2015年考研英语一真题及答案解析

2015年考研英语一真题及答案解析

（1~20/共20题）完形填空

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related“asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%

ofgenes.Thatis_1_astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityin

theProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has_2_.

Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted_3_1,932uniquesubjectswhich

_4_pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedin

both_5_.

While1%mayseem_6_Jtisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler;professorofmedical

geneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven_7_theirfourthcousinsbut

somehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho_8_ourkin.”

Thestudy_9_foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnot

genesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,for

now,_10_,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore_11_it.

Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat_12_usinchoosinggeneticallysimilar

friends_13_〃functionalKinship"ofbeingfriendswith_14_!

Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenesseemtobe

evolution_15_thanothergenesStudyingthiscouldhelp_16_whyhumanevolutionpicked

paceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor_17_factor.

Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople's_18_tobefriendthoseof

similar_19_backgrounds,saytheresearchers.Thoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfroma

populationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento_20_thatallsubjects,friendsand

strangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.

第1题

A.when

B.why

C.how

D.what

第2题

A.defended

B.concluded

C.withdrawn

D.advised

第3题

A.for

B.with

C.on

D上y

第4题

A.compared

B.sought

C.separated

0.connected

第5题

A.tests

B.objects

C.samples

□.examples

第6题

A.insignificant

B.unexpected

C.unbelievable

□.incredible

第7题

A.visit

B.miss

C.seek

D.know

第8题

A.resemble

B.influence

C.favor

0.surpass

第9题

A.again

B.also

C.instead

D.thus

第10题

A.Meanwhile

B.Furthermore

C.Likewise

D.Perhaps

第11题

A.about

B.to

C.from

D.like

第12题

A.drive

B.observe

C.confuse

D.limit

第13题

A.accordingto

B.ratherthan

C.regardlessof

D.alongwith

第14题

A.chances

B.responses

C.missions

□.benefits

第15题

A.later

B.slower

C.faster

D.earlier

第16题

A.forecast

B.remember

C.understand

0.express

第17题

A.unpredictable

B.contributory

C.controllable

□.disruptive

第18题

A.endeavor

B.decision

C.arrangement

□.tendency

第19题

A.political

B.religious

C.ethnic

□.economic

第20题

A.see

B.show

C.prove

D.tell

下一题

(21~25/共20题)SectionIIReading

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon'tabdicate,theydareintheirsleep/'But

embarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshave

forcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyis

seeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheir

magnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyle?

TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionis

particularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove

"mere"politicsand“embody“aspiritofnationalunity.

Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs'continuingpopularity

polarized.Andalso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregioninthe

world,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).Butunliketheirabsolutist

counterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvotersto

avoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.

Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityasthey

claimtobe,theirveryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdated

andindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandother

economistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itis

bizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocratic

states.

Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princes

andprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,theseare

wealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesit

increasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.

WhileEurope'smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,

itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy'sreputationwithherratherordinary

(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetaste

oflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthat

monarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice-asnon-controversialand

non-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,not

republicans,whoarethemonarchy'sworstenemies.

第21题

AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain

A.usedturnenjoyhighpublicsupport

B.wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals

C.casedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals

D.endedhisreigninembarrassment

第22题

MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly

A.owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

B.toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

C.togivevotermorepublicfigurestolookupto

D.duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

第23题

Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?

A-Aristocrats'excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth

B.Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies

C.Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies

D.Thenobility'sadherencetotheirprivileges

第24题

TheBritishroyals"havemosttofear“becauseCharles

A.takesaroughlineonpoliticalissues

B.failstochangehislifestyleasadvised

C.takesrepublicansashispotentialallies

D.failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole

第25题

Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

A.Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

B.Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

C.Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

0.Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

上一题下一题

(26~30/共20题)SectionIIReading

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnow

considerwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthe

phoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.

Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingrulingparticularlyonethat

upsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthe

timeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewand

rapidlychangingtechnologies.

ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia'sadvice.Enoughofthe

implicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdated

guidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.

TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofa

smartphone—avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation-issimilarto,say,riflingthrougha

suspect'spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhenthey

siftthroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone'ssmart

phoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee'sreading

history,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.

Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing/meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchthe

easier.

Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitive

informationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.Citizensstillhavearight

toexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution'sprohibitionon

unreasonablesearches.

Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn'teasethechallengeofline-drawing.In

manycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousforauthoritiestoobtainawarranttosearchthrough

phonecontents.TheycouldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,

urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataare

noterasedoralteredwhileawarrantispending.Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomfor

policetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.

ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia'sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnology

sometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.OrinKerr,alaw

professor;comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywith

theestablishmentofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadto

specifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortout

howtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.

第26题

TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether;duringanarrest,itislegitimateto

A.preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.

B.searchforsuspects'mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.

C.checksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.

□.prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.

第27题

Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneof

A.disapproval.

B.indifference.

C.tolerance.

0.cautiousness.

第28题

Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentsiscomparableto

A.gettingintoone'sresidence.

B.handlingone'shistoricalrecords.

C.scanningone'scorrespondences.

D.goingthroughone'swallet.

第29题

InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat

A.principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.

B.thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

Cxitizens'privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected.

D.phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.

第30题

OrinKerr/scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat

A.theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.

B.newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.

C.California'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.

0.principlesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered

上一题下一题

（31~35/共20题）SectionIIReading

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,

editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromother

journals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtothe

irreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.

“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal/writesMcNutt

inaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointed

sevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupfor

additionalscrutinybythejournal'sinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditors

orbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthese

manuscripts.

Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:"Thecreationof

the"statisticsboard'wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsand

dataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience'soveralldrivetoincreasereproducibility

intheresearchwepublish//

GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberof

theSBoREgroup.Hesaysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyanadvisoryrole."Heagreedto

joinbecausehe“foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,unique

andlikelytohavealastingimpact.Thisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsin

Scienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodel

theirapproachafterScience//

Johnloannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyis“amost

welcomestepforward"and"longoverdue/'"Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,andthis

damagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapers

nowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview/hesays.Buthenotedthat

biomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedical

AssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.

Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsare

alarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acellbiologist.Researchers

shouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline,

""engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess".Vaux

saysthatScience'sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassomemerit,butaweaknessis

thatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify'thepapersthatneedscrutiny'inthe

firstplace”.

第31题

ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that

A.Scienceintendstosimplifytheirpeer-reviewprocess.

B.journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.

C.fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.

D.lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.

第32题

Thephrase"flaggedup,z(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto

A.found.

B.marked.

C.revised.

0.stored.

第33题

GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay

A.poseathreattoallitspeers.

B.meetwithstrongopposition.

C.increaseScience'scirculation.

D.setanexampleforotherjournals.

第34题

DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow

A.addstoresearchers'workload.

B.diminishestheroleofreviewers.

C.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.

D.istofailintheforeseeablefuture

第35题

Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers.

B.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect

C.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors'Desks

0.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

上一题下一题

(36~40/共20题)SectionIIReading

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe''unsettlingdearthof

integrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutionswIntegrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofa

collectiveacceptancethattheonly"sortingmechanism〃insocietyshouldbeprofitandthe

market.But"it'sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit〃.

Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:"It'sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceof

purpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthe

mostdangerousfoalsforcapitalismandfreedom?'Thissameabsenceofmoralpurposewas

woundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternationalzshieldthoughtzmakingitmorelikelythatit

wouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.

Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyones-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,Andy

Coulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentof

thesamecharge-thewinderissueofdearthofintegritystillstandstill,Journalistsareknownto

havehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswas

acknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethe

pointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.

Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespread

phonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.Oneoftheastonishingrevelations

washowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,wowlittleshethoughtto

askandthefactthatsheneverinquiredwowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessful

defencewasthatsheknewnothing.

