies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantof

classicaleconomies,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike

"Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputting

themasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,has

droppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,who

demandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm'seffortstoinvestin

long-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed"quarterly

capitalism”.

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,

quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortensattentionspansinfinancialmarkers."There

seemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,

saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionin

speechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodefer

performancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce

“short-termism."InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat"a

substantialpart“ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"long-termismJsuchaschangesinthetaxcode

andquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoa

companyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsina

company.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutives

tothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain's

newruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfor

theshorttermbutforthelongterm.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe.

A.enhancebanker'ssenseofresponsibility

B.helpcoiporationsachievelargerprofits

C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation

D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives

22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate.

A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits

B.governments,impatienceindecision-making

C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies

D.”short-termism“ineconomicsactivities

23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescan

be.

A.indirect

B.adverse

C.minimal

D.temporary

24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate.

A.theobstaclestopreventing"short-termism”.

B.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.

C.theapproachestopromoting“long・termism”.

D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

D.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

Text2

Gradeinflation—thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthe

pastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,in

whichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce一apolicy

oftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”——ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,

andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatinga

student5soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinue

todotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduation

rates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togive

themasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitionto

college-levelcourses.Butnowmostcollegessaveformanyselectivecampuses,allowall

undergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthe

gradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegree

programandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."Untimely,“saidJackMiner,Ohio

StateUniversity'sregistrar,"weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakea

courseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduate

on

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges9ownneedsaswell.

Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuch

asgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,

meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheend

oftheday,arepayingthebill一feelthey'vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,

whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingto

consumers9expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollege

degreetoleadajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareas

qualifiedaspossible一oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students'andcolleges9incentivesseem

tobealigned.

26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

B.Students9indifferencetoGPAS.

C.Colleges9neglectofGPAS.

D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

B.Tomaintaincolleges5graduationrates.

C.Topreparegraduatesfbrachallengingfuture.

D.Toincreaseuniversities9incomefromtuition.

28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablecollegesto.

A.obtainmorefinancialsupport

B.boosttheirstudentenrollments

C.improvetheirteachingquality

D.meetlocalgovernments9needs

29.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned,9(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?

A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.

B.Tocomplementeachother.

C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.

D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.

30.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby.

A.assessingitsfeasibility

B.analyzingthecausesbehindit

C.comparingdifferentviewsonit

D.listingitslong-runeffects

Text3

ThisyearmarksexactlytwocountriessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,The

ModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,the

authorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethical

questionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:"What

isintelligence,identify,or

consciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?^^

Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatetheway

humansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaof

robotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedon

popularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld”and"Humans”.

Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,

saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.uWearejustinasituationwhere

therearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnesssactuallyisandhowyoucouldever

buildamachinetogetthere.”

Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren'tathand.Thecominguse

ofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandrivers

sometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombination

ofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstellthem

inthatmoment.AIttvision^^todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andto

anticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.

Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoalotofethical

questions,"notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelping

thegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofALAlongwithSingapore,

othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.

Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.

OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAI"thatwouldcause"overallharm,^^

ortodevelopAi-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternational

norms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhuman

rights.

Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.Sodoestheideathat

decisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.

Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachines

reflectshumanity'shighestvalues?Onlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnot

Frankenstein'sout-of-controlmonster.

31.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit

A.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.

B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.

C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.

D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.

32.InDavidEagleman9sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness

A.helpsexplainartificialintelligence.

B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.

C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.

D.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.

33.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles

A.canhardlyeverbefound.

B.isstillbeyondourcapacity.

C.causeslittlepublicconcern.

D.hasarousedmuchcuriosity.

34.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgeisoneof

A.affirmation.

B.skepticism.

C.contempt.

D.respect.

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Al'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants

B.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI

C.TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable

D.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl

Text4

Stateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonline

purchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighter

walletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.

TheSupremeCourfsopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthat

statessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmore

difficultfbrstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.

Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer'spurchase

toastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,

thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxfbrthestate.Customersweregenerally

responsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren'tchargedit,butmost

didn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.

JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed."Eachyearthe

physicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsin

significantrevenuelossestotheStates/9hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.

Kennedywrotethattherule"limitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-teimprosperityandhas

preventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.^^

Therulingisavictoryfbrbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusually

collectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwhere

theyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausethey

typicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.A,

withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,though

third-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.

Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafew

stateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethose

states.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,also

haven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslaws

requiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothe

state.

Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocaland

onlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,

especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstate

salestaxlaws.The

SmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinaastatement,

“Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.^^

36.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill

A.Dettebusiness9relutionswithstates

B.putmostonlinebusinessinadilemma

C.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax

D.forcessomestatestocutsalestax

37.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions

A.haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce

B.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears

C.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchases

D.wereconsideredupfavorablebystates

38.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas

A.hinderedeconomicdevelopment

B.broughtprosperitytothecountry

C.harmedfairmarketcompetition

D.boostedgrowthinstatesrevenue

39.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling

A.InternetentrepreneursB.Big-chairowners

C.Third-partysellersD.Smallretailers

40.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor

A.givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences

B.describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking

C.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem

D.citiessomesacesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications

PartB

Directions:

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youare

requiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelist

A-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphCandFhavebeencorrectly

placed.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

A.Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeating

youropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople.

Learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwe

readjustourviewofarguments一fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchange

throughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,andunderstanding一thenwechangethevery

natureofwhatitmeansto“win”anargument.

B.Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnotto

accuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtolearnhowtoevaluatethem

properly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmit

goodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humility

requiresyoutorecognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoaccept

reasonsontheoppositeside.

C.Noneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttimeyou

stateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourself

whetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,ask

themtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assess

itsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.

D.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkof

them.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,

youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereeven

justcompetitions-like,say,tennisgames.Parisofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntil

onewinneremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhy

somanypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.

E.Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:

“thereisonlyoneway...togetthe

bestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit."Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butit

dependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonaland

sociallives-andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.

F.Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafight

orcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.Youwillbehappyto

convincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthow

ignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsorthe

issuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin-inoneway.

G.Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingthe

minimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,"yes,"andIyell."No,"neitherofus

learnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobasisfor

compromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:that

full-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonable

argument:thatahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforless

time.Nowwecanunderstandeachother'spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,since

webothcareaboutneedyworkers.

41—42―F—43-44一C一45

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,and

begantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealisedjusthowbadmuchofthe

medicalliteraturefrequentlywas.Icametorecognisevarioussignsofabadpaper:thekind

ofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere

1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.

(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhi