新发展研究生英语综合教程1

Unit1HumanreflectionsMarriageisaninstitutioninwhichamanloserhisBachelor’sdegreeandthewomangetsherMaster’s婚姻是这样一所学校，男人会失去单身汉的地位，而女人会获得征服者的地位。Socrates,GreekphilosopherMenmarrybecausetheyaretried,womanbecausetheyarecurious;botharedisappointed.男人结婚，因为他们厌倦了；女人结婚，因为她们好奇。结果两人都大失所望。OscarWilde,BritishwriterPre-readingActivitiesFillintheblankswiththewordsyouhearIttakesonlyaminutetogetacrushonsomeone,anhourtolikesomeone,andadaytolovesomeone.Butittakesalifetimetoforgetsomeone.Don’tgoforlooks;theycandeceive.Don’tgoforwealth;eventhatfadesaway.Goforsomeonewhomakesyousmile.Becauseitonlytakesasmiletomakeadarkdayseembright.Findtheonethatmakesyourheartsmile.MaybeGodwantsustomeetafewwrongpeoplebeforemeettherightone.Sothatwhenwefinallymeettherightperson,wewillknowhourtobegratefulforthatgift.It’struethatwedon’tknowwhatwe’vegotuntilweloseit,butit’salsotruethatwedon’tknowwhatwe’vebeenmissinguntilitarrives.Givingsomeoneallyourlovewillnotprovideassurancethattheywillloveyouback.Don’texpectloveinreturn;justwaitforittogrowintheirhearts.Butifitdoesn’t,becontent.Itgrewinyours.2.Discussthefollowingquestions.1.Doyouknowofmarriagesthathavefailed?Ifso,whatdoyouthinkpeoplehavesufferedfromtheirfailedmarriagesandwhatwerethepossiblecauses?Whatassumptiondopeoplebringintotheirmarriages?2.Incontrasttoafailedmarriage,whatdoyouthinkcancontributetoahappymarriage?What’syourdefinitionofmarriage?TextWhyMarriagesFailAnneRoipheAnneRoipheisanAmericanfeministauthorknownforsuchnovelsasUptheSandboxandLovingkindness.Herworkisnoteworthyforitsexaminationoftheconflictbetweenthedesireforfamilyandrelationshipsandthatforcareerandself-determination1Thesedayssomanymarriagesendindivorcethatourmostsacredvowsnolongerringwithtruth.“Happilyeverafter”and“Tilldeathusdopart”areexpressionsthatseemonthewaytobecomingobsolete.Whyhasitbecomesohardforcouplestostaytogether?Whatgoeswrong?Whathashappenedtousthatclosetoonehalfofallmarriagesaredestinedforthedivorcecourts?Howcouldwehavecreatedasocietyinwhich42percentofourchildrenwillgrowupinsingle-parenthomes?Ifstatisticscouldonlymeasureloneliness,regret,pain,lossofself-confidence,andfearofthefuture,thenumberswouldbebeyondquantifying.2.Eventhougheachbrokenmarriageisunique,wecanstillfindcommonperils,commoncausesofmaritaldespair.Eachmarriagehasacrisispoint,andeachmarriagetestsendurance,thecapacityforbothintimacyandchange.Outsidepressuressuchasjobloss,illness,infertility,troublewithachild,careofagingparents,andalltheotherplaguesoflifethemarriagethewayhurricanesblastourshores.Somemarriagessurvivethesestorms,andothersdon’t.Marriagesfail,however,notsimplybecauseoftheoutsideweatherbutbecausetheinnerclimatebecomestoohotortoocold,tooturbulentortoostupefying.3.Whenwelookathowwechooseourpartnersandwhatexpectationsexistatthetenderbeginningofromance,someofthereasonsforthedisasterbecomequiteclear.Weallselectwithunconsciousaccuracyamatewhowillrecreatewithustheemotionalpatternsofourfirsthomes.Dr.CarlA.Whitaker,amaritaltherapistandemeritusprofessorofpsychiatryattheUniversityofWisconsin,explains,“Fromearlychildhoodon,eachofuscarriedmodelsformarriage,femininity,masculinity,motherhood,fatherhoodandalltheotherfamilyroles.’Eachofusfallsinlovewithamatewhohasqualitiesofourparents,whowillhelpusrediscoverboththepsychologicalhappinessandmiseriesofourpastlives.WemaythinkwehavefoundamanunlikeDad,butthenhereturnstodrinkordrugs,orlosseshisjoboverandoveragain,orsitssilentlyinfrontoftheTVjustthewayDaddid.Amanmaychooseawomanwhodoesn’tlikekidsjustlikehismother,orwhogamblesawaythefamilysavingsjustlikehismother.Orhemaychooseaslenderwifewhoseemsunlikehisobesemotherbutthenturnsouttohaveotheraddictionsthatdestroytheirmutualhappiness.4.Amanandawomanbringtotheirmarriagebedablendedconcoctionofconsciousandunconsciousmemoriesoftheirparents’livestogether.Thehumanwayistocompulsivelyrepeatandrecreatethepatternsofthepast.SigmundFreudsowelldescribedtheunhappydesignthatmanyofusgettrappedin:theunmetneedsofchildhood,theangryfeelingsleftoverfromfrustrationsoflongago,thelimitsoftrust,andthereoccurrenceofoldfears.Onceanindividualsensesthisentrapment,theremayfollowayearningtoescape,andtheresultcouldbeabroken,splinteredmarriage.5.Ofcoursepeoplecanovercomethehabitsandattitudesthatdevelopedinchildhood.Weallhavehiddenstrengthsandamazingcapacitiesforgrowthandcreativechange.Change,however,requireswork–observingyourpartinarottenpattern,bringingdifficultiesoutintotheopen–andworkrunscountertothebasicmythofmarriage:’WhenIwedthispersonallmyproblemswillbeover.IwillhaveachievedsuccessandIwillbecomethecenteroflifeforthisotherpersonandthispersonwillbemycenter,andwewillmeaneverythingtoeachotherforever.’Thismyth,whicheverymarriagerelieson,issoonexposed.Thecomingofchildren,thepullsandthetugsoftheirdemandsonaffectionandtime,placeaconsiderablestrainonthatbasicmythofmeaningeverythingtoeachother,ofmergingtogetherandsolvingalloflife’sproblems.6.Concernandtensionaboutmoneytakeeachpartnerawayfromtheother.Obligationstodemandingparentsorstill-depended-uponparentscreatefurtherstrain.Couplestodaymustalsodealwithalltheculturalchangesbroughtoninrecentyearsbythewoman’smovementandthesexualrevolution.Thealteringofrolesandtheshiftingofresponsibilitieshavebeenextremelytryingformanymarriages.7.Theseandotherrealitiesoflifeerodethevisionsofmaritalblissthewaysandstormseatatrockandtheoceannibblesawayatthedunes.Thoseeuphoric,grandfeelingsthataccompanyromanticlovearereallyself-delusions,self-hypnoticdreamsthatenableustoforgearelationship.Reallife,failureatwork,disappointments,exhaustion,badsmells,badcoldsandhardtimesallpuncturethedreamandleaveusstrandedwithourmate,withourchildhoodpatternspushingusthiswayandthat,andwithourunfulfilledexpectations.8.Thestruggletosurviveinmarriagerequiresadaptability,flexibility,genuineloveandkindness,andanimaginationstrongenoughtofeelwhattheotherisfeeling.Manymarriagesfallapartbecauseeitherpartnercannotimaginewhattheotherwantsorcannotcommunicatewhatheofsheneedsorfeels.Angerbuildsuntiliteruptsintoavolcanicburstthatburiesthemarriageinash.9.Ifwesensefromourmateaneedfortoomuchintimacy,wetendtopushhimofheraway,fearingthatwemayloseouridentitiesinthemergingofmarriage.Onepartnermaysuffocatetheotherpartnerinachildlikedependency.Agoodmarriagemeansgrowingsoacouplebutalsogrowingasindividuals.Thisisn’teasy.Richardgivesuphisinterestincarpentrybecausehiswife,Helen,isjealousofthetimehespendsawayfromher.Karenquitsthechoirgroupbecauseherhusbanddislikesthefriendsshemakesthere.Eachpairclingstoeachotherandisangrywitheachotheraslifeclosesinonthem.Thiskindofmaritalbalanceiseasilythrownasoneortheotherpullsawayanddivorcefollows.10.Marriagetakessomekindofsacrifice,notdreadfulself-sacrificeofthesoul,butsomelevelofcompromise.Someofone’sfantasies,someofone’slegitimatedesireshavetobegivenupforthevalueofthemarriageitself.“Whileallmaritalpartnersfeelshackledattimes,itistheywhoreallychoosetomakethemaritaltiesintoconfiningchainsorsupportingbonds,”saysDr.Whitaker.Marriagerequiressexual,financial,andemotionaldiscipline.Amanandawomancannotfolloweveryimpulse,cannotallowthemselvestostopgrowingandchanging.11.Divorceisnotanevilact.Sometimesitprovidessalvationforpeoplewhohavegrownhopelesslyapartorwerefrozeninpatternsofpainormutualunhappiness.Divorcecanbe,despiteitsinitialdevastation,likethefirstcutofthesurgeon’sknife,asteptowardnewhealthandagoodlife.Ontheotherhand,ifthepartnerscanstaypastthebreaking-upoftheromanticmythsintothedevelopmentofrealloveandintimacy,theyhaveachievedaworkasamazingasthegreatestcathedralsoftheworld.Marriagesthatdonotfailbutimprove,thatpersistdespiteimperfections,arenotonlyrarethesedaysbutofferawondrousshelterinwhichthefaceofourmutualhumanitycansafelyshowitself.NotesDr.CarlA.Whitaker(1912-1995):ApioneertherapistandemeritusprofessorofpsychiatryattheUniversityofWisconsin.UniversityofWisconsin:AfamousuniversityinthestateofWisconsin,foundedin1848.ItISoneofthemostexcellentpublicuniversitiesinAmericaandisrecognizedasanationalleaderinteachingandresearchexcellence.SigmundFreud(1856-1939):AnAustrianpsychiatristwhofoundedthepsychoanalyticschoolofpsychology.Freudisbestknownforhistheoriesoftheunconsciousmindandthedefensemechanismofrepressionandforcreatingtheclinicalpracticeofpsychoanalysisforcuringpsychopathologythroughdialoguebetweenapatientandapsychoanalyst.TheInterpretationofDreamisoneofhisbest-knownworks.NewWordsobsolete:nolongerused;outofdate过时的；废弃的peril:seriousdanger(esp.ofdeath)严重危险（尤指死亡的）infertility:thestateofbeingunabletoproduceoffspring;barrenness不孕症；贫瘠marital:ofahusbandofwife;ofmarriage婚姻的turbulent:inastateofcommotionofunrest;disturbed不安宁的，动荡的stupefying:dullorsenseless神志不清的；失去知觉的；麻木不仁的therapist:specialistinaparticulartypeoftherapy(某疗法的)治疗专家emeritus:(ofauniversityteacher,esp.aprofessor)retired,butkeepinghistitleasanhonor(指大学教师，尤指教授)退休而保留头衔的，荣誉的femininity:propertiescharacteristicofthefemalesex女性气质masculinity:propertiescharacteristicofthemalesex男性气质obese:(ofpeople)veryfat（指人）过度肥胖的concoction:acombinationofvariousingredients混合reoccurrence:rehappening（事情的）再次发生entrapment:beingcaughtinatrap陷入圈套；诱捕yearning:strongdesire;tenderloving渴望、热望splintered:breakingintopiece裂成碎片的merge:cometogetherandcombine合并erode:destroyorwear(sth.)awaygradually侵蚀，腐蚀nibble:taketinybitesofsth.小口咬某物；轻咬dune:moundofloosedrysandformedbythewind沙丘euphoric:happyandexcited愉快的，兴奋的self-delusion:theactofdeceivingoneself,orthestateofbeingsodeceived自欺self-hypnotic:oforproducingastatethatresemblessleepbutthatisinducedbysuggestionorasimilarconditiontooneself自我催眠的strand:leaveindifficulties陷入困境unfulfilled:notcompletedorachieved;dissatisfied未实现的；未得到满足的erupt:breakoutsuddenlyandviolently突然发生volcanic:(似)火山的；来自火山的shackle:preventsb.Fromactingorspeakingfreely束缚（某人）salvation:savingofaperson’ssoulfromsinanditsconsequences;thestateofbeingsavedinthisway拯救、超度devastation:thestateofbeingdestroyed毁灭imperfection:afaultofdefect不完美wondrous:wonderful令人惊奇的；意想不到的；极好的UsefulExpressionsbedestinedfor:haveafuturewhichhasbeendecidedorplannedbeforehand命中注定，注定；预定gambleaway:losesth.Bygambling赌博输掉counterto：intheoppositedirectiontosth.inoppositiontosth.与某事物的方向相反；相反地bringon:causesth.(usu.Unpleasant)tohappentooneself/sb.else使（通常为不愉快的）某事发生在自己（别人）身上fallapart:break;falltopieces;disintegrate破裂，破碎；散开bejealousof:beenviousof嫉妒的；羡慕的clingto:holdontightlytosb/sth紧抓住或抱住closeinon:surroundorenvelopsb/sth围绕或笼罩ExercisesIPost-readingActivitiesTextcomprehensionReadthetextandanswerthefollowingquestionsHowdoyouunderstandthetwoexpressions”Happilyeverafter”and”Tilldeathusdopart”inparagraph1?Whatdobrokenmarriageshaveincommon?Inthistext,Dr.Whitakersays,”Fromearlychildhoodon,eachofuscarriedmodelsformarriage,femininity,masculinity,motherhood,fatherhoodandalltheotherfamilyroles”.Howdoyouunderstandhiswords?AccordingtoSigmundFreud,whatleadstoabroken,splinteredmarriage?Whatisthemythonwhicheverymarriagereliesaccordingtothistext?Whatrelistedsathetryingcausesofbrokenmarriages?Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“Thestruggletosurviveinmarriagerequiresanimaginationstrongenoughtofeelwhattheotherisfeeling”inparagraph8?WhatdoyoulearnfromthestoriesofRichardandKareninparagraph9?Accordingtoparagraph10,whatisnecessaryformarriageformarriagesuccess?Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsdivorceaccordingtothelastparagraph?Pointfordiscussion:Breakintosmallgroupsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.Thenreportyourgroup’sanswerstotheclass.Thetopicsentenceofparagraph3“Weallselectwithunconsciousaccuracyamatewhowillrecreatewithustheemotionalpatternsofourfirsthomes”isrepeated\inparagraph4“Thehumanwayistocompulsivelyrepeatandrecreatethepatternsofthepast.’Doyouviewthisassertionasarealityinpeople’slives?WhatdoesRoiphemeanby“unconsciousaccuracy”Haveyoueverheardtheword“sub-marriage”?Thetermreferstocoupleswhohavelosttheirpassionandinterestincommunicatingwitheachotherduetovariousreasonsbutstillmaintaintheirmarriagestatus.Ontheotherhand,manycollegestudentscohabitnowadays.Theylivetogetherinssexualrelationshipalthoughnotlegallymarried.Howdoyouviewthesephenomena?II.LanguagefocusVocabularyPartA.Fillintheblankswiththewordsorphrasesgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenecessary.WondrousperilemeritusyearningerodenibblestranderuptshacklesalvationdevastationimperfectionDuringtheGulfWar,theChineseEmbassyhelpedTaiwaneselabourservicepersonnelstrandedinKuwaitpulloutofdangerousplacesafely.G.WilsonKnight,emeritusProfessorattheUniversityofLeeds,hashadalongandprolificcareerasacriticWhileconventionalwisdomholdsthatconflictsinarelationshipslowlyerodethebondsthatholdpartnerstogether,coupleswhoarehappyinthelongtermturnouttohaveplentlyofconflicts,too.Sheletherjoyouseyesrestuponhimwithoutspeaking,asuponsomewondrousthingshehadcreatedoutofchaos.Shedrewhimtowardsherwithallhermight,seekingtoknowhiminthedepthsofhisheart,witha(n)yearningtoloseherselfinhim.ManyAmericanshavemisunderstandingsaboutChina,believingit’saclosedcountryandthatthepeople’sthinkingisshackledGovernmentloanshavebeenthesalvationofseveralshakybusinesscompanies.Herteethhavingalldroppedout,GrannyLicouldonlynibbleawayatherfood.Ifyouaimatimperfection,therearesomechancesofyourgettingit;whereasifyouaimatperfection,thereisnone.Someofhispeerswereconvincedthattheearlystagesoftheillnessmanifestedthemselvesingraduateschool,butthefull-blownsymptomsdidnoteruptuntilhewas30.PartBChoosethewordorphrasethatisinclosetinmeaningtotheitalicizedpartofeachsentenceItisbecomingincreasinglyclearthatasmanyas80percentofpeoplewhoareobesearepredisposedgenetically.ThinB.fatC.crazyD.lazyTheITindustryisdevelopingsofastthatanadvancedcomputerprogramtodaymaybeobsoletenextweek.DesiredB.qualifiedC.outdatedD.frightenedInsuchdryweather,ifaforestfirecannotbeextinguisheddevastationissuretoensue.DestructionB.salvationC.associationD.communicationIshouldliketoputforwardaproposal;mergethetwofirmsintoabigone.InterrelateB.associateC.defineD.combineUtilizationofthelandwhichleavesitinaninfertileconditionisconsideredpollution.SterileB.richC.productiveD.destructiveDon’tclingtoyouoldideas.Bereadytoentertainsomenewones,otherwiseyouwillalwayslagbehindothers.PutforwardtoB.holdonC.runtoD.putupwithInmodernsociety,theworld’stransportsystemswouldfallapartwithoutasupplyofelectricity.ComeupB.stepupC.splitupD.warmupComingfromatheatricalfamily,IwasdestinedforacareeronthestageIwasexpectedtobeanactor.FatedtobeB.uptobeC.madeupforD.derivedfromWedon’tthinkheisadependablepersonbecauseheactedcountertohispromise.SimilartoB.accordingtoC.uptoD.contrarytoInordertofinishthetaskintime,hewatoutintherainalldayandthisbroughtonabadcold.ResultedfromB.resultedinC.broughtupD.gaveupClozeReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandchoosethebestwordofphrasegivenbellowtofillintheeachblank.Changetheformwherenecessary.TendstrandtoughboredconductfulfillingaffiliaterevealpressureconditionrangingArecentsurveyofwomanin20largeandmediumizedcitiesacrossthecountryrevealedthatabouthalfoftherespondentswerehappywiththeirmarriagesandrelationships,whilenearly30percentsaidtheywere(1)and3.4percenttheywereinagony.3percentsaidtheywereworriedabouttheirrelationshipsand12percentsaidtheydidnotknowhowtodescribetheirmixedfeelings.TheHuakunWomanSurveyCenter,a(n)(2)oftheAll-ChinaWomen’sFederation,(3)thesurveyof2,000womenagedbetween20and40attheendoflastyear,Altogether1,955(4)questionnaireswerecollected.Theaverageageofthesurveyedwomanwas35,and70percentweremarried.About57percentoftherespondentshadmonthlyincomes(5)from1,000yuanto3,000yuan.WomaninShanghaiseemedtohavethemost(6)lovelives,withmorethan70percentsayingtheyfelthappy.TheywerefollowedbywomaninBeijing,Qingdao,NingboandTianjinintermsoffulfillment.Thesurveyalso(7)thatmarriages(8)togetlesshappythelongertheylasted.(9)fromwork,problemswiththeirchildren’seducationand(10)personalrelationshipswerethemaincausesoftension,accordingtotheresultsofthesurvey.TranslationPartATranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.对一些人来说，婚姻是爱情的坟墓；而对另一些人来说，婚姻是拯救那些过着孤独单调生活的人的好办法。（salvation）此次会议肩负着重大的历史责任，必然将对组织的发展产生深远影响。（bedestinedtodosth）所有这些都寄寓着人们对美好生活的向往，因此得以代代流传。（yearning）总统警告说，如果国会现在通过这一法案，那么他一直努力维护的脆弱的和平进程可能就会破裂。（fallapart）夫妻之间必须能够容忍彼此性格上的一些瑕疵，否则的话他们的婚姻很可能会以离婚而告终。(imperfection)PartBTranslatethefollowingintoChineseLoveisatelephonewhichalwayskeepssilentwhenyouarelongingforacall,butringswhenyouarenotreadyforit.Aaaresult,weoftenmissthesweetnessfromtheotherend.Loveisatelephonewhichisseldomprogramme-controlledofdirectlydialed.Youcannotgetanimmediateanswerbyamere“hello”,letalonegodeepintoyoulover’sheartbyonecall.Usuallyithastoberelayedbyanoperate,andyouhavetobepatientinwaiting.Destinyintheoperateofthisphone,whoisalwaysirresponsibleandfondofplayingpracticaljokestowhichshemaymakeyoualifelongvictimintentionallyorunintentionally.IIIOralpracticeMakingintroductionsWhenmeetingnewpeople,youmayneedtotellthemsomethingaboutyourself,andthisiscalledself-introduction.Generallyspeaking,youcantellothersyourname,nationality,title,profession,hobbies,etc.whenyouareintroducingyourself.self-introductionmaypromoteabetterunderstandingbetweenyouandyournewfriends,enhanceyourfriendshipandlayagoodfoundationforfuturecooperation.Ifyouknowtwopeoplewhohaven’tmet,youcanintroducethemtoeachother.Forexample,ataparty,youmayintroduceafriendtosomeonetheyhavenotmetbefore.Thisisawayoflettingyourfriendknoweachotherandbecomfortablewitheachother.Indailylife,wemeetnewpeopleonvariousoccasions.We’llfeelgoodaboutmeetingpeoplebylearningtomakeintroductionsandbyknowinghowtostartaconversationwithothers.Thefollowingexpressionsareoftenusedwhenwemakeintroductions.Pleasereadandrememberthem.UsefulexpressionsLetmeintroducemyself.Comeandmeet…Haveyoumet…?I’dliketointroduceyouto…Letmeintroduceyouto…MayIintroduce…toyou?I’dlikeyoutomeetmyfriend…Nicetomeetyou,Iam…I’mpleasedtomeetyou.It’sapleasuretomeetyou.Excuseme,butIbelieveyouknowmyfriend…PRESENTATIONTASKSupposeafriendofyoursarrangesablinddateforyou.Youaregoingtomeetsomeoneyouhavenotpreviouslyseen,butwillpossiblydeveloparomanticrelationwith.Makeuparole-playwithyourpartner,whoplaysthedate.Intherole-play,youaresupposedtomakeintroductionstoeachother,talkingaboutyouhobbiesandothertopicsyoulike.IVWritingprojectClausesAclauseisagroupofwordsthatcontainsasubjectandaverb.Anindependentclauseexpressesacompletethoughtandcanstandalone.Incontrast,adependentclauseisagroupofwordsthatcontainsasubjectandverbbutdoesnotexpressacompletethought.Adependentclausecannotbeasentence.Oftenadependentclauseismarkedbyadependentmarkerword.Somecommondependentmarkersare:after,although,as,asif,because,before,evenif,eventhough,if,since,though,unless,until,whatever,when,whenever,whether,while,etc.Anindependentclausedoesnotdependonanotherclause,althoughitmaybelinkedtoanotherindependentclausebycoordinatingconjunctionsuchasand,but,yet,or,for,so,nor,ortoadependentclausebysubordinateconjunctionssuchasbecause,when,where,etc.Dependentclausesareclassifiedfurtherintonounclauses,adjectiveclausesandadverbialclauses.Anounclausecanbeusedthesamewayasanoun.Itcanbeasubject,predicatenominative,directobject,appositive,indirectobject,orobjectofthepreposition.Someofthewordsthatintroducenounclausesarethat,where,who,why,whom,what,how,when,where,whoever,andwhomever.Forexample,Whatthereporterneedsmostisanalertmind.(subjectclause)Ithasbeendiscoveredthatmoreandmoreyoungsteraretakingupsmoking.(subjectclause)Itreallydependsonwhoisinvolvedinthematter.(objectclause)Thecrucialpointiswhenthoseinfectionsaretransmittednaturallyfromonepersontoanother.(predictiveclause)Wearenotinvestigatingthequestionwhetherheistrustworthy.(appositiveclause)Anadjectiveclause(alsocalledrelativeclause)isaclausethatfunctionsasanadjectiveandthatisinitiatedbyarelativepronoun(who,whom,whose,that,orwhich)orarelativeadverb(when,where,orwhy).Forexample:ThisistheplacewhereImetyouforthefirsttime.Thanksgiving,whichfallsonthefourthThursdayofNovember,inoneofthebiggestAmericanholidays.Anadverbialclauseisaclausethatfunctionsasanadverb.Suchconjunctionsaswhen,where,before,though,etc.canintroduceanadverbialclause.Adverbialclausescanbesubdividedintotimeclauses,placeclauses,conditionalclauses,purposeclauses,reasonsclauses,resultclauses,concessiveclauses,clausesofmanner,andclausesofexclamation.Forexample:Iftheyloseweightduringanillness,theysoonregainisafterwards.(conditionalclauses)IusedtoreadalotalthoughIdon’tgetmuchtimeforbooksnow.(concessiveclause)TaskoneCorrectthegrammaticalmistakesineachofthefollowingsentences.Jamesrepeatedfailedthemathquizzes,hedecidedtodropthecourse.Becauseweturnedallthelightsoff,welockedtheofficedoor.Theconceptdisposableplasticbagscausegreatenvironmentalproblemsistakingrootamongthepublic.Ihavenoideathatwhenshewillbeback.Thepowerwenoffforanhourduringthenight,alltheclocksinthehousemustbereset.MostAmericansloveChinesefoodiscookedinadifferentwayfromwesternfood.Thehousestandsontopofthehillwasbuiltlastyear.IknowtheschoolwhichmynephewislearningEnglish.Whateveryoutellalie,youdosoattheexpenseofyourreputation.IthasbeenthreeyearswhenImovedintothisapartment.TasktwoSomepeoplethinkthatthefamilyhasthemostimportantinfluenceonyoungadults.Otherpeoplethinkthatfriendshavethemostimportantinfluenceonyoungadults.Whichviewdoyouagreewith?Writeanessayonthetopic,usingexamplestosupportyourposition.FurtherreadingThebeautyoflifeE.M.ForsterE.M.ForsterwasanEnglishnovelist,shortstorywriter,essayistandlibrettist.Heisbestknownforhisironicandwell-plottednovelsexaminingclassdifferenceandhypocrisyandalsoattitudestowardsgenderandhomosexualityinearly20th-centuryBritishsociety.1.Thesubjectofthisarticleamagnificentsubjectwassuggestedbytheeditor.“woulditnotbepossible,”hewrote,“toillustratethebeautyandthewonderoflife,toshowthattheyarealwaysmanifestwheresoeverandhowsoeverlifeandforcearemanifested?”Butunfortunatelyitisasubjectthatcouldonlybetreatedbyapoetbyapoetwhowasatthesametimeamanofaction;whoseenthusiasmhadstoodthetestofhardfacts;whosevisionofthingsastheyoughttobehadbeenconfirmedandstrengthenedhisexperienceofthingsastheyarebysuchapoetasWaltWhitman.Ibelievealeafofgrassisnolessthanthejourney-workofthestars,Andthepismireisequallyperfect,andagrainofsand,Andtheeggofthewren,Andthetreetoadisachef-d’oeuvreforthehighest,Andthesunningblackberrywouldadorntheparlorsofheaven.2.Whitmanknewwhatlifewas.Hewasnotpraisingitsbeautyfromanarm-chair.Hehadbeenthroughallthatmakesithideoustomostmenpoverty,thebattlefield,thehospitalsandyetcouldbelievethatlife,whetherasawholeorindetail,wasperfect,thatbeautyismanifestwhereverlifeismanifested.Hecouldglorifytheabsurdandtherepulsive;hecouldcataloguethepartsofamachinefromsheerjoythatamachinehassomanyparts;hecouldsingnotonlyoffarmingandfishing,butalsoof“leather-dressing,coach-making,boiler-making,rope-twisting,distilling,sign-painting,lime-burning,cotton-picking,electro-plating,electrotyping,stereo-typing”;oneofthelinesinoneofhispoemsrunsthus!Hewentthe“wholelog”infact,andheoughttobewritingthisarticle.3.Butmostofushavetobecontentwi