Intoday'sworld,titlehasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbe

accountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrunperhapsweshouldnotbeso

surprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismof

societyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholder

value,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Words

degradedtothemarginhavebeenjusticefairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.

ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstandingto

befairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequest

forcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowher

journalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions-norreceived

traceable,recordedanswers.

第36题

Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby

A.theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism

B.companies'financiallossduetoimmoralpractices.

C.governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.

D.thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.

第37题

ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that

A.GIemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime

B.morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.

C.AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.

D.phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.

第38题

TheauthorbelievestheRebekahBooks'sdeference

A.revealedacunningpersonality

B.centeredontrivialissues

C.washardlyconvincing

D.waspartofaconspiracy

第39题

Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows

A.generallydistortedvalues

B.unfairwealthdistribution

C.amarginalizedlifestyle

D.arigidmoralcote

第40题

Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?

A.Thequalityofwritingisofprimaryimportance.

B.Commonhumanityiscentralnewsreporting.

C.Moralawarenessmattersinexcitinganewspaper.

□Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.

上一题下一题

(41~45/共5题)PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethe

mostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextra

choices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.

Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifying

meaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyour

explicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar(41)youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,for

instance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved:whoismakingthe

utterance,towhom,whenandwhere.

Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofofcomprehension.Butthey

showcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementinference

andproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspby

presentingyouwithspecificevidenceandcues(42)

Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.

Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor"true"meaningthatcanberead

offandclockedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)

Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare,(44)Thisdoesn't,however;

makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferent

historicalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsof

thesamewordsontheincludingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhuman

concerns-debatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.

Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.

(45)suchdimensionsofreadsuggest-asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalso

do-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesn't

thennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhile

thananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreference

pointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together;theymakeupthereadingcomponent

ofyouroverallliteracyorrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.

[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilstherequirementofa

givencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingona

trainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.

[B]Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgenderethnicity,age

andsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationbutatthesametimeobscureor

evencloseoffothers.

[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingclues

presentedinthecontest.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater;youmakea

mentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.

[D]lneffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,

imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.

[E]Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetestmaybesignificanttoyou,or

aboutitsvalidity—inferencesthatformthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhichtheauthorwill

inevitablybefarlessresponsible.

[F]lnplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor;

notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor'sownthoughts.

[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotestonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwemight

calltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveina

text'sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,

socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.

第41题

第42题

第43题

第44题

第45题

上一题下一题

(46~50/共5题)PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.(10points)

Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atide

ofemigration—oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory—sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.46)

Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofawilderness

and,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.

47)TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces-theimmigrationofEuropean

peopleswiththeirvariedideas,customs,andnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanew

countrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.

AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenchmen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,

Dutchmen,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionsto

thenewworld.

48)But,theforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinterplayofthevaried

nationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,

newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcelyvisible.

Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmany

ways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.

49)ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStates

crossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15th-and16th-centuryexplorationsof

NorthAmerica.Inthemeantime,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,the

WestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifully

overcrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysubsistedonbarelyenough

foodallottedtothem.Manyoftheshipwerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,

andinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,

andoftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.

“TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief//

saidonerecorderofevents,/zTheairattwelveleagues'distancesmeltassweetasanew-blown

garden/Thecolonists'firstglimpseofthenewlandwasasightofdensewoods.50)Thevirgin

forestwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftreeswasaveritablerealtreasure-housewhichextended

fromMaineallthewaydowntoGeorgia.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastheraw

materialofhousesandfurniture,shipsandpotash,dyesandnavalstores.

第46题

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上一题下一题

(l/l)SectionIIIWriting

PartA

Directions:Writeacomposition/letterofnolessthan100wordsonthefollowinginformation.

(10

points)

第51题

Directions:

Youaregoingtohostaclubreadingsession.Writeanemailofabout100words

recommendingabooktotheclubmembers.

Youshouldstatereasonsforyourrecommendation.

YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.