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Oneday,JendrylearnedthatColwashandling.Arriving,JendryofferedColosome,onlytobemetwith.Colo,JendryasuspiciousobjectonthescenepeanutsablankstareRealizingtheywere,Jendry

andofferedapieceofpineapple.,whilemaintaining,Coloopenedherhandandakeychain.negotiatingraisedthestakeAtthispointeyecontactrevealedRelieveditwasnotanything,JendrygaveColothepineapple.thatshewas,ColothenandgaveJendryalink,perhaps,WhygiveherthewholethingifIcangetabitofpineappleforeachpiece?dangerousorvaluable,carefulbargainerbrokethekeychainfiguring2.Chantek:

1)Expandedthemoneysupplybybreakingplasticchipsintwo2)Foundpiecesoftinfoilandtriedtomakecopiesofmetalchips

HowdidChanteckbehavewhenhewastoldtosharesomegrapes?但这头猩猩对钱币的理解似乎远远超出了简单的交易Buttheorangutan’sunderstandingofmoneyseemedtoextendfarbeyondsimpledealings

3.Orky:Hewouldassessasituationandthendosomethingbasedonthejudgmenthemade.Thingsbegantowhentheyreturnedthebabywhaletothetank.Astheworkersafewmetersabovethewater,thebabysuddenlybegan.Fearingitwould,butthekeeperscouldn’treachthebaby.它会审时度势，再根据自己的判断采取行动gowronghaltedthestretcherthrowingupchokeApparently

theproblem,Orkyswamunderthestretcherand

oneofthementostandonhishead,somethinghe’dneverbeen()todo.Thenusinghistailto

,Orkyletthekeeper

andreleasethe420-poundbabysothatitcould

thewaterwithinreachofhelp.sizingupallowedtrainedkeepsteadyreachupslideintoWhatisintelligenceanyway?Iflifeisaboutsurvivalofaspecies—andintelligenceismeanttoservethatsurvival—thenwecan'tcomparewithpea-brainedseaturtles,whichwereherelongbeforeusandsurvivedthedisasterthatwipedoutthedinosaurs.

intelligencesurvivalpea-brainedseaturtlesdinosaurwealthhappinesspennilessplayingchildrenmillionaireWhatiswealthanyway?Iflifeisabouthappinessofaperson—andwealthismeanttoservethathappiness—thenwecan'tcomparewithpennilessplayingchildren,whoisbumpingandthrivingintheirownworldwhichismorethrillingthantheluxuriouslivesofthosebillionaires.

wealthhappinesspennilessplayingchildrenbillionaireFood,warmth,sleep?Theirthoughtsmaybemuchdeeperthanthat?

THATANIMALSREALLYTHINK

EuqeneLindenOvertheyears,Ihavewrittenextensivelyaboutanimal-intelligenceexperimentsandthecontroversythatsurroundsthem.Doanimalsreallyhavethoughts,whatwecallconsciousness?

Wonderingwhethertheremightbebetterwaystoexploreanimalintelligencethanexperimentsdesignedtoteachhumansigns,Irealizedwhatnowseemsobvious:

ifanimalscanthink,theywillprobablydotheirbestthinkingwhenitservestheirownpurposes,notwhenscientistsaskthemto.AndsoIstartedtalkingtovets,animalresearchers,zookeepers.Mostdonotstudyanimalintelligence,buttheyencounter(thepresenceof)it,andthelackofit,everyday.ThestoriestheytellusrevealwhatI'mconvincedisanewwindowonanimalintelligence:thekindofmentalfeatsanimalsperformwhendealingwithcaptivityandthedominantspeciesontheplanet—humans.

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Let'sMakeaDeal—

ConsiderthetimeCharleneJendry,aconservationistattheColumbusZoo,learnedthatafemalegorillanamedColowashandlingasuspiciousobject.Arrivingonthescene,JendryofferedColosomepeanuts,onlytobemetwithablankstare.Realizingtheywerenegotiating,Jendryraisedthestakesandofferedapieceofpineapple.—

Atthispoint,whilemaintainingeyecontact,Coloopenedherhandandrevealedakeychain.Relieveditwasnotanythingdangerousorvaluable,JendrygaveColothepineapple.—

Carefulbargainerthatshewas,ColothenbrokethekeychainandgaveJendryalink,perhapsfiguring,WhygiveherthewholethingifIcangetabitofpineappleforeachpiece?Ifananimalcanshowskillintradingonethingoranother,whynotinhandlingmoney?OneorangutannamedChantekdidjustthatinasign-languagestudyundertakenbyanthropologistLynMilesattheUniversityofTennessee.—

Chantekfiguredoutthatifhedidtaskslikecleaninghisroom,he'dearncoinstospendontreatsandridesinMiles'scar.Buttheorangutan'sunderstandingofmoneyseemedtoextendfarbeyondsimpledealings.Milesfirstusedplasticchipsascoins,butChantekdecidedhecould

expandthemoneysupplybybreakingchipsintwo.

WhenMilesswitchedtometalchips,Chantekfoundpiecesoftinfoilandtriedtomakecopies.MilesalsotriedtoteachChantekmorevirtuoushabitssuchassavingandsharing.Indeed,whenIcaughtupwiththeorangutanatZooAtlanta,wherehenowlives,Isawanexampleofsharingthatanyonemightenvy.

—

WhenMilesgaveChanteksomegrapesandaskedhimtosharethem,Chantekpromptlyateallthefruit.Then,asifhe'djustrememberedhe'dbeenaskedtoshare,hehandedMilesthestem.

—

TaleofaWhale—

Whywouldananimalwanttocooperatewithahuman?Behavioristswouldsaythatanimalscooperatewhentheylearnitisintheirinteresttodoso.Thisistrue,butIdon'tthinkitgoesfarenough.GailLaule,aconsultantonanimalbehavior,speaksofOrky,akillerwhale,sheknew."OfalltheanimalsI'veworkedwith,hewasthemostintelligent."

shesays.—

"Hewouldassessasituationandthendosomethingbasedonthejudgmentshemade."—

Likethetimehehelpedsaveafamilymember.WhenOrky'smate,Corky,gavebirth,thebabydidnotthriveatfirst,andkeeperstookthelittlewhaleoutofthetankbystretcherforemergencycare.

Thingsbegantogowrongwhentheyreturnedthebabywhaletothetank.Astheworkershaltedthestretcherafewmetersabovethewater,thebabysuddenlybeganthrowingupthroughitsmouth.—

Thekeepersfeareditwouldchoke,buttheycouldnotreachthebabytohelpit.

Apparentlysizinguptheproblem,Orkyswamunderthestretcherandallowedoneofthementostandonhishead,somethinghe'dneverbeentrainedtodo.—

Then,usinghistailtokeepsteady,Orkyletthekeeperreachupandreleasethe420-poundbabysothatitcouldslideintothewaterwithinreachofhelp.

PrimateShellGame

Sometimesevidenceofintelligencecanbeseeninattemptstodeceive.ZookeeperHelenShewmanofSeattle'sWoodlandParkZoorecallsthatonedayshedroppedanorangethroughafeedingholeforMelati,anorangutan.

—

Insteadofmovingawaytogetit,MelatilookedShewman

intheeyeandheldoutherhand.Thinkingtheorangemusthaverolledoffsomewhereinaccessible,Shewmangaveheranotherone.—

ButwhenMelatimovedoff,Shewmannoticedtheoriginalorangewashiddeninherotherhand.Towan,thecolony'sdominantmale,watchedthiswholetrick,andthenextdayhe,too,lookedShewmanintheeyeandpretendedthathehadnotyetreceivedanorange.

"Areyousureyoudon'thaveone?"Shewmanasked.Hecontinuedtoholdhergazesteadilyandheldouthishand.

—

Givingin,shegavehimanotherone,thensawthathehadbeenhidinghisorangeunderneathhisfoot.Whatisintelligenceanyway?Iflifeisaboutsurvivalofaspecies—andintelligenceismeanttoservethatsurvival—thenwecan'tcomparewithpea-brainedseaturtles,—

whichwereherelongbeforeusandsurvivedthedisasterthatwi