2015年考研英语一真题及答案

2015年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Wehavemoregenesincommonwithpeoplewepicktobeourfriendsthanwith

strangers.

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas"related"asfourthcousins,

sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis]_astudypublishedfromtheUniversityofCalifornia

andYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.

Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted31932uniquesubjectswhich生pairs

ofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5.

While1%mayseem6,itisnotsotoageneticist.Asco-authorofthestudyJames

Fowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiegosays,“Mostpeopledonoteven

7theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho8our

kin.〃

Theteam9developeda"friendshipscore“whichcanpredictwhowillbeyourfriend

basedontheirgenes.

Thestudyalsofoundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriends

butnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityinolfactorygenesisdifficultto

explain,fornow.10,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsusllsimilarenvironmentsbut

thereismoretoit.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingintandemthat12usin

choosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13Afunctionalkinship"ofbeingfriendswith

14!

Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemto

beevolving15thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp16whyhumanevolutionpicked

paceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.

Thefindingsdonotsimplycorroboratepeople，s18tobefriendthoseofsimilar

et19backgrounds,saytheresearchers.Thoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfroma

populationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento20thatallsubjects,friendsand

strangersweretakenfromthesamepopulation.Theteamalsocontrolledthedatato

checkancestryofsubjects.

1.[A]what[B]why[C]how[D]when

2.[A]defended[B]concludedEC]withdrawn[D]advised

3.[A]for[B]with[C]by[D]on

4.[A]separated[B]sought[C]compared[D]connected

5.[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples

6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unreliable[D]incredible

7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]know[D]seek

8.[A]surpass[B]influence[C]favor[D]resemble

9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus

10.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps

11.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like

12.[A]limit[B]observe[C]confuse[D]drive

13.[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]alongwith

14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]benefits[D]missions

15.[A]faster[B]slower[C]later[D]earlier

16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]express[D]understand

17.[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive

18.[A]tendency[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]endeavor

19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic

20.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing

A,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Textl

KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsitedvkingsdon'tabdicate,theydieintheir

sleep.Butembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftinthe

recenetEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.Sodoesthe

Spanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?Doesthatmeanthewriting

isonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajestic

lifestyles?

TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublic

opinionisparticularlypolarized,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,

monarchscanriseabove”merevpoliticsand“embody“aspiritofnationalunity.

Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchscontinuing

popularityasheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthe

mostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCity

andAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyal

familieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchfora

non-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.

Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunity

astheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehave

today-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.Atatimewhen

ThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarmingofrisinginequalityandtheincreasing

powerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshould

stillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.

Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocratic

ways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(or

helicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational

1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintheright

image.

WhileEurope?smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometime

tocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchyJsreputationwithherrather

ordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles.Whohasboth

anexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehas

failedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovidea

service-asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.Charlesoughttoknow

thatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy

sworstenemies.

21.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain

[A]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport

[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals

[C]easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals

[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment

22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly

[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

[C]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto

[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?

[A]Aristocrats'excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth

[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies

[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies

[D]ThenobilityJsadherencetotheirprivileges

24.TheBritishroyals"havemostoffear“becauseCharles

[A]takesatoughlineonpoliticalissues

[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised

[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies

[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole

25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats.

Text2

JUSTHOWmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourt

isonlyjustcomingtogripswiththatquestion.OnTuesday,itwillconsiderwhether

policecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneison

oraroundapersonduringanarrest.

Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularly

onethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughtheeffects

ofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Evenifthejusticesaretempted,thestate

argues,itishardforjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychanging

technologies.

ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia'sadvice.Enough

oftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,thatthejusticescanandshould

provideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.

TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia,slameargumentthatexploringthe

contentsofasmartphone一avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation一issimilar

to,say,riflingthroughasuspect'spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'

tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheysiftthroughthewalletorpocketbookofan

arresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhis

orherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarresteesreadinghistory,financialhistory,

medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopment

ofucloudcomputing,“meanwhile,meansthatpoliceofficerscouldconceivablyaccess

evenmoreinformationwithafewswipesonatouchscreen.

Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeeping

sensitiveinformationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.

Citizensstillhavearighttoexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotected

bytheConstitution'sprohibitiononunreasonablesearches.

Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn,teasethechallengeof

line-drawing.Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousforauthoritiestoobtain

awarranttosearchthroughphonecontents.TheycouldstilltrumpFourthAmendment

protectionswhenfacingsevere,exigentcircumstances,suchasthethreatofimmediate

harm,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenoterased

oralteredwhileawarrantispending.Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomfor

policetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomoreleeway.

ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia'sargumentwhole.New,disruptive

technologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.

OrinKerr,alawprofessorwhoblogsonThePost'sVolokhConspiracy,comparesthe

explosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththe

establishmentofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejustices

hadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;they

mustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.

26.TheSupremecourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimate

to

[A]searchforsuspects'mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.

[B]checksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.

[C]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.

[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.

27.Theauthor,sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneof

[A]tolerance.

[B]indifference.

[C]disapproval.

[D]cautiousness.

28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentiscomparableto

[A]gettingintoone'sresidence.

[B]handingone'shistoricalrecords.

[C]scanningone，scorrespondences.

[D]goingthroughone'swallet.

29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat

[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.

[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

[C]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.

[D]citizens,privacyisnoteffectiveprotected.

30.OrinKerr,scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat

(A)theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.

(B)NewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.

©California'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.

(D)PrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.

Text3

ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoits

peer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicy

followssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasic

mistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublished

researchfindings.

uReadersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,“

writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,the

journalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).

Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal'sinternaleditors,

orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoRE

panelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.

Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:"The

creationofthe'statisticsboard'wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththe

applicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartof

Science'soveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.”

GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,

amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyanadvisory

role."Heagreedtojoinbecausehe“foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishment

oftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.Thisimpactwill

notonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalarger

groupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.”

31.AccordingtoNancyKoehn,officelanguagehasbecome

[A]moreemotional

[B]moreobject

[C]lessenergetic

[D]lessstrategic

32.“Team"orientedcorporatevocabularyiscloselyrelatedto_

[A]historicalincidents

[B]genderdifference

[C]sportculture

[D]athleticexecutives

33.Khuranabelievesthattheimportationofterminologyto_

[A]revivehistoricalterms

[B]promotecompanyimage

[C]fostercorporatecooperation

[D]strengthenemployeeloyalty

34.ItcanboinferredthatLeanIn.

[A]voicesforworkingwomen

[B]appealstopassionateworkholics

[C]triggersdebatesamongmommies

[D]parisesmotivatedemployees

35.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutofficespeak?

[A]Managersadmireitavoidit

[B]Linguistsbelieveittobenonsense

[C]Companiesfindittobefundamental

[D]Regularpeoplemockitbutacceptit

Text4

Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe“unsettling

dearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions”.Integrityhadcollapsed,

sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”

insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But"it'sus,humanbeings,wethepeople

whocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit".

Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:"It'sincreasinglyapparentthatthe

absenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscould

becomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom."Thissameabsence

ofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,making

itmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephone

hacking.

Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsofthe

World,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,

RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge-thewiderissueofdearthofintegrity

stillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.

Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,the

manhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.

Othersawaittrial.Thissagastillunfolds.

Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuch

widespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.Oneofthe

astonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninher

newsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthe

storiesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.

Intoday'sworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbe

accountableforwhathappensintheorganisationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshould

notbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesorting

mechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,

flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impact

and,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,

fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.

ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,

tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlives

inthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicions

abouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gaveno

instructions一norreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.

36.Accordigntothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby

(A)theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism.

(B)companies'financiallossduetoimmoralpractices

(C)governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.

(D)thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.

37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that

(A)GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime.

(B)morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.

(C)AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.

(D)phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.

38.TheauthorbelievesthatRebekahBrooks'sdefence

(A)revealedacunningpersonality.

(B)centeredontrivialissues.

(C)washardlyconvincing.

(D)waspartofaconspiracy.

39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows

(A)generallydistortedvalues.

(B)unfairwealthdistribution.

(C)amarginalizedlifestyle.

(D)arigidmoralcode.

40Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?

(A)Thequalityofwritingsisofprimaryimportance.

(B)Commonhumanityiscentraltonewsreporting.

(C)Moralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.

(D)Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.

PartB

Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseof

identifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,

drawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.

(41)Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,

forinstancebymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved:whois

makingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere.

Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehension.But

theyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactive

engagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriter

hasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues;

(42)___________________________________

Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackfor

eachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor'true'

meaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationof

thetexttotheworld.(43)____________________________________________

Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.

(44)Thisdoesn,t,however,makeinterpretationmerely

relativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistorical

periods.Placeandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsof

thesamewordsontheincludingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhuman

concerns一debatesabouttextscanplayanimportantinthesocialdiscussionofbeliefs

andvalues.

Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterest

inreadingit.(45)Suchdimensionsof

readingsuggest一asotherintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo一thatwebring

animplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesn'tthen

necessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedandmore

worthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,and

actasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,they

makeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyour

surroundingtextualenvironment.

A.Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilsthe

requirementofagivecourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitfor

information?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderably

fromreadinginaseminarroom.

B.Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,

ethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbut

atthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.

C.Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,using

cluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheashemptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,

youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.

D.Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningoreffectsthatanygiven

sentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonesauthorintended.

E.Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificant

toyou,oraboutitsvalidity-inferencesthatfromthebasisofpersonalresponse

forwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.

F.Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreated

theauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor?sownthoughts.

G.Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhat

wemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationor

patteringweperceiveinatext'sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguage

structures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitude

thatwebringtothetext.

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10pionts)

Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenth

centuries,atideifemigration-oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory-swept

fromEuropetoAmerica.(46)Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,

builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestiny

ofanuncharledconlinenl.

(47)TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces-theimmigration

ofEuropeanpeoplewiththeirvariedideas,customs,andnationalcharacteristicsand

theimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmerica

wasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,

Frenchmen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Dutchmen,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattempt

totransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstonewworld.(48)Buttheforceofgeographic

conditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinterplayofthevariednationalgroupsupononce

another,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinent

causedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcelyvisible.

Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresemb