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原子物理学杨福家第四版(完整版)课后答案原子物理习题库及解答第一章111,222,,mvmvmv,,,,,,,ee222,1-1由能量、动量守恒,,,mvmvmv,,,,,,ee,(这样得出的是电子所能得到的最大动量,严格求解应用矢量式子)Δpθmv2,,,得碰撞后电子的速度pv,em,m,e,故v,2ve,2m,p1,mv2mv4,e,eee由tg,~,~~,~,2.5,10(rad)mvmv,,,,pm400,a79,2,1.44,1-2(1)b,ctg,,22.8(fm)222,5236.02,102,132,5dN(2),,bnt,3.14,[22.8,10],19.3,,9.63,10N19724Ze4,79,1.441-3Au核:r,,,50.6(fm)m22,4.5mv,,24Ze4,3,1.44Li核:r,,,1.92(fm)m22,4.5mv,,2ZZe1,79,1.4412E,,,16.3(Mev)1-4(1)pr7m2ZZe1,13,1.4412E,,,4.68(Mev)(2)pr4m22NZZeZZeds,,242401212dN1-5()ntd/sin()t/sin,,,,,2N4E24EAr2pp1323,79,1.44,106.02,101.5123,,(),,1.5,10,,24419710(0.5),822,610,6.02,1.5,79,1.44,1.5,,8.90,101973aa,,1-6时,b,ctg,,,,6012222aa,,时,b,ctg,,1,,90222232()2,dNb112?,,,32dN1,b222()2,32,324,101-7由,得b,bnt,4,10,,nta,由,得b,ctg22,3,3a24,104,10(),,2,23106.02,10,ntctg2,323.14,,2,10,(5.67)181,242,5.96,10(cm)a2(),d1,244?,,(),5.96,10,16,23.8(b),4d,4sin21-8(1)设碰撞前m的速度为v,动量为p。111,,碰撞后m的动量为,m的动量为pp1212由动量、能量守恒可得:m,,,1,p,,vn,p1101m,m12m,,,2,p,,,vn,p2101m,m12mm12其中,将它代入上两式可得:,,m,m12mpm,,,211,p,n,p101m,mm,m1212mpm,,,212,p,,n,p201m,mm,m1212,它们之间的矢量关系可用下图表示,其中圆心C为质心,表示质心系里m碰撞n10mpmp2111OC,OB,,v,,AO,后的速度。1m,mm,m1212当时,A点在圆上m,m12时,A点在圆上m,m12时,A点在圆外m,m12,OCm2由图可知,sin,,,maxLm1AO,(2)因(请参阅朗道的力学)m,m,?sin,,1,?,,9021LmaxLmax2ZZe1,79,1.44121-9对Au核:a,,,114(fm)1E1p2ZZe1,47,1.4412对Ag核:a,,,67.7(fm)2E1p114b,,3.73,213(fm)1a,2由可求得b,ctg2267.7b,,3.73,126(fm)2222dN?,,bnt,70%,,bnt,30%1122N,3,3,3,4.57,10,1.25,10,5.82,1023236.02,106.02,10,3,3(其中;)nt,,1.5,10nt,,1.5,101219710822,,,,,ZZe2sindsinZZed221212,,()NNnt,1-10,2()Nnt,4,4,4,Esin4Esin222ZZe12,2b12,N2nt()4[sin],,,,,a24E212,49,N,9.38,10,6.24,10,0.242,1.41,10(1)12,410,N,9.38,10,6.24,10,3,1.76,10(2),12,411(3),N(,,10),9.38,10,6.24,10,131,7.68,10,121112?,N(,,10),9.38,10,7.68,10,8.61,10第二章3hc312.4,102-1(1)(Å),,,,6.53,1001.9E0C3,,,3,10140,6.53,10,10,4.59,10(Hz)33hC12.4,10(2)(Å),,,,3.65,10EE,1.9,1.5e02222nanZ,0,ZRhCr,v,C,E,,,,2-2利用公式2nnn2nZnZmee3E,Ehc12.4,1021,V,,,,11eeVV112,6(1)H原子:(Å),r,,0.529v,,c,2.19,10(m/s)112mee241,6(Å),r,,4r,2.12v,,c,1.09,10(m/s)21222mee21,+6He离子:(Å),r,,0.265v,2,c,4.38,10(m/s)1122mee6(Å),r,4r,1.06v,,C,2.19,10(m/s)2211++6Li离子:r,,0.529,0.176(Å),v,3,c,6.57,10(m/s)11336(Å),r,4r,0.704v,,C,3.29,10(m/s)2212(2)H原子:E,,Rhc,,13.6(eV)12+E,,ZRhc,,4,13.6,,54.4(eV)He离子:12++Li离子:E,,ZRhc,,9,13.6,,122.4(eV)1(E,E)(,3.40,13.6)21(3)H原子:V,,,10.2(V)1ee3hc12.4,10(Å),,,,12161eV10.21+He离子:V,4,10.2,40.8(V)1312.4,10(Å),,,304140.8++Li离子:V,9,10.2,91.8(V)1312.4,10,,,135(Å)191.82-3,E,E,E,9,(13.6,3.4),91.8(eV)212-4,E,E,E,10.2(eV)21由能量、动量守恒可得质子的阈能:m,m12E,,E,2,E,2,10.2,20.4(eV)thm12E4th?v,,6.25,10(m/s)m,55N,(,3.40,13.6)/8.62,10,293,1.18,10/293,403,1758n,e,4,e,4,e,4,102-5(1)N211175N1,Ne现,?,n14N,314931,,22.4,10,0.93,10V故(米)236.02,10(2)室温下氢原子n,1,?,E,E,E,,1.51,13.6,12.09(eV)312-6只观察到赖曼系的头四条谱线1216Å,1026Å,973Å,950Åhc3hchc36hc2-7,,,,,,,2212E,EE,E4ZRhc5ZRhc2132(108hc,20hc)?,,,,22115ZRhc32hc8888,12.4,10Z?,,,4Rhc,,15(,)15,13.6,133721故Z,2111222-8利用h,,W,mv?mv,h,,W,40.8,13.6,27.2(eV),mv2,c2226?v,2,c,3.10,10(m/s)mmmR12e,,2-9利用折合质量,,,,R,22m,m122,,(1)21.06()r,,a,A12,e10.2(2)V=13.6/2=6.8(V)V,,5.1(V)电离124(3)(Å),,,1215,2,243013Rmm,p,,,186m2-10em,m,pa,31(1)(Å)r,,2.8,101186(2)E,,186Rhc,,2530(eV)1312.4,10(3)(Å),,,,4.90minEE,,1m(1,)mmHD2-11,将代入,0.50020,0.999728mM(1,)DMHmm(1,),0.999728,1,0.50020MMHHmM3,4H?,1.835,100.499528,1,0.999728,2.72,10mMH,19hh,,10.2,1.6,10mv,,?v,,,3.26(m/s)2-12(1),27101.67,10,3,10Cmc2(h)h,,E10.2RE,,?,,(2)反冲能6,9R22h,2,938,10,5.44,102mc2mc2-13利用选择定则,共有6条。,l,,116,12-14(1)T,T,,1.697,10(m)sp33589316,1T,,2.447,10(m)p340866,1上两式相加得,T,4.144,10(m)s319,?E,,Thc,,5.14(eV),,8.225,10J3s3s19,E,,Thc,,3.03(eV),,4.848,10J3p3pE,EE,E3p3s,3s(2)V,,5.14(V)V,,2.11(V)1ee第三章,,543-1,E,2,B,2,B,2,5.79,10,1.2,1.39,10(eV)szBj(j,1),l(l,1),s(s,1)14g,1,,1,,3-22j(j,1)552,,gj(j,1),,,15,,,1.55,jBBB56226,,gm,,(,,,,,),jzjBB55553355(,1),4(4,1),(,1)j(j,1),l(l,1),s(s,1)22223-3g,1,,1,,0332j(j,1)2(,1)22?,,0j2,272dB107.87,1.66,10,(400),0.002MvZ,,,243-49.27,10,2,0.10,0.252,,d,DszdZ=124(T/m)(g=2,m=?1/2)JJj(j,1),l(l,1),s(s,1)242g,1,,2,,3-52j(j,1)155232,,,0.1,0.3,5,B,B52D,Z,2Z,2,d,,,2,3ZMv2,50,10,Z,10.4(mm)343-6?j,,且,故分裂成四条。g,23412,,,,,gmu,,jzjjBBB3232,B22,3,Z,,?,Z,,Z,,0.60,,0.40(cm),,ZB333,312.4,10,29.6,U,hc,,,,3.67,103-78104242Z1,(Z)mc,2220UmC,,,,,又302nl(l1),1624++16,,U?Z,,81?Z,3是Li.2,13.64242(),,zmC,mC00,,,U3-83322(1),nll42,U,mC0,,U,2B,?B,,,0.391(T)又B,32,2,B,2B3-9(略)3-10能级图:3S分裂成三条,g=213p不分裂0,E,g,B,2,BBB,5,E2,5.79,102B,,1~B,v,,,,93.4(m)3,10hChc12.4,10,10~故不是正常塞曼效应。,v,L3-11参照书图15.7,5B,5.79,10,2.5,1BL,,,1.17(cm)3,8hc12.4,10,1042,1,1由此可计算得L,0.78(cm)L,1.56(cm)3315,1,1L,0.39(cm)L,1.95(cm)33,1L,1.17(cm)424:3-12(1)p,E,g,B,,B3BB23224:p,E,g,B,,B1BB2324s:,E,g,B,2,B1BB21,E,,E,2,B,,B,1.5,E(2)21BB13,,hc,3而,E,,7.36,10(eV)1,,12,33,0.5,E3,0.5,7.36,101?B,,,27.2(T),5,77,5.79,10B,,e,,(gSgL),,3-13(1)sl2me,BU,(2m,m)(2)sl2me,E,2,B(3)3S态的能级分裂:B,E,,B3P态的能级分裂:B能级图见p图书馆5.11。115B,~Bv,,3-14hc5,5.79,10,422~(Å)?,,,,,v,(1210),,0.0273312.4,10谱线分裂为三条:(Å),,,,,1210,0.02730(Å),,12100(Å),,,,,1210,0.02730第四章4-1,E,E,E,0,(24.5),24.5(eV)1,12,E,E,E,0,ZRhc,4,13.6,54.4(eV),22,E,,E,,E,24.5,54.4,78.9(eV)12,,1122222L,S,(J,S,L),,L(L,1),,,3,4-222,,51,2LSLS[J(J1)S(S1)L(L1)],,,,,,,,,,,,,,22J4-3,,,,3132,LSLS[J(J1)S(S1)L(L1)],,,,,,,,,,,,,,222,2224-4S,L,J,2LJcos,222(J,L,S)?cos,,,0.94262JL,,?,,1930?4-5价电子数为偶数的氦,Be,Mg,Ca,可能出现正常塞曼效应。S可能为0。12,4-6l,l,s,s,,先算L-S耦合12122,43210(,0时)5种可能状态SJ,,,,,,1,54321(S,1时),,L,,,,L,4,3,2,1,0,,,,,L,4,3,2,1共18种,,S,1,0J,,,L,1,321013种可能状态,,,1515,,,,l,,l21,,,,2222j-j耦合,j,j,,211313,,l,,l,,12,,2222,,55,jj,J,,,,,,,,时,54321012,22,53,jj,J,,,,,,时,432112,22共18种态,且出现相同J的次数也和L-S耦合相同。,35,jj,J,,,,,,时,432112,22,33,j,,j,时,3210,J,,,1222,424-7(1)np形成的电子态与np相同S,1S,0L31DD3,2,122131PP12,1,0130SS011313如考虑泡里原理只有,其中能量最低。DPSP22,1,00222251P,PP(2)np形成的电子态同np相同,故只有,其中态能量最低。31322233(3)同上题的LS耦合,由于非同科电子,故有,其中能量最低。GG5,4,334-8(2S,3P)所形成的原子态为LS=0S=131PP12,1,0根据跃迁的选择定则,s,0,,l,,1,,j,0,,1,共可产生10条光谱线:(若该电子被激发到2P态,则只发一条光谱)1故J=0,必定有的基态。4-9??m,0?l,0S,l0l?m,0?s,0,ss4-10m210-1-2mll12432102m,mll123210-11210-1-2010-1-2-3-10-1-2-3-4-2S=0时,M=43210–1–2–3–4L=4L=210–1–2L=2=0L=0S=1时,对角线上值不能取?M=3210–1–2–3L=3L=10–1L=1313131FG,F,D,P,S?有其中最低。44,3,222,1,0021S,J,0,,,0?4-11基态氦原子是,故不分裂,只有1束。0J12而硼原子的基态是,分裂为2束。PJ,1223234-12的电子组态为L,m,1,0,1,0PS3P,l15l1113,,,,,Sm,s2222s3J,S,24故基态为:S3224的电子组态为:L,m,1,0,1S3S3P,l16l11S,m,,,1,s22s(倒转次序)J,L,S,23故基态为:P21225L,1,S,P的电子组态为:,倒转次序,故基态为Cl3S3P31722第五章3512.4,105-1V,,10(V)0.124162,,0.248,10(z,1)5-2利用k,22c?(,1),,17.66,10Z16,,0.248,10k,解得(Z,1),42?Z,433312.4,105-3(应是电离一个L电子所做的功)E,,6.53,10(eV)L1.931?KK5-4的末态,而的末态J,?2J,1,4J,,2J,1,2,1,222KK谱线强度同末态数成正比,故比强2倍。,1,23hC12.4,10E,,,,,,87.9(KeV)K1)5-5(,0.141k,3hC12.4,10,(0.167,0.141)E,,,,,,13.6(KeV)L,0.167,0.141L,,,hc(,)hC,KK,E,,,,,,3.01(KeV)M,,,,M,KK,,,,hc(,)hC,KK,E,,,,,,0.62(KeV)N,,,,N,K,K,3hc12.4,10L,,,,1.17(2)的波长(Å)L,3,EE,10.6,10ML激发L系所需的最小能量为,E,E,E,13.6(KeV),L2dsin,,n,5-6利用,5.4(Å)?d,,,5.4,2sin2,0.52mC,0,5-7利用散射光子能量最小。,,,,180h11,cos,,r21mC0,?h,,,,0.511,0.17(MeV)0.5111,1,0.511322,电子的动能ThhmC,,,,,e031154,,224242MeVPEmCmCmC?,,,(),1,,0.68()e000,,CCC33,,,,,h,h,10,,2,mC205-8,联立可得2h,,20h,,5110,0,,h,,2mC,02,,h,,10,100,4,2550?h,,,55.7(KeV)2,,,hh,,5.7,2,25.7mCmC,p2p5-9,可得h,,5.7h,,,0,,h,,22mC,p2,,h,,解得:h,,54.6(MeV)5-10222mCmC2mC2000,,h,,,,2mC22202mCmCmC00011,cos,,,1,2,h,hh,2,故无论多大,不能产生正负电子偶。h,,2mCh,05-11采用质心系,反应后动量都为0,故只要考虑能量守恒。22,h,,mC,mC(反应后电子在质心系动量为0。)?,,00故有,不可能产生光电效应。m,m05-12能量守恒h,,E,E,,,h222动量守恒(),P,P,2PPcos,,,,,C222(E,E),P,P,,,,,?cos,2PP,,2EEmC2,2,,0,,1224224EmCEmC2,,,00故不能在真空中发生光子电子对过程。,118,1)先考虑:5-13((4d)S,m,,,1,s22ms,L,m,2,1,3,ls13,再同耦合:5SS,m,1,,,S22L,m,3,0,3,l39j,3,,2248F满壳层缺2个,倒转次序,故基态为?4d9232,E,RhC,(45,0.9),19.8(KeV)(2)k,4h,19.8?,,,0.038,2511mC02,(h),,,h(1,cos)故E,,e2,,1,(1,cos)2mC,h,0119.8,0.038,22,,3.76,10(eV)11,0.038,2,,,x52.5,,,,x,'x?x,x,,0.3,20.6(cm)I,Ie(3),()0x0.765,',,',32.32ln10,(,),,x?x,,,8.3,105-14(克/厘米)325,48,,第六章12.26U,10eV6-1,当时,(Å),,,3.88VU,100eV时,(Å),,1.23U,1000eV时,(Å),,0.388,per6-2(1),,1p,er22hhCPe,(2)E,,,,Ehre22me,2m,ree28mCE8,0.511er?,,,340EhC0.012e22216-3(1)mC,mC,mC?,2v,0.866C002,1,3hCh1.24,10,,,,,0.014(2)(Å)6ppC0.833,101,,2dsin,,2,1.8,,1.86-4(Å)2222p(hC)h?E,,,,0.025(eV)2222m,,2m()2mCp11222242226-5由得E,cp,mCp,E,E,E(E,2mC)kk000CChhC?,,,2pE(E,2mC)kk0hC,eV12.262meV1,,02V2mCr0eV,6其中V,V(1,),V(1,0.978,10V)r22mC0224E,mC,pE02c,,,(),16-6(1)2,mCEmC000E2(2)故E,(2,1)E,0.212(MeV)(),1,1?E,2EK00E0,,1,9,,6-7~,?,t,,1.59,10(s),,,,,,4,t4,tC,4,C,2,,,8{,t,,E,,,,t~,2,10(S)},2,C,C197E~C,p~Cp~~,9.85(MeV)6-82,x2,10x|y||z|,,,,,,,,,22abc|,|d,,Nedxedyedz6-9(1),,,,,,,,,,yabcxz,,,2abc,8Nedxedyedz,,,000218Nabc1N,,?,8abcaxx1111,,aaaedxae,,(),(1,)(2)0,0aae222yz||||z,,bcbcy111,,,,2bcbcedyedzedyedz(3),,(1,),,,,00,,bcbcbce426-10(1)|,(1,0,0;0,1,1)|2(2)|,(x,y,z;0,0,0)|dxdydz111111,,,1111112(3)|,(x,y,z;x,y,z)|dxdydzdxdydz111222111222,,,,,,0000002n,6-11设势阱边界为[0,a],则(x),sinx,naaaaa2121n,n,a2(sin)(1cos),,,,,xxxdxxxdxxdx,,,0002aaaaa222?(x,x),x,xaa2n12n,,222而x,xsinxdx,x(1,cosx)dx,,00aaaa3axn112,2a,,xxdx()cos0,0aaa32aaanan12,12,2a,,,xx,,xxdx[sin]2sin0,0anaana322,,2aaan22,,,xxdxsin,0ana32,222a,,a1a2n1a2naaa[xcosx]cosxdx,,,,,,,022,03,n2,nan,2n,a32n,222226aaaaa2()(1)?,,,,,,,,,,xxn,,22223412122,,nn1按经典理论,,粒子在空间出现的几率相同为p(x),?U,0aaa1a()故,,,xpxxdxxdx,,002a2aa1a222(),,,xxpxdxxdx,,003a222aaa22与时的量子结论一致。n,,x,x,,,3412r3,a211R(r),2()e6-1210a1r3r,a2211R(r),2()(1,)e212a12a122d|rR|10由及二阶导数小于0得r,a(第一玻尔半径),0m1dr22d|rR|21由及二阶导数小于0得r,4a,0m1dr222,222r114eea,2*20a0ee4ederdr,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,6-1333,,,,ra004rara,006-14(略)2,d(x)2mE2,,(x),06-15立方程:?:222,dx2,d(x)2m(V,E)30,,(x),0?:322,dx方程解为:?:,(x),012mE2,(x),AsinKx,BcosKxK,?:22222,mVE2(,)2,Kx03xCeK,(),,?:332,利用波函数标准条件:得B=0x,0,(x),,(x)12,Ka3---------(1)x,a,(x),,(x)AsinKa,Ce232,Ka3,,---------(2),(x),,(x)AKsinKa,,CKe23223V,EK(1)10,2得:或tgKa,,Ka,n,,sin22(2)K3V0V,E1,0由图解法,可判断存在束缚态的条件为:y,Ka,y,n,,sin122V02222mVh,,,02即Va,,,028m32m,2,2m(V,E)D0,p~e6-16由透射几率估计,由于分子都是宏观量,,?p~0第七章27-1根据原子的质量求B,,mC402Ca:,m,40.3298,39.96259,0.36721,B,,mC,0.36721,931,342(MeV)342BB,,,8.55(MeV)A40562Fe:,m,56.4634,55.9349,0.5285,B,,mC,0.5285,931,492(MeV)492BB,,,8.79(MeV)A56,33,1,6740A,,107-2,12.3,10(S),0.33,10(Ci)603,18,112.3,10A,,,,4.87,10(S)231N,6.02,10238,18,79ln2故(年)T,,0.693/4.87,10/3.15,10,4.5,10,,127-31克碳中碳14的含量为(克)M,1.3,10236.02,10,1210故(个)/克N,,1.3,10,5.59,100140.69310,1,1,1,1A,,5.59,10,0.21(sg),13(mg)故075730,3.15,10,1,1300A,,3(mg)而100ttA,,,tTT130AAeA由,,2?2,,,4.3300A3ln4.331.47(年)?t,()T,,T,2.12,5730,12147ln20.6931,7-4由天,/天?,,0.1,,10,,,tN,Ne054,NN(4),N(5),,1010,,e,e,0.064NN00,37-5,M,226.0254,222.0176,4.0026,5.2,10(u)2,3,MC,5.2,10,931,4.84(MeV)222E,,4.84,4.75(MeV)故,2264E,5.30,(1,),5.403(MeV)7-6002064E,4.50,(1,),4.587(MeV)01206故E,E,E,0.816(MeV)r0001,7-7变化时放出的能量为1.89,1.02,2.91(MeV),2K电子的结合能,~RhC(23,1),0.007(MeV)k故中微子的能量为E,2.91,0.007,2.903(MeV),,37-8(1),M,4.002603,14.00307,16.99913,1.007825,,1.282,10(u)2,3?反应能Q,,MC,,1.282,10,931,,1.194(MeV),3(2),M,1.007825,9.012183,6.015123,4.002603,2.28,10(u)2,3?反应能Q,,MC,2.28,10,931,2.13(MeV),37-9,M,1.007825,3.01605,1.008665,3.016029,,8.19,10(u)2,3?Q,,MC,,8.19,10,931,,0.763(MeV)3,1入射质子的能量E,,0.763,1.017(MeV)p31132又Q,(1,)E,(1,)E?E,[Q,E],0.928(MeV)npnp3343而E,Q,E,E,,0.763,0.928,3,1.309(MeV)Henp7-10参阅史包尔斯基采用原子质量的精确表达式:1A22233M,1.007825Z,1.008665(A,Z),aA,aA,a(,Z)/A,0.000627Z/A12321A,M3,0.00084,2a(,Z)/A,0.000627,2,Z/A,0由得,,032,Z2A(0.00084,a)33?Z,,0.001254A2a3由相当衰变最
